Physical Development Of Children Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Quality of Life in Children Managed for Omphalocele and Gastroschisis.

Evaluation of quality of life (QoL) in paediatric surgical patients has not always received enough attention in the past. Our aim was to follow up patients with abdominal wall defects for a decade and (1) to analyse children's view on QoL and to analyse parent's view on QoL, (2) to evaluate satisfaction and psychological problems, (3) to assess present complaints including subjective aspects such as food intake, reduced appetite, pain in scar area and general abdominal pain and (4) verifiable clinical symptoms assessed through a physical examination and ultrasound. It was hypothesised that QoL would differ from gastroschisis (GS) and omphalocele (OC) children depending on the type of abdominal wall defect. A retrospective case-control design was used to compare children with GS (n = 36) and OC (n = 18). A clinical examination, including abdominal inspection, palpation and auscultation of bowel sounds with abdominal ultrasound, was offered, combined with a structured interview and specific QoL questionnaire (KINDL®). The focus was on QoL, child development, present complaints and satisfaction with the cosmetic outcome. During clinical examinations with ultrasound, GS children were significantly more likely to have bowel loops stuck at the scar area (P = 0.008) with bowel malrotation and abnormal appendix position, compared to OC children (P = 0.037). They were significantly more likely to report irregular stools (P = 0.02) but were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome of the abdominal skin scar in 81% of cases. The KINDL® evaluation showed in the dimensions of QoL, namely 'body awareness', 'mental health', 'self-esteem', 'family', 'friends' and 'school', that there were no significant differences to healthy children. OC/GS parents were satisfied with their children's physical development and QoL, noting no limitations in normal daily activities. Parents of OC children reported suffering from OC/GS-associated problems (P = 0.028) at the time point of interview. Subjective QoL did not differ significantly between OC and GS children. The satisfaction with the cosmetic outcome of the abdominal skin scar was good. On ultrasound examination, adherent bowel loops and bowel malrotation with resulting stool irregularities affect GS children. OC children's parents reported suffering from OC/OS-associated problems, and all parents need to be educated about the symptoms of recurrent sub-ileus events or atypical appendicitis.

Relationship between static and dynamic balance in 4-to-5-year-old preschoolers: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundBalance is crucial for physical development in preschool children. Exploring the relationship between different types of balance can help understand early physical development in children. Currently, research is mostly focused on the relationship between different types of balance in the adult population and lacks exploration of the preschool population. The aim of this study explored the relationship between static and dynamic balance in preschool children aged 4 to 5 years.MethodsA total of 128 preschool children between the ages of 4 to 5 years were selected. The following tests were conducted as they wore inertial sensors detecting their centers of mass (COM): T1, standing with eyes open; T2, standing with eyes closed; T3, standing with eyes open on foam; T4, standing with eyes closed on foam; and T5, walking on the balance beam. Static balance was measured by the angular velocity modulus (ω−T1–ω−T4) of the shaking COM, as well as the pitch angle (θ−T1–θ−T4) and roll angle (φ−T1–φ−T4) indicators in T1–T4 testing. Dynamic balance was measured by the time (t) and angular velocity modulus (ω−T5), as well as the pitch angle (θ−T5) and roll angle (φ−T5) indicators in the T5 test. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to test the correlation between static and dynamic balance indicators.ResultsThere is no correlation between ω−T1–ω−T4 and t (P > 0.05), while ω−T1–ω−T4 and ω−T5 (r = 0.19–0.27, P < 0.05) and ω−T1–ω−T4 and θ−T5, φ−T5 (r = 0.18–0.33, P < 0.05) were weakly correlated. There is no correlation between θ−T1–θ−T4, φ−T1–φ−T4 and t (P > 0.05), while θ−T1–θ−T4, φ−T1–φ−T4, and θ−T5, φ−T5 were weakly correlated (r = 0.01–0.28, P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe relationship between static and dynamic balance in preschool children aged 4–5 years is weak. Static and dynamic balance in children needs to be intervened separately for the development of children.

