Physical Devastation Research Articles

From Siege to Survival: Exploring the Multi-Faceted Traumas of Meranao Internally Displaced Persons

The 2017 Marawi Siege in the southern Philippines resulted not only in a city’s physical devastation but also in a profound psychological impact on its internally displaced residents, mainly from the Meranao community. This research aims to understand the trauma endured by these Meranao IDPs, linking it with paradigms of forced migration, cultural displacement, and post-conflict collective memory. Using the American Psychiatric Association’s definition of trauma and Herman’s Trauma Theory as a guiding framework, six IDP survivors from the Sagonsongan area were interviewed. The study adopted the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach to explore the participants’ experiences. This qualitative method involves a detailed examination of personal lived experiences, attempting to understand how individuals make sense of their major life experiences. The IPA approach was particularly suitable for this study as it allowed the researchers to examine the personal stories of trauma, providing a rich and detailed first-person account of the psychological struggles faced by the Meranao IDPs. The data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews that enabled the participants to share their stories in a flexible yet comprehensive manner. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed following the principles of IPA, which involve a cyclical process of reading and re-reading the transcripts, coding for themes, and looking for connections between themes across the different narratives. The researchers remained cognizant of their preconceptions and engaged in a reflective process to minimize bias. The findings revealed several themes, such as the traumatic implications of familial dislocation, economic hardships, persistent trauma, feelings of exhaustion, and a compromised sense of safety. These findings not only intersect with established theories but also provide unique insights into the Meranao community’s post-siege challenges. The trauma narratives contributed to a nuanced account of the Meranao IDPs’ psychological struggles after the siege. Keywords: Meranao community, internally displaced persons, Marawi Siege, trauma

Early Childhood Education during conflict and change: Learning from the World War 2 experience of Breslau, Germany/Wroclaw, Poland

This research explores Early Childhood Education (ECE) during an intensely chaotic historical period in one city in Eastern/Central Europe. Breslau, initially a German city, was transferred to Poland and renamed Wroclaw in 1945 after World War 2. Breslau/Wroclaw experienced intense upheaval before, during, and after the war including the almost complete physical devastation of the city and the ensuing massive migration from the expulsion of ethnic Germans and the resettlement of Poles from eastern regions. The impact of war and government policies on the development and continuance of Early Childhood Education as Hitler and National Socialism rose to power, during the months of uncertainty around the end of the war, and on the establishment of a new system of Early Childhood Education in Wroclaw under Soviet domination receive focus in this paper. The results and discussion are applied to contemporary circumstances such as the current crisis in Ukraine, as well as social and political upheaval arising from other emergencies.

Mind in Crisis: Examining the Cognitive Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic devastated the world, leaving in its wake not only physical devastation but also significant psychological trauma. Fear and uncertainty became pervasive, leading to widespread anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. While the pandemic’s impact on mental health received significant attention, its effects on cognitive function were overlooked until recently. Studies suggest that the pandemic led to declines in cognitive performance, affecting memory, attention, and executive functioning. The present article explores the cognitive impact of the pandemic, examining the mechanisms through which it affected cognitive function and analyzing its long-term consequences. While the pandemic’s immediate impact has waned, its long-term cognitive effects may linger, emphasizing the need to address this overlooked aspect of the pandemic’s impact. By understanding the pandemic’s cognitive impact and taking steps to mitigate it, individuals and society can better recover and move forward from this unprecedented global crisis.

