Physical Description Research Articles

Alena Tensor in unification applications

Abstract Alena Tensor is a recently discovered class of energy-momentum tensors that provides mathematical framework in which, as demonstrated in previous publications, the description of a physical system in curved spacetime and its description in flat spacetime with fields are equivalent. The description of a system with electromagnetic field based on Alena Tensor can be used to reconcile physical descriptions. (1) In curvilinear description, Einstein Field equations were obtained with Cosmological Constant related to the invariant of the electromagnetic field tensor, which can be interpreted as negative pressure of vacuum, filled with electromagnetic field. (2) In classical description for flat spacetime, three densities of four-forces were obtained: electromagnetic, against gravity (counteraction to gravitational free-fall), and the force responsible for the Abraham-Lorentz effect (radiation reaction force). Obtained connection of Einstein tensor with gravity and radiation reaction force, after transition to curvilinear description, excludes black hole singularities. There was obtained Lagrangian density and generalized canonical four-momentum, containing electromagnetic four-potential and a term responsible for the other two forces. In this description charged particles cannot remain at complete rest and should have spin, their energy results from the existence of energy of magnetic moment and the density of this energy is part of the Poynting four-vector. The distribution of charged matter was expressed as polarization-magnetization stress-energy tensor, what may explain why gravity is invisible in QED. 3) In quantum picture, QED Lagrangian density simplification was obtained, and the Dirac, Schrödinger and Klein–Gordon equations may be considered as approximations of the obtained quantum solution. Farther use of Alena Tensor in unification applications was also discussed.

A model for analytical calculations of synthetic neutron energy spectra from beam-target reactions

Abstract We present a fully analytical model for calculating energy spectra of neutrons generated by fusion reactions involving a fast ion, or beam, and a stationary ion, or target, in magnetic fusion plasmas. For neutrons moving along the line-of-sight of a detector, the neutron spectrum is given by an analytical expression and the usual differential cross section. This makes the model several orders of magnitude faster than ordinary Monte Carlo simulations and free of any related statistical noise. 
Additionally, the analytical description of the reaction physics provides much more insight into the formation of the spectrum. An example of this is the bias of beam-target spectra towards high-energy neutron counts, which corresponds to forward-emission events. On the other hand, the fast-ion uniform gyro-angle distribution has an opposite effect, but is ultimately weaker than the preferential forward emission of neutrons.
The model is validated against numerical calculations from the forward model code GENESIS to verify its validity and it is furthermore derived from a probabilistic viewpoint, adding further insight.

The Minkowski vacuum of stochastic composite gravity

We present a first analysis of a nonperturbative approach to quantum gravity based on a representation of quantum field theory in terms of stochastic processes. The stochastic description accommodates a physical Lorentz-invariant ultraviolet regulator that provides a novel description of physics at ultra-short distances. In a scalar toy model, we demonstrate the evolution of a generic initial field configuration toward an equilibrium in which the composite spacetime metric fluctuates about a flat spacetime. As a diffeomorphism-invariant theory with locally Lorentz-invariant regulator, fluctuations about the vacuum are expected to give rise to an emergent gravitational interaction consistent with Einstein gravity at long distances. We uncover a formal similarity between regularization by stochastic discreteness and point-splitting regularization in the corresponding quantum field theory. We comment on the signature of the emergent spacetime, possible consequences for the early universe, and the potential for observational and experimental tests of the stochastic origin of quantum field theory and gravitation.

The possible role of coherence in highly diluted and succussed aqueous solutions

The historical problem of potentized (homeopathic, spagiric and other) remedies deals with their chemical-physical plausibility, i.e.: a consistent physical (molecular or electromagnetic) description have not yet been worked out and shared in scientific contexts [1]. I think that this difficulty pertains to the "generally accepted view of condensed matter" (to quote our mourned Giuliano Preparata [2]) and water condensed phases. Until we stay attached to a local, corpuscular and short-ranged description of matter (and of water, mainly) we won't be able to conceive the emergence of complex collective dynamics and their phenomenological outcomes. These are engendered by non-trivial ground states of the aqueous system in consequence both of its intrinsic nature and of the treatments to which it is subjected during dynamization. In this lecture I'll try, through a Quantum Electro-Dynamic (QED) theoretical framework [3,4,5], to sketch out the main features which let us envision liquid water as a two-phase system, where coherence is the basis both for its condensedness and for its ability to maintain long-lasting and far-from-equilibrium states able to non-randomly evolve in time through dissipative dynamics, and to understand the physical nature and properties of potentized remedies. Further comments about a likewise important question will be shared: how and why living matter is able to respond to such a kind of (possibly therapeutic) stimulations? [6,7]