Exploring the Impact of Traditional Games on Children's Motor Skills Development: A Literature Review

This study explores the potential of traditional games in enhancing children's motor skills, focusing on eye-hand-foot coordination. Through a comprehensive literature review, various traditional games were identified, including Boy-Boyan, Fireball, Lato-lato, Blowgun, Sipak Rago, Post Box, Gatrik, Throwing Bananas, Stilts, Clogs, Spinning Top, Throw the Can, Marbles, Clap Stick, Sorolok Rifle, Bekel Ball, Kite, Chicken Feather Football, Angklek, and Pleto. Each game involves different coordination aspects, contributing to the development of children's motor skills. This study highlights the importance of preserving traditional games as cultural heritage and promoting their role in children's physical development.

Sleep‐related disorders in children: A narrative review

AbstractSleep‐related disorders in children can significantly impact children's physical, emotional, and cognitive development and constitute a major source of parental concern. This comprehensive review aims to describe sleep‐related disorders commonly encountered in pediatric practice, their etiology, diagnosis, and management strategies. The review explores various disorders prevalent in different age groups, including insomnia, sleep apnea, parasomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders, highlighting the importance of early identification and intervention for optimal child health and well‐being.

Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Style, Perceived Stress and Emotional Competence Among Young Adults

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between Perceived Parenting Style, Perceived Stress, and Emotional Competence among young adults age ranging between 18-25 years. Parenting style refers to the behaviour of the parents towards their children, it can differ as every parent has a different way of interacting and guiding their children. The perception of children about the parenting style they experienced is referred to as Perceived Parenting Style. Parenting styles play a significant role in a child's emotional, physical, and psychological development. Stress is a bodily reaction to a threatening situation. Emotional competence refers to an individual’s ability to manage and express their emotions in a healthy way. This study attempts to determine the correlation between perceived parenting style, perceived stress and emotional competence. The scales utilised to collect the sample were The Perceived parenting style scale (PPSS) by Divya and Manikandan, The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) developed by Sheldon Cohen and the Emotional Competence Scale (EC-Scale) developed by R. Bharadwaj and H. Sharma. The methods utilised to analyse the data were descriptive statistics, Independent t-test and Pearson’s Correlation. SPSS software was utilised for the analysis. The result indicates a significant relationship between Perceived Parenting Style, Perceived Stress and Emotional Competence.

Secular changes in eruption of primary teeth in Chinese infants and young children from three national cross-sectional surveys

The eruption of primary teeth is a basic event during physical development of children, which is affected by heredity and environment. This study aimed to analyze the changes in primary teeth eruption among Chinese children with social development. A total of 249,264 healthy children under 2 years were extracted from the 1995, 2005, and 2015 National Survey on the Physical Growth and Development of Children in Nine Cities of China. Their primary teeth were examined and percentiles of primary teeth eruption age were calculated by probit analysis. The median primary teeth eruption age were 6.8 months, 6.7 months, 6.6 months in 1995, 2005 and 2015. Primary teeth eruption age of boys was 0.2 months, 0.3 months, 0.3 months earlier than that of girls in 1995, 2005 and 2015. Primary teeth eruption age was the earliest in children from northern region and was the latest in children from southern region, and this regional difference did not change over time. These findings suggest that primary teeth eruption age slightly advanced with social development, and their gender difference and regional difference have always existed, which supplied some data for understanding the secular trend of primary teeth development in stomatology, pediatrics, anthropology, and other related fields.

The Importance of Fulfilling Nutrition for Pregnant Women and Toddlers in Preventing Stunting to Improve the Quality of Human Resources in Batu Cepet Subdistrict, Tangerang

Stunting is a serious nutritional problem that occurs when a child's physical development is permanently hampered, due to chronic malnutrition in the early stages of growth. Stunting prevention requires a comprehensive approach involving government, society and the health sector. The main risk factors associated with stunting include poor nutrition during pregnancy, low nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life (from conception to two years of age), poor hygiene, and infectious diseases. Interventions to prevent stunting include providing nutritional education for pregnant women, encourage exclusive breastfeeding, provide nutritional supplements to children, and improve children's health, access to sanitation and drinking water. These programs must be implemented within a framework that allows fair and sustainable access for all community groups, including those at high risk.