When The Photos Don’t Tell The Whole Story

From The Publisher Health AffairsVol. 42, No. 3: Public Health During COVID-19 & More When The Photos Don’t Tell The Whole StoryRabih Torbay AffiliationsRabih Torbay is president and CEO of Project HOPE, in Washington, D.C.PUBLISHED:March 2023Free Accesshttps://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00016AboutSectionsView PDFPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsDownload Exhibits TOPICSHealth professionalsClinicsAccess to careHealth disparitiesGlobal healthWhen you picture the aftermath of a hurricane, what comes to mind? Maybe it’s the stark images of damage we see on the news: boats overturned, neighborhoods flooded, debris strewn throughout communities. But it’s probably not the man who lost his only supply of insulin, the senior whose hypertension medication washed away, or the new mom who lost the formula her infant desperately needs. Rabih TorbayPhotograph by Project HOPEWhat about an earthquake? The physical devastation of collapsed buildings, fallen homes, and deadly rubble is a terrible, familiar story. But equally tragic are the rural families, such as those Project HOPE reached in Haiti, who lost their only clinic and now must carry their children on foot for miles to find care.Even the harrowing footage from a war zone doesn’t capture health workers’ intense stress and trauma. A photo of a humanitarian crisis doesn’t show the patient with HIV who must choose between her antiretrovirals and her next meal. A video of an undernourished child doesn’t show the chronic health conditions he may have for life.Yet all of these hidden damages—the health impacts we don’t see—have a profound effect on global health.In December 2022 I visited Florida to learn from Project HOPE’s local partners how Hurricane Ian continued to affect their communities months after the storm hit. Hearing their stories underscored to me how different the picture on the ground can be from what is portrayed when the coverage focuses only on the most visible damage.News coverage had frustrated them, they told me, because it mostly showed overturned yachts and flooded mansions, which left viewers wondering why they should donate to the hurricane response. What the coverage didn’t show were poor neighborhoods nearby that were desperate for relief. “We must accurately convey the true and deep challenges that many have and are still experiencing despite the yachts and million-dollar homes being shown on the news,” one local aid worker told me.I heard similar stories in Ukraine and Ethiopia, where amid the horrifying scenes of war and humanitarian crisis there was a tidal wave of health needs that was not being shown to the world.This is not just a problem during complex emergencies or natural disasters: COVID-19 underscored how hard it can be to see health inequities even when they happen in our own neighborhoods.In every context I’ve seen, the solution comes through health workers. Local health workers are the cornerstone of every resilient health system, and the best way to address hidden health inequities is to strengthen their capacity—to provide them with the medicines, equipment, training, and other support they need. This is an urgent call to action: With the world facing a critical shortage of health workers, we cannot afford not to make these investments.Health workers are the ones who see and feel what we can’t and who know best the needs of their own communities. That’s why much of Project HOPE’s work, both during emergencies and at other times, focuses on equipping health workers with the tools they need to close the gaps in access to care.In Ukraine that work might look like trauma trainings, psychological first aid, vehicles, or hospital rehabilitations. In Ethiopia it might be a mobile medical clinic that can reach a rural community. In charitable clinics across the US South, it might mean providing the support to hire community health workers who know how to provide vaccines in a context with which their patients are comfortable.Supporting health workers has been core to Project HOPE’s mission since our founding sixty-five years ago. It is essential to our work in every context, on every continent. And in a world where health workers are facing more crises, it’s more important than ever.When it comes to health care access, you can’t always believe your eyes. The most serious problems might be the hardest to see, and the best way to address them is by supporting those who see them every day. Loading Comments... Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. DetailsExhibitsReferencesRelated Article Metrics History Published online 6 March 2023 Information© 2023 Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.PDF download

Between Consequential Memory and Destruction: Karl Jaspers, Jean Améry, and the Intellectual History of Postwar West Germany

Abstract This article reconstructs two “modes of memory” in postwar West Germany and explores an underappreciated historical trajectory. These two modes offer radically different ideas about why Germany should remember its past. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Karl Jaspers called on Germany’s citizens to remember the atrocities of the Nazi past so they could open a new chapter in the nation’s history. Twenty years later, at the zenith of the economic miracle, Jean Améry made a similar demand. His, however, was not a constructive call for responsibility and improvement, like Jaspers’s call, but one of anger and resentment. Juxtaposing these two calls for memory shows that, against every intuition, the immediate postwar period, defined by unprecedented human loss and physical devastation, was also a moment of energy and hope, while the height of the Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) was also one of melancholy and discontent.