Osmotic and phoretic competition explains chemotaxic assembly and sorting

Microscale objects responding to chemical gradients by migrating toward or away from a preferred species is a simple yet constitutive mechanism by which transport occurs in biological organisms. Synthetic chemotaxis provides key physical descriptions of simplified systems that can be used in biological models, or in the creation of advanced responsive material systems. In this article, we provide a quantitative framework for understanding synthetic chemotaxis of microparticles which involves a competition between phoresis and osmosis. We present separate quantitative measurements of phoresis and osmosis acting on individual taxing particles, finding that phoresis follows the long-predicted [Formula: see text] scaling while the osmotic contribution depends on the geometry and details of the system, and must be solved on a case-by-case basis. Through this, we are able to develop a more accurate picture of particle transport at the single particle level. Equipped with this approach, we go on to describe how high concentrations of particles in a symmetric chemical gradient grow close-packed hives that reach a steady-state size tunable through light intensity or particle size. Last, we demonstrate that mixed particles experiencing the same chemical gradient will selectively migrate toward or away depending on the nature of the particle surface, thereby locally sorting out a particular species. We anticipate these results will be important in describing both biological and synthetic chemotaxis in phoretic systems and should bring a wealth of studies that take advantage of competing osmotic flows to illicit unexpected dynamic active behavior.

Research on identification and quantification methods for loss sources of compressors

Abstract A deep understanding of the internal loss mechanisms and specific values of turbomachinery is crucial for its design and analysis. In this paper, based on the theory of entropy production, the loss sources in the NASA Rotor67 transonic fan and Radiver centrifugal compressor were quantified by using numerical simulation methods and physical flow characteristic description methods. The proportion of losses in various regions was presented. The results show that in the transonic fan, boundary layer losses and wake losses account for more than 70%, while direct shock losses account for less than 2%. Additionally, as the mass flow increases, the losses gradually move downstream, with the proportion of wake losses increasing. Within the wake losses, the influence of tip leakage flow and corner separation flow exceeds 70%. In the centrifugal compressor, as the mass flow decreases, the proportion of impeller losses to the total stage losses increases significantly, from 21.7% at the choking condition to 63.5% near the design condition. Most of the losses within the impeller occur near the casing area, accounting for about 47% of the impeller losses. The areas near the blades and the main flow area are the other two major sources of impeller losses, with both contributing to 36% of the losses.

The “deliberate calculation of dress”: Strategic Uses of Fashion in George Egerton’s Keynotes and Discords

Abstract This article argues that George Egerton uses fashion as a sign system in the short stories included in Keynotes (1893) and Discords (1894). By utilizing minimalist physical descriptions of her protagonists’ dress, she privileges interiority and emphasizes how women achieve mobility of mind and body when they are freed from the physical suppression and psychological scrutiny associated with expectations for fashionable dress. In addition, she strategically manipulates the signifiers of bourgeois femininity by separating fashionable objects from the female body—often at the stress point of a story’s closure. Using a material culture approach that situates the stories within the context of late Victorian fashion plates, the article shows how Egerton delineates her primary theme—that women are defined by their interiority and not by the hyperfeminine, fashionable objects that are fetishized as integral to Victorian womanhood.

Entropy-Dominated Triplet Exciton Emission in Carbon Dots.

Phosphorescence in carbon dots (CDs) from triplet exciton radiative recombination at room temperature has achieved significant advancement. Confinement and nanoconfinement, serving as valuable techniques, are commonly utilized to brighten triplet exciton in CDs, thereby enhancing their phosphorescence. However, a comprehensive and universally applicable physical description of confinement-enhanced phosphorescence is still lacking, despite efforts to understand its underlying nature. In this study, the dominance of entropy is revealed in triplet exciton emission from CDs through the establishment of a microscopic vibration state model. CDs with varying entropy levels are studied, indicatingthat in a low entropy system, the multi-energy triplet exciton emission in CDs exhibits enhanced brightness, accompanied by a corresponding increase in their lifetimes. The product of lifetime and intensity in CDs serves as a descriptor for their phosphorescence properties. Moreover, an entropy-dependent information variation system based on the CDs is demonstrated. Specifically, in a low-entropy system, information is retained, whereas the corresponding information is erased in a high-entropy system. This work elucidates the underlying physical nature of confinement-enhanced triplet exciton emission, offering a deeper understanding of achieving ultralong phosphorescence in the future.