BASIC INDICATORS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN AGED 5-6 YEARS WITH RECURRENT RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

Background. Recently, scientific publications on various aspects of the problem of recurrent respiratory infections in preschool children have paid increasing attention to identifying influential factors contributing to frequent episodes of acute respiratory infections (ARI). In particular, these factors include significant deviations in children's physical development from standard values.&#x0D; Aim: to find out the relationship between the frequency of ARI episodes in children aged 60-83 months and their basic anthropometric indicators.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A total of 71 children (44 boys and 27 girls) aged 60-83 months, undergoing inpatient treatment on ARI, were involved in the clinical study.&#x0D; The number of ARI episodes during the previous year of their life was taken into account. Additionally, two integral indices of ARI recurrence, specifically the infection index (InI) and resistance index (RI), were calculated. The basic indicators of physical development were assessed in the children, including: 1) body weight; 2) body length; 3) body surface area; 4) body mass index; 5) chest circumference (CC); 6) integral index of dolichostenomelia. For the comparative analysis of the results obtained, the current standards of physical development indicators for children from the World Health Organization were used. The statistical processing of the digital data was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 28 licensed software.&#x0D; Results. Rank correlation analysis and cross-tabulation did not demonstrate any interdependence between InI and RI, on the one hand, and the anthropometric indicators considered, on the other hand. Meanwhile, there was a very strong direct correlation between InI and RI (ρ=0.983; p&lt;0.001; 95% CI: 0.972-0.989) in the examined children. Linear regression analysis revealed the dependence of InI and RI on CC size (p&lt;0.001). At that, the degree of the impact of CC size on these clinical indices was almost the same, constituting 7.7% and 7.5%, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion. Thus, according to the data obtained, the contribution of СС size to the susceptibility of children aged 60-83 months to recurrent respiratory infections among other potential risk factors is insignificant. However, given the widely recognized diversity of mentioned factors, the result deserves due attention. This should be accounted while developing the final integrated model for predicting the frequency of ARI episodes in preschool children.

PENCEGAHAN STUNTING PADA SISWA MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAAH NURUL MAGFIRAH KENDARI DENGANPEMBERIAN OBAT PENCEGAHAN MASSAL (POPM)

Helminthiasis is a health problem that affects many children, especially elementary school. Helminthiasis can cause malnutrition because all nutrients are absorbed by worms, which will disrupt the mental and physical development of children, make children easily sick due to a decrease in their immune system, stunting or physical children become shorter and smaller than their peers, reduce children's intelligence and in some cases can also cause death in children. The purpose of this community service is the prevention and control of helminthiasis infection through the provision of mass preventive medicine for helminthiasis to prevent stunting in elementary school at Madrasah Ibtidaiyaah Nurul Magfirah Kendari. The method used, namely providing material about helminthiasis accompanied by giving deworming drugs to students. This service is in collaboration with the Health Team of Puskesmas Lepo Lepo Kendari.

Development and validation of a test instrument for the assessment of perceived basic motor competencies in first and second graders: the SEMOK-1-2 instrument.

Both actual motor competencies (AMC) and perceived motor competencies (PMC) play an important role in motor development research and children's physical and psychological development. PMC refer to children's perceptions of their motor competencies. To assess the PMC of first and second grade children (aged 6-9 years), the SEMOK-1-2 instrument was developed. The instrument is aligned to the validated MOBAK-1-2 instrument which assesses AMC in the competence areas "object movement" and "self-movement" Accounting for possible reading difficulties in younger children, the motor tasks and answer options were illustrated and explained verbally. The purpose of this study was to test and validate the SEMOK-1-2 instrument and investigate the associations between the constructs AMC, PMC and physical activity (PA), whereby PA was measured by the participation in team and individual sports. Data from N = 404 pupils in the German-speaking part of Switzerland from first and second grades (M = 7.8 years, SD = 0.69, 49% boys) were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the factorial validity of the SEMOK-1-2 instrument. Structural equation models were used to investigate the association between the constructs. The analyses confirmed a two-factor structure with the factors PMC "object movement" and PMC "self-movement", corresponding to the factors existing in the MOBAK-1-2 instrument. Latent correlations between AMC factors and the corresponding PMC factors were r = 0.79 for "object movement" and r = 0.76 for "self-movement". Associations with external criteria and covariates, such as sex, were associated with both AMC and PMC. Analyses also revealed that children who participated more often in individual and team sports showed higher levels in both AMC and PMC. The confirmation of the two-factorial structure of the SEMOK-1-2 instrument and the associations between AMC and PMC as well as external criteria indicate construct and criterion validity. The SEMOK-1-2 instrument can be economically utilized for assessing PMC and is also suitable for the monitoring of PMC in the context of Physical Education.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini Melalui Metode Karyawisata Di Paud Tk Alkhairaat Bungi Kabupaten Morowali