Destruction and Reconstruction in Cinematic Portrayals of Tokyo

Since becoming the globe’s most populous city in the early eighteenth century, Tokyo has risen, collapsed and boomed again as no other metropolis. For 300 years spectacular bursts of growth occurred against a background of earthquakes, fires and floods, until in 1923 a horrific quake wiped it out. The bombing of the rebuilt city in 1945 was deadlier than the atomic attacks on Hiroshima or Nagasaki. Relative seismic and political stability after the war underpinned an economic miracle and transformed Tokyo into a global business and cultural icon, but the ‘lost decades’ that followed brought back socioeconomic uncertainty and undercurrents of anxiety. Manmade calamities, including a terrorist attack on the subway in 1995 and a nuclear leak in a neighboring prefecture in 1999, shook confidence in a city that normally enjoys high health and safety standards, while the massive earthquake and tsunami in Fukushima in 2011, just 240 km away, reminded inhabitants of the tectonic time bomb underneath them. Not surprisingly, physical, social and psychological fragility feature prominently in cinematic portrayals of Tokyo, with destruction and reconstruction of the cityscape and of the lives of those who inhabit it a common theme. Cinematic stories typically revolve around characters dwelling on the past, living cautiously for the moment or fearing the future. This paper explores how directors have incorporated physical destruction and socioeconomic devastation into their depictions of the city, focusing particularly on the use of images of the built environment.

The Impact of Siege Warfare on Biblical Conceptualizations of YHWH

The physical devastation wrought by the campaigns of Tiglath-pileser III through Nebuchadnezzar with their concomitant death and suffering raises the question of YHWH’s role in the unfolding events. In response to increasingly effective foreign siege technology, YHWH’s portrayals in prophetic and Deuteronomistic texts evolve from the once-mighty warrior to a supreme commander employing Assyrian and Babylonian tactics in charge of Israelite and enemy forces alike.

Critical thresholds. Traversing architectural pedagogy, research, and practice

<p>It is significant that the AASA – Association of Architecture Schools of Australasia (<a href="https://aasa.org.au">https://aasa.org.au</a>) conference on <em>“</em>Applied Collaborations<em>”</em> took place in Christchurch in the Fall of 2015, not long after the earthquakes that tragically destroyed a major part of the city. Although the physical devastation was extensive and highly traumatic for the inhabitants, it was encouraging to observe that, after an initial phase of shock and paralysis, came an optimistic period of quasi euphoria, a revolutionary spirit, a sense that the city could be radically reinvented instead of being rebuilt merely as a faithful replication of the past.<br />Rather than aspiring to a reinstatement and perpetuation of the status quo, it was felt that it could emancipate itself from its colonial past, become a better city and, most importantly, that its rebirth could call upon the energy, enthusiasm, self-motivation and generosity of all its inhabitants and truly involve the participation of the community as a whole.<br />The city, while still licking its wounds and clearing up the debris, went through a vibrant period of recovery and utopian dreaming, a phase when it was felt that anything was possible, that not only could the urban fabric and its supporting infrastructure systems be radically changed but that its governing institutions could also be transformed, as well as the fabric of society as a whole. It was felt that this unique opportunity had to be seized before it was too late. The time had come for a major urban and social mutation.</p>

Outcome Evaluation after 2023 Nipple-Sparing Mastectomies: Our Experience.