AI-led study of dynamic changes in milk containing hybrid nanoparticles in an electromagnetically vibrated channel subjected to thermal oscillations and rapid pressure changes: Implications for dairy industry

Oscillating electromagnetic forces generated from a vibrated Riga plate have broad implications across various scientific and engineering domains. Artificial intelligence (AI) is applied to optimize precision and energy efficiency in pasteurization and sterilization by regulating the thermal and dynamic behavior of nanoparticle-infused milk under electromagnetic heating. The technique ensures accurate temperature control, minimizes the risk of overheating, and preserves the milk's nutritional and sensory qualities. It focuses on predicting the thermal and dynamic behaviors of milk infused with silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles in an electromagnetically vibrated channel experiencing thermal oscillations and rapid pressure changes. The research integrates complex physical phenomena such as radiant heat emission and Darcy drag forces, employing Darcy's model to delve into drag within porous media. Detailed mathematical and physical descriptions of milk flow dynamics are established, with solutions efficiently derived using the Laplace Transform (LT) method. The results, encompassing shear stress (SS) and rate of heat transfer (RHT) analyses, are detailed in tables and graphs. Findings indicate enhanced milk momentum with higher modified Hartmann number and reduced momentum with wider electrode spacing. Elevated oscillation frequencies of the left channel wall stabilize milk flow in both hybrid nano-milk (HNM) and nano-milk (NM). Larger Casson parameter improves SS, while higher radiation parameter reduces RHT. An AI-driven artificial neural network (ANN) is employed for precise estimations, achieving 98.022% accuracy in SS testing, 98.99% in cross-validation, and a flawless 100% accuracy for RHT. The research findings can be implemented to precisely control the mixing of milk and its physical features at a molecular level, enabling more even heat distribution and faster, more efficient pasteurization or homogenization processes.

Partial crystallization in Pd-BMG systems: From understanding structure towards influencing functionality through temperature-time series

Small quantities of crystalline domains created in an amorphous matrix are seen as an active driver for enhanced properties in bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). We investigated partial crystallization and phase transformations through a series of isotherms at 370°C performed on amorphous Pd-based BMG samples with the nominal composition of Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 (Pd-BMG) and a density of 9.425 g/cm3. X-ray based methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and phase enhanced micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) have been pushed to their limits for studying atomic structure and morphology, while time available before crystallization has additionally been investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and are combined with optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and hardness measurements for their mechanical properties. We reveal that Pd-based BMG samples isothermally treated at 370 °C start to crystallize after 20 min and still undergo phase transformations and recrystallization even after being fully crystalline after 60 min of the isothermal treatment. Interestingly, 3D phase enhanced micro-computed tomography shows a clear separation of two domains of slightly different densities. We highlight X-ray tomographic scans, allowing the 3D spatial visualization of extremely low-density contrast in different material domains, thus providing a multi-scale physical description of the Pd-BMG system. Interesting is the fact, that the re-crystallization is not homogenous and the crystalline domains can reach large size of (100–200 μm) in an amorphous matrix.

Chemical models for dense solutions.

Here we examine the question of the chemical models widely used to describe dense solutions, particularly ionic solutions. First, a simple macroscopic analysis shows that, in the case of weak interactions, taking into account aggregated species amounts to modelling an effective attraction between solutes, although the stoichiometry used does not necessarily correspond to atomic reality. We then use a rigorous microscopic analysis to explain how, in the very general case, chemical models can be obtained from an atomic physical description. We show that there are no good or bad chemical models as long as we consider exact calculations. To obtain the simplest possible description, it is nevertheless advisable to take the speciation criterion that minimises the excess terms. Molecular simulations show that, very often, species can be defined simply by grouping ions which are in direct contact. In some cases, the appearance of macroscale clusters can be predicted.

Experiencing the Craft and Ethical Impact of Young Adult Disability Fiction

Scholars like Ria Cheyne and Sami Schalk have argued that the imaginative and ethical structures of fiction can, if effectively leveraged, provide readers a new orientation to, or understanding of, difference. Advancing recent work that identifies methods to assess the material reception of disability literature, the article demonstrates how general audiences perceive both the craft and ethical import of fiction. Beverly Butler’s 1962 novel Light a Single Candle is one example of young adult literature that has resonated with audiences over time. Literary disability studies and narrative theory clarify the range of storytelling techniques that make the novel compelling: Butler, a blind author herself, carefully creates distances among reader, narrator, and character only to close them; she uses the physical description of blind modality to represent social experience; and she installs characters that model different disability ethics. Systematically analyzing the novel’s online reviews, the article shows that audiences sense Butler’s storytelling techniques in ways that open up spaces for mindful reflection on the nature of impairment and the construction of disability.

The Identification of the Sacred “Chiton” (Sarapis) of Pharaoh Alexander the Great in Tomb II at Vergina, Macedonia, Greece

ABSTRACT An unidentified material was found in the Royal Tomb II of Vergina, Greece within the golden ossuary (larnax) with the bones of the male occupant and his golden wreath. Physical, chemical, and microscopic analyses showed that it is a cotton textile dyed purple which sandwiches one or two layers of a whitish material made mainly of the mineral huntite. The presence of cotton is especially significant, as it downdates Tomb II. The physical description exactly fits the description in the ancient sources of the sacred Persian mesoleucon sarapis which belonged to Pharaoh and King Alexander the Great and as such it was the most precious object in antiquity. This sarapis is also depicted in the frieze of Tomb II on the sixth hunter, identified as Alexander. The Persian gazelle, depicted in the frieze also downdates Tomb II. Thus, many of the artifacts in Tomb II belonged to Alexander the Great.