Early childhood education is a form of education that aims to optimize children's physical, intellectual and social growth and development. The stimuli given to early childhood must of course be adapted to the stages of development that occur in them. Early childhood has potential that must be developed through stimulation. These potentials are in the form of developmental aspects. To improve the cognitive abilities of early childhood through the field trip method at Paud Tk Alkhairaat Bungi, this research uses qualitative research methods, where an effort or effort by the author can pour ideas or thoughts based on the formation of substantive theories based on empirical data. Data obtained by being present or on location, to conduct research so as to understand all activities and behaviors and things that can help this research. It can be concluded that students can think operationally, by touching, seeing, feeling and intersecting directly with the original source it turns out that it can be easier for students to understand and can develop cognitive abilities in students. If students learn with happy conditions, the material will be more easily digested and well received by students.

EFEKTIVITAS PROGRAM CANTING DALAM UPAYA MENGURANGI ANGKA PERTUMBUHAN STUNTING DI DESA SONGKA KECAMATAN BATU SOPANG

One dietary issue that needs to be addressed is stunting, particularly in underdeveloped and impoverished nations. A type of growth and development failure known as stunting leads in linear growth abnormalities in toddlers and a build-up of malnutrition that persists from pregnancy until the child is 24 months old. Early on in a child's growth and development, inadequate nourishment can have a fatal effect on the child's mental and physical development. The purpose of this study is to determine how well Songka Village, Batu Sopang District, mother and child health has improved as a result of the stunting control program. Enhancing parental practices via an intervention program to raise nutritional status identification, data collection, and monitoring in order to prevent stunting in 1,000 Hertz. There is a strategy design analysis done based on the prioritized intervention program. The analysis's findings demonstrate that a combination of aggressive tactics, optimizing targeted and sensitive nutritional interventions to promote improvements in the caliber of parenting practices for children under five, is an efficient way to hasten the decline in rural stunting rates. In order to expedite the decline in stunting rates in Songka Village, the long-term strategy makes use of the chance to bolster the government's commitment and the convergence of stunting prevention strategies.

The Social Embeddedness of School-Holiday Meals for Children Based on Discourses of Need and Deservingness

AbstractThe study examines the provision of school-holiday meals for children and shows how it is embedded in society. Proper nutrition is very important for children's physical and cognitive development. However, international research shows that children's social and cultural background has a significant impact on their nutrition. To reduce these disparities and ensure that all children have a healthy diet, effective government intervention is necessary. In Hungary, school canteens and free meals during school holidays for children in need serve this purpose. The latter service is of great importance for the children of families affected by food poverty. Yet, statistics show that some of these children are unable to use this service. This study examines the period before 2016 and highlights the social embeddedness of the service and its consequences on the provision. Whether child food poverty is perceived as a social issue and a common cause generating community intervention largely depends on the local actor's correct perception of the issue, the local appraisal of need, and the consideration of parents' “deservingness.” The study also makes some suggestions about areas where further interventions should focus to improve the nutrition of children affected by food poverty.