Although quadrantectomy and lumpectomy help diminish the psychological and physical devastation inflicted, mastectomy is still elected in 20 to 30 percent of breast cancers. Although initially inciting controversy over heightened risk of local recurrences, recent studies maintain that nipple-sparing mastectomy can be used in any patient qualifying for total mastectomy and also improves aesthetic and psychologic outcomes. The manner in which mastectomy influences reconstructive implant outcomes has been documented by several groups. This report details the authors' experience performing nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction, focusing attention on patient characteristics and aspects of surgical mastectomy that influence reconstruction outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine various issues, such as surgical access, mode of tissue dissection, and flap thickness, clearly linked to development of complications and poor results. A retrospective study was conducted, analyzing patients with breast cancer. An external three-surgeon panel served to generate average scores for predefined parameters. Based on total scores, outcomes were designated excellent, good, moderate, or poor. The authors' cohort included 1647 patients. Overall, 2023 nipple-sparing mastectomies were performed, including bilateral procedures in 376 patients. After a minimum follow-up period of 12 months, the authors' cohort was stratified by scored outcomes. Significant impact of body mass index, skin incision, flap thickness, and grade of ptosis has been demonstrated. The authors' data suggest that proper patient selection and well-executed operations are mandatory to limit complications. They also indicate that aesthetic outcome is clearly dependent on surgical proficiency and some patient characteristics. Therapeutic, III.

Slow Architecture: Production in Postwar Italian Housing

At a moment when standardization dominated housing design discussions, Italians engaged in a different kind of experiment in housing production. Under the Ina-Casa plan (1949–63), Italian architects developed a slow approach to architecture. Like its contemporaries, the plan grew out of a desire to provide affordable homes for the working class in the postwar period. But the primary goal of the Ina-Casa plan was creating jobs. The brainchild of the Minister of Labor and Social Security, Amintore Fanfani, the Ina-Casa plan was designed to put thousands of unemployed Italians back to work in the wake of the social upheaval and physical devastation wrought by World War II. The success of the plan was measured in terms of workdays created as well as in numbers of homes. Consequently, traditional methods and materials of construction—often rejected for being labor intensive—were embraced under the Ina-Casa plan as an effective way to create more jobs.

The Logic of Bushwhacking: Civil War Guerrillas on the Missouri Frontier

The Logic of Bushwhacking:Civil War Guerrillas on the Missouri Frontier Aaron Astor (bio) Joseph M. Beilein Jr. Bushwhackers: Guerrilla Warfare, Manhood, and the Household in Civil War Missouri. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2016. 364 pp. Appendices, bibliography, notes, and index. $34.95. Matthew M. Stith. Extreme Civil War: Guerrilla Warfare, Environment, and Race on the Trans-Mississippi Frontier. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2016. 232 pp. Illustrations, map, bibliography, notes, and index. $43.50. One of the most profitable sub-fields to emerge in the study of the U.S. Civil War is the role of guerrilla warfare. Prior to the late 1980s, most scholars paid little attention to the irregular conflict that emerged behind Union (and occasionally Confederate) lines. The exceptions were those accounts of prominent personalities like William Clarke Quantrill, John S. Mosby, and Champ Ferguson; or quasi-guerrillas like John Hunt Morgan and Nathan Bedford Forrest. With the publication of Michael Fellman's Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War (1989), the modern study of guerrilla conflict took shape. Fellman portrayed the guerrilla war in Missouri as a nihilistic struggle of all against all, with never-ending cycles of revenge and grotesque personal violence leaving the entire Missouri countryside a charred ruin. Even more poignant was Fellman's assessment of the psychological impact of the war upon much of the civilian population, which descended into madness as longtime friends and kin became opportunistic killers. Ordinary men and women of every household began to doubt their own identities in this world turned upside down. The previously ignored Provost Marshal General papers offered Fellman and later scholars a window into this "inside war," contested by civilians, militiamen, guerrillas, and official soldiers alike. Since Fellman's Inside War, historians of the guerrilla-war experience have considered a range of new questions: How militarily decisive was guerrilla war? What were the motives and methods of the guerrillas? How were guerrilla bands organized, led, and supplied? What is the relationship between guerrillas, conventional armies, and criminal gangs? How did armies combat [End Page 431] guerrillas and how effective were counterinsurgent operations? In what ways did the guerrilla phenomenon differ in each region? How did civilians experience and survive persistent guerrilla war? And how has the popular memory of the Civil War reflected the guerrilla conflict within? Scholars approaching these questions have gone down three historiographical paths. First are those that examine the operational and strategic relationship between guerrilla war and the military effort as a whole. Robert Mackey's The Uncivil War: Irregular Warfare in the Upper South (2004) and Daniel Sutherland's A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War (2009) catalogued the typologies of guerrillas in operation, and assessed their military significance. Blurring the lines between civilian and military spheres of operation, guerrillas proved a persistent thorn in the side of federal military strategy. They made necessary more support troops to guard supply lines and to police the occupied territory. They also invited a harder and occasionally brutal response to the civilian population, enough to grind down morale and food supplies for the conventional Confederate armies. This literature built on earlier studies of Civil War brutality, including Mark Grimsley's Hard Hand of War (1995) and Charles Royster's The Destructive War (1993), both of which looked at conventional military operations against civilians. A second field examines the exteriority of guerrilla warfare in particular locales. These studies take a holistic approach to certain regions and account for the experiences of all participants and victims. They detail guerrilla depredations, physical devastation, counterinsurgent practices, and civilian responses in particular geographic locations, with the aim of drawing a general portrait of life in guerrilla-torn regions. Brian McKnight's Contested Borderland: The Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia (2006), Noel Fisher's War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee (1997), and Jeremy Neely's The Border Between Them: Violence and Reconciliation on the Kansas-Missouri Line (2007) exemplify this regional approach, taking in matters of topography, military organization, civilian atrocities, and regional peculiarities. A third field probes the interiority of guerrilla culture—the...

2. Using Of Natural Spaces For Tourism Activity Scuba Diving And Impacts On Aquatic Animals

There were few previsions to strongly expand the growth of scuba diving activity, and nowadays training standards are enforced for safety and also for respecting the natural space where dive tourism takes place. Based on literature review, environmental impacts were noted in terms of providing positive aspects, mainly represented by economic benefits and employment opportunities. The negative side was revealed by wildlife impacts whereby animals change their behavior due harassment or contact with nature-based users, with authors reporting their concerns and measuring the consequences and long-term learning impacts. The over-usage of the reefs can result in physical devastation and chemical contamination. Land development in support of scuba diving can also cause negative impacts and affect the surrounding infrastructure, with alternating living patterns and by creating economic differences among the local society. When dive techniques are mastered, scuba diving itself does not represent a threat to the environment, neither to marine animals, but bad dive practices, poor buoyancy control associated to the lack of awareness can contribute to damage the benthic zone. Divers physical impact on the reef can benefit some species looking for opportunity to feed or compete for space, although, it destroys the habitat and lifting up sediment affect negatively coral structures by inducing stress and reducing the average amount of light.

Mental health mainstreamed in new UN disaster framework

The Nepal earthquake of April, 2015, is a tragic reminder of the physical devastation, loss of life, and effects on mental wellbeing that are more likely to occur when effective strategies for disaster risk reduction have not been implemented sufficiently. It also serves as a stark reminder of the fact that it is people with disabilities who are hit hardest when disaster strikes.

Social Space and the Suburb in Mike Cahill’s King of California : Mapping Race, Neoliberalism, and Narratives of the Past in the Southern California Landscape