Exclusive breastfeeding in preventing stunting in toddlers

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of a baby's life has been shown to have many health benefits, and one of them is that it can help prevent stunting in toddlers. Stunting is when a child's physical growth and brain development are hampered due to chronic malnutrition, especially protein, energy, and other essential nutrients.&#x0D; Objective: Know the role of exclusive breastfeeding in preventing stunting in toddlers.&#x0D; Methods: Type of quantitative analytical research with a case-control design using a retrospective approach. The population in this study was mothers who had toddlers aged 12–60 months, while the determination of subjects was based on simple random sampling techniques. The inclusion criteria were mothers with stunting toddlers aged 12–60 months and mothers willing to be respondents. The exclusion criteria are toddlers who suffer from chronic diseases and have a history of premature birth. The subjects in this study were 70 toddlers, consisting of 35 stunting toddlers as an intervention group and 35 non-stunting toddlers as controls.&#x0D; Results showed that toddlers who were exclusively breastfed and stunted were 15 (42.9%), while toddlers who were not exclusively breastfed and stunted were 20 (57.1%). Bivariate analysis showed an association between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p-value 0.030).&#x0D; Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding can prevent stunting in toddlers. Exclusive breastfeeding can make a significant contribution to stunting prevention; other factors such as public health, sanitation, and access to nutrition also play an important role. Therefore, a holistic approach must be applied to support children's growth and development

Occlusion and Nutrition after Peadiatric Prosthetic Treatment

Nutritional and well-balanced food intake is of utmost importance for children's proper physical development and growth. Changes in masticatory structures are likely to cause significant change in both children's and adult's diet. The aim of this study is to examine the occlusion and the intake of macronutrients in children who have undergone dental treatment and restoration of the teeth affected by caries and its complications with different types of aesthetic crowns.&#x0D; The study included 103 children, which are prosthetically treated with crown structures and divided into four age groups. The restoration of the occlusal balance after the completion of the prosthetic treatment was established by means of a new generation of digital recording system (OccluSense by Bausch, Germany). A 24-hour diary on consumed foods and liquids was taken from children and their parents. Data is analyzed and processed statistically.&#x0D; The obtained results in all studied diagrams showed an increase in the occlusal forces bilaterally in the distal areas of the dentition in the anterior-posterior direction. Protein and carbohydrate intake by the tested children corresponded to the recommended range of 15.2±3.7 E% and 46.6±7.8 E%. Increased fat intake of 38.1±7.5 E%, as well as fibre consumption below the recommended values (13.6 g to 18.6 g) have also been observed.&#x0D; Dental restoration of heavily damaged children's teeth using prosthetic dentistry methods provides the opportunity for a normal intake of the main macronutrients.

Drug therapy possibilities for various forms of chronic rhinitis accompanied by dry nose syndrome

Introduction. Dry nose syndrome is a polyetiological condition that is common among patients of all age groups from infancy to profoundly old age. The low effectiveness of treatment is associated with the progression of atrophic mucous membrane degeneration, which also affects the cartilaginous and bony parts of the nasal cavity. Significant impairment of the protective, respiratory and olfactory function leads to decreased quality of life of patients, delayed adaptation, and arrested psychosomatic and physical development of children. Herbal medications refer to the agents that have minimal toxicity and side effects and effectively facilitate the restoration of functional integrity of the mucous membrane.Aim. To discuss the results of studies on the effectiveness of natural medicines in the treatment of patients with dry nose syndrome.Materials and methods. We conducted a literature search and studied publications (articles and relevant abstracts) containing information on various diseases that are accompanied by dry nose syndrome, as well as therapeutic options for this syndrome in Russian and foreign databases. The material was selected according to the following keywords: dry nose syndrome, atrophic rhinitis, mint essential oil, pine essential oil, eucalyptus essential oil. The study was conducted using the search engines Scopus, PubMed, CyberLeninka, Elibrary.ru, Google Scholar.Results and discussion. The study results suggested the potential and benefits of the topical use of a combination medicine containing essential oils of eucalyptus, mint, and pine as a treatment and prophylactic medication in patients with dry nose syndrome.Conclusion. Dyshesol, a herbal medicine that is an oil solution, meets the requirements for complex pathogenetic therapy in patients with dry nose syndrome of various etiologies, and can be recommended as a preventive and therapeutic medication for all age groups, and children from the age of two.

Parental Burnout, Negative Parenting Style, and Adolescents' Development.