Social Space and the Suburb in Mike Cahill’s King of CaliforniaMapping Race, Neoliberalism, and Narratives of the Past in the Southern California Landscape Emily Cheng (bio) Introduction Mike Cahill’s 2007 comedy-drama film, King of California, tells the story of a father and daughter’s quest for a previously unknown treasure trove of gold doubloons lost by the fictional Father Juan Florismarte Torres in the seventeenth-century Spanish exploration of California. The main characters, Charlie (Michael Douglas) and sixteen-year-old Miranda (Evan Rachel Wood), undertake this adventure inspired by the Spanish explorers, and in doing so navigate a constantly shifting landscape of suburban sprawl. From their position as modern-day “explorers,” Charlie and Miranda offer a critical perspective on their Southern California suburban space of Santa Clarita, located outside Los Angeles. Their use of historic maps and descriptions of the seventeenth-century physical geography to navigate the present space of strip malls, freeways, and mass housing developments highlights the environmental loss wrought by suburban sprawl. The film associates this physical devastation with the social, political, and economic terrains organized by capitalist development. At stake in this quest is the imagination of a California dream that celebrates the individual against its corruption by consumerism and conformity. The film frames Charlie and Miranda as critics of suburban social and physical conformity. This approach particularly plays out in their position of resistance to the consumerism and privatized space of family valorized by the dominant ideologies of neoliberal [End Page 25] capitalism. Their social distance from the community living in newly built tract housing is signified from the beginning of the film through the visual contrast of their old house falling into disrepair. Diverging from the normative nuclear families around her, Miranda has been living alone since she was fourteen and has dropped out of high school in order to work a low-wage job at McDonald’s to support herself. Charlie, who masterminds the quest, is framed through his difference from the beginning of the film as we are introduced to him upon his discharge from the county mental health institution where he has spent two years in treatment for bipolar disorder. While Miranda initially doubts Charlie’s quest as insanity, she goes along with it and by the end comes to realize the validity of Charlie’s viewpoint that the “sane” world is blind to the constraints and consequences of capitalist conformity. While the overt narrative of the film might be understood as a critique of neoliberal consumer capitalism that celebrates individual thought, this essay suggests that this narrative is complicated by neoliberalism’s central focus on the politics of privatization and responsibility at the level of the individual. By approaching the film through a critical race lens, my reading addresses King of California as a cultural text that embodies the contradictions of the centrality of the individual to neoliberal ideology. The film launches a progressive critique that defamiliarizes the dominant valorization of social conformity and consumerism; however, it does so by focusing narrowly on the economic terrain as a largely separate category. In a sense, the film makes use of the very terms of neoliberalism by leaving normative ideologies of race, gender, and sexuality uninterrogated. As Lisa Duggan writes: Neoliberalism, a late twentieth-century incarnation of Liberalism, organizes material and political life in terms of race, gender, and sexuality as well as economic class and nationality, or ethnicity and religion. But the categories through which Liberalism (and thus also neoliberalism) classifies human activity and relationships actively obscure the connections among these organizing terms. (3) By stopping its critique short of engaging the complex interconnections of the social, political, and economic terrains, the film [End Page 26] performs the racialized privilege of whiteness in regard to the construction of the US liberal individual. This neoliberal separation of social and political categories underwrites the film’s appropriation of racialized histories and memories of California in constructing its filmic world. Through addressing the racial thinking embedded in the romanticized narratives of California history, for instance of Spanish exploration rather than conquest, this essay examines the racialization of the notion of the individual constructed in these mythologies of the West. In...

“Political Storms in the Gulf of Mexico in 2005: Cuban and Mexican Leaders’ Critiques of the Disaster Response to Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma”

Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma caused massive destruction in the Gulf of Mexico in 2005, but circum-Caribbean countries responded differently to the storms in terms of hurricane preparedness and disaster management. What accounts for these dissimilarities, and are the roles expected of governments and societies to mitigate loss of life and physical devastation different across political systems and countries? This article examines etiologies of hurricane destruction advanced by political rulers and public opinion leaders in Mexico and Cuba. Reports in the Spanish-language printed media provide evidence of the types of critiques made by Mexican and Cuban leaders of the USA’s mismanagement of disaster response to hurricane Katrina. How they assessed their own country’s management of hurricane Wilma’s destruction is also analyzed. A key theoretical question which the article addresses is whether the effectiveness of hurricane responses depends on the state’s capacity, including social capital, public policy priorities, social values, and quality of leadership. Explanations are offered and factors identified as to why a state with massive resources and broad legitimacy like the USA responded ineffectively to Katrina while the Cuban government with limited resources and much less legitimacy performed effectively in managing Wilma. In turn, how did the first post-Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) government in 70 years with limited experience and neoliberal values manage its hurricane Wilma crisis?

The Asaba massacre and the Nigerian civil war: reclaiming hidden history

This article explores the consequences of a massacre of civilians in Asaba, a town on the west bank of the river Niger, during the early stages of the Nigerian civil war. While ethnically Igbo, Asaba was not part of the Igbo-dominated Biafra, remaining part of the ethnically diverse midwest region. In the international memory of the war, the midwest action, which claimed several thousand lives, has been eclipsed by the catastrophic events east of the Niger, after the federal blockade of Biafra. This article sheds new light on the human cost of the war on civilian populations outside Biafra. Drawing on interviews with survivors and their descendants, we describe the killings, pillaging and rapes that followed the arrival of the federal troops, and trace the long-term impact and memory of the physical and human devastation in Asaba on family structure, gender roles, educational opportunities and social structure. We show how the official suppression of the massacres, coupled with Biafran awareness of the events, contributed to the subsequent course of the war, and we suggest that this suppression has left a legacy that perpetuates resentment and has kept ethnic tensions alive to this day.

Connecting the Disconnected

When Hurricane Katrina slammed into New Orleans on August 29, 2005, the failure of the levees resulted in the largest single human-made disaster in the United States. In addition to the physical devastation of the city, the landscape of public schools in New Orleans was permanently altered, as was the national dialogue about school reform in the United States. The contested terrain of urban school reform in post-Katrina New Orleans led to the establishment of the National Coalition for Quality Education in New Orleans, an ad hoc group of New Orleans and national scholars who believe that New Orleans education, if rebuilt with thoughtful attention, can become a model for improving urban education in the nation. Drawing on data from two coalition-sponsored equity forums held during the summers of 2006 and 2007, this article discusses findings from the work of the coalition that deepen our understanding of how scholars can work with communities around education reform in three ways. First, it is crucial for scholars to focus work on the expressed needs of the community rather than from the imposed authority of the research community. Second, making use of academic research expertise requires acknowledging the diversity within the communities where the reform is being implemented. Finally, sustainable relationships between researchers and communities must be supported with mechanisms that facilitate clear expectations and communication. It is my hope that readers come away with a sense that working with marginalized communities to shape educational reform agendas is an important aspect of sustainable reforms.

Disaster and Political Resilience

Previous studies of disaster or crisis has paid little attention to resilience, instead focusing on physical devastation and recovery. This study seeks to explain the variations in post-disaster recovery by focusing on the role of social and political resilience. We argue that communities respond differently to similar disturbances because of variations in political resilience, defined by the amount of disturbance the political system can absorb without changing regime. In this paper, we give full meaning to the notion of political resilience, then suggest indicators that can be employed to “measure” it. We suggest three cluster variables of governance, international cooperation, and social capital to measure political resilience.

결혼 이주 여성의 가정폭력 대처과정에 관한 근거이론 접근

This research aims to suggest a practical solution in order to make immigrant women free from violence and stand on their own. The suggestion could be made by developing Substantive theory in terms of immigrant women`s coping with domestic The research question is; How immigrant women cope with domestic The research used a route theory approach, and 11 of immigrant women who have ever suffered from domestic violence participated in it. The research question used semi-structured open questions. As a result of paradigm model analysis, and physical is defined as a core phenomenon, and causative conditions are wheel of pain and helpless victims of violence. Besides, context conditions are period growth with solitariness, irrational marriage and indifferent reality. Mental and physical devastation, the core phenomenon act and interact with effect of mediatory conditions; which are social help, cultural difference and helplessness. Here the action and reaction appear as adaptation, resistance, self-protection and self-reinforcement, and the outcomes show up as maintaining reality, decision making and beginning a new life. Coping with mental and physical devastation and standing on one`s own feet could be introduced as a core category. Process of coping with domestic violence presents its levels as; shocks endurance regret overcoming. There are three patterns of coping, which are; preserving realities, returning, and groping for the future.