Research on parental burnout has focused more on its antecedents than on its consequences. Burned-out parents may experience a series of behavioral changes, negatively affecting their children's physical and mental development. This study examined the effects of primary caregivers' parental burnout on adolescents' development and the mediating role of negative parenting styles. This study used a time-lagged design, and data were collected at three different time points. Adolescents were asked to identify their primary caregivers, and parents were asked whether they were the primary caregivers of their children. Thereafter, paired data from the children and primary caregivers were collected. A total of 317 junior middle school students (178 boys, Mage = 14.20 ± 0.8 years) and primary caregivers (71 fathers, Mage = 42.20 ± 4.53 years) from Henan province participated. Primary caregivers' parental burnout was positively associated with negative parenting styles, and negative parenting styles mediated the relationship between parental burnout and adolescent development. From the perspective of prevention-focused interventions, it is necessary to focus on preventing the occurrence of parental burnout. Further, parents should try to avoid using abusive behaviors toward their children and neglecting them.

Joint developmental trajectories of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Chinese children during COVID-19

BackgroundIn early 2020, Chinese children started to demonstrate severe depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSS) caused by lockdown and self-isolation (measures taken at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic). ObjectivesConcerning the significant impact of the pandemic on children's physical and mental development, the study aimed to explore children's depression and PTSS during the COVID-19 pandemic and the protective effects of family resilience on the trajectories. Methods883 children participated and completed three waves of online follow-up questionnaires. The latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM) analysis was used to explore the trajectories of children's depression and PTSS based on the individual approach. ResultsTwo types of depression trajectories were identified and defined as the resilient group (83.01 %) and the recovery group (16.99 %); Two types of PTSS trajectories were identified and defined as the resilient group (71.12 %) and the recovery group (28.88 %); Two types of the joint trajectories of depression and PTSS were identified and defined as the resilient group (83.47 %) and the chronic group (16.53 %). The results indicated that maintaining a positive outlook (a dimension of family resilience) was the potential predictor of PTSS trajectories. ConclusionThe trajectories of depression and PTSS among Chinese children during the COVID-19 pandemic were heterogeneous, and there were similar evolving subtypes. Family resilience could be a critical protective factor for children and families.

Determinants of Stunting Among Children Under Five Years in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2021-2022 Demographic and Health Survey

At the global level, the prevention of stunting is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Indonesia is currently working towards achieving the second Sustainable Development Goal, which entails ending hunger, ensuring food security, improving nutrition, and supporting sustainable agriculture. As a part of this objective, efforts are being made to decrease the prevalence of stunting in children by 2025. Attention towards stunting is crucial as it can adversely affect children's physical and cognitive development well into adulthood if not addressed appropriately. This paper conducted a literature review from various sources, with a focus on google scholar and prioritizing sources from the last five years, as well as research on the population in Indonesia. It was determined through the analysis of several sources that maternal, child, and environmental factors pose various risks for stunting in Indonesia. Maternal factors that may play a role in child development include the mother's age, upper arm circumference, height, breastfeeding or complementary feeding practices, early initiation of breastfeeding and food quality during pregnancy. A history of low birth weight or prematurity, male sex, neonatal illness, frequent and recurrent diarrhea, infectious diseases, and lack of immunization are among the child factors associated with developmental outcomes. Factors such as living in a low socio-economic environment, limited family education, especially maternal education, insufficient household income, open defecation in rivers, gardens or inadequate latrines, consumption of untreated drinking water and high exposure to pesticides are also associated with the prevalence of stunting.

A Comprehensive Overview of Early Childhood Care and Education: Policies and Schemes

The present review aimed to explore Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) from the perspective of different policies and schemes in India. India implements various policies and schemes for early childhood education (ECCE), including NEP 2020, NPE 1986, and NCF 2005, ICDS, National ECCE Policy, NPAC 2016, SDG 4 which recommend various aspects of early education. These recommendations are significant for ECCE development. ECCE refers to different types of programs that support a child's physical, mental and social development from birth to approximately age 7 or 8. The ECCE programme is very significant because it is the basis for the future development of children. Like many other countries, in India, many policies and schemes are available for ECCE. The study is qualitative in nature, utilizing secondary data sources such as books, journals, research articles, websites, newspapers, and government publications. It aims to examine the policy provisions and their impact on improving education at the pre-school level and school education.