The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City (review)

Reviewed by: The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow (bio) The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City. By Katherine Wentworth Rinne. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2011. Pp. x+262. $65. Since antiquity, the people of the city of Rome have had a complex relationship with their environment. No aspect of that relationship was more important than the provision of water for the city. From the time of the Roman Empire, leading Romans expanded their power in their capital city through beautification projects involving both infrastructure and water features of great technological sophistication. Katherine Wentworth Rinne's book explains with clarity and cleverness how water impacted Rome in the later periods of the Renaissance and into the baroque. She reveals how water flowed across the full spectrum of Roman life, reaching both pontiffs and laundresses, in the crucial years between 1560 and 1630 when Rome transformed from a medieval to a baroque city. Rinne successfully accomplishes her goal by solidly supporting her arguments with contemporary texts and high-quality photos, plans, and maps. The book is divided into nine chapters with an introduction, epilogue, comprehensive notes, and bibliography. These touch on broad themes, from the re-use of ancient aqueducts to fountain design, the spread of water systems from the center of the city to surrounding hilltop estates and gardens, the role of the Tiber River in the city's life before the extensive development of the fountain system, the hierarchy of Rome's water use, and the history of its streets and drains. With the exception of the sixteenth-century fountain architect Giacomo della Porta and his assistant Bartolomeo Gritti, Rinne is not as interested in fountain authorship as she is in its patronage. While traditional scholars may be skeptical of this choice, the book nevertheless leads to fresh thinking about technology and society and about how Rome's fountain art related to urban development and urban infrastructure. Chapter 1, "The Tiber's Flow," considers the use of the river by Rome's churches, monasteries, hospitals, gardens, bathhouses, and manufacturing enterprises before any of the ancient aqueducts were restored or replaced (Acqua Vergine 1560-70; Acqua Felice 1585; Acqua Paola 1607-12). Rinne documents in chapter 2, "The Acqua Vergine and Renovatio Romae," that Pius V's renovatio Romae (restoration of Rome) was a response to the profound sense of physical devastation that hovered over the city as a result of the sack of Rome in 1527 and the horrific Tiber flood of 1530. Rinne argues that the abandonment of the Tiber (polluted by tanners, shops, mills, and illicit dumps) for water brought by the refurbished Acqua Vergine both helped the papacy restore the faithful to the church after the Council of Trent (p. 5), and led to improved hydraulic technology and public health. [End Page 698] In chapter 3, "Surveying the City, Distributing the Water," we learn about water distribution and the need for new water resources when fountains were added to the system in order to equalize pressure throughout. Guglielmo della Porta (1570s) developed a new distribution strategy and saw that water itself was a material that could shape fountain design. Because of his brilliant understanding both of gravity and of the topography of the Campo Marzio, he emerged as a master fountain designer, unequaled for nearly fifty years, until Gian Lorenzo Bernini transformed Rome with his most famous fountains (the Triton, Four Rivers, and Barcaccia, or "Little Boat" of the Piazza di Spagna), and ultimately Nicola Salvi produced the Trevi Fountain by 1762. By 1630 there were eighty documented public fountains in Rome and hundreds of private ones, each connected to one of these aqueducts by hidden underground conduits. Chapter 4, "The Fountains of Giacomo della Porta," focuses on six great fountains: Piazza del Popolo, Piazza della Rotonda, Piazza Colonna, Piazza Navona, Piazza Giudea, and Piazza Mattei. The chapter explains why it took some 120 years (1453-1570) to restore the Acqua Vergine and another twenty-one (1570-91) for della Porta to build the first magnificent fountains in this new Rome. Chapter 5, "Undercurrents and Water Lust," chapter...