Advanced heat transfer analysis using RSM-BBD for MHD hybrid nanofluid flow over a nonuniform stretching sheet with viscous dissipation

The recent studies focus on optimizing conditions to maximize the heat transfer rate while minimizing energy consumption, a key goal for various industries in both production processes and Automotive industry efficiency. Hybrid nanofluids play a crucial role in improving heat transfer phenomena. This study examines the enhanced heat transfer properties of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles as it flows through a nonlinear stretching sheet in a porous medium. The convective flow is further influenced by a magnetic field and thermal radiation, adding complexity to the flow dynamics. To simplify the analysis, dimensional physical quantities are converted to non-dimensional parameters using appropriate similarity rules. These transformed equations are then numerically solved using the bvp4c function in MATLAB. To achieve optimal heat transfer rates, a robust statistical method known as response surface methodology (RSM) is employed, and validation is performed through an analysis of variance. Graphical representation is used to examine parametric behaviour, and a brief physical description is provided. Key findings include: the hybrid nanofluid shows a 10.61% increase in heat transfer rate compared to the base fluid at R = 0.2; the drag force coefficient for the Al2O3/H2O nanofluid is reduced by 13.98% compared to other hybrid nanofluids; and an increase in the nonlinear stretching sheet parameter improves velocity distribution while reducing temperature distribution. This study can be used in automotive transmission systems to enhance heat dissipation and lubrication, improving the efficiency and durability of the transmission.

Trapping of Bubbles in Oil Sands Tailing Ponds

Oil sands tailings ponds are significant emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in Canada. To move beyond making surface or atmospheric measurements of GHG release, it is necessary to understand the physical mechanisms by which gas is generated, bubbles form and then are either released or remain trapped in the pond. We present a review of the physical description of tailings ponds, relevant to gas release models. In particular, we target rheological variations within a pond and how these directly affect the distribution of trapped gas bubbles with depth. Within the limits of the available data, we show how gas content may vary significantly across ponds, and develop data-driven one-dimensional models of gas distribution and rheology.

Mechanics of Materials: Multiscale Design of Advanced Materials and Structures

Materials can now be designed and architectured like structural components for targeted mechanical and physical properties. Structures and microstructures should not be studied independently and their design will benefit from a multiscale approach combining nonlinear continuum mechanics approaches and physical descriptions of elasticity, viscoplasticity, phase transformations and damage of microstructures, at various scales. The aim of the workshop was to gather outstanding junior and senior researchers in the various branches of mathematics, physics and engineering sciences suited to address the question of design of materials and structures by means of multiscale discrete and continuum approaches to their constitutive behavior. Examples include atomic or macroscopic lattices, random or periodic cellular materials, smart materials like shape memory alloys, 3D woven composites, acoustic and electromagnetic metamaterials, etc. Modern continuum mechanics relies on sophisticated constitutive laws for anisotropic materials exhibiting elastoviscoplastic behavior, still a field of intense research with new mathematical concepts. In particular size-dependent properties are addressed by resorting to generalized continua such as gradient or micromorphic and phase field models. The latter are attractive for the simulation of microstructure evolution coupled with mechanics, due to thermodynamic and metallurgical processes and damage. Scale transition and homogenization methods for continuous and discrete systems are required for the determination of effective material and structural behavior. Metamaterials are architectured materials specifically designed to achieve certain propagation and dispersion properties of elastic and plastic waves. Optimization strategies for the design of optimal architectures are involved in the design process. Target functions for optimization are now based on multicriteria (stiffness, strength, thermal expansion, transport properties, anisotropy etc.).

Electrostatically Interacting Wannier Qubits in Curved Space

A derivation of a tight-binding model from Schrödinger formalism for various topologies of position-based semiconductor qubits is presented in the case of static and time-dependent electric fields. The simplistic tight-binding model enables the description of single-electron devices at a large integration scale. The case of two electrostatically Wannier qubits (also known as position-based qubits) in a Schrödinger model is presented with omission of spin degrees of freedom. The concept of programmable quantum matter can be implemented in the chain of coupled semiconductor quantum dots. Highly integrated and developed cryogenic CMOS nanostructures can be mapped to coupled quantum dots, the connectivity of which can be controlled by a voltage applied across the transistor gates as well as using an external magnetic field. Using the anti-correlation principle arising from the Coulomb repulsion interaction between electrons, one can implement classical and quantum inverters (Classical/Quantum Swap Gate) and many other logical gates. The anti-correlation will be weakened due to the fact that the quantumness of the physical process brings about the coexistence of correlation and anti-correlation at the same time. One of the central results presented in this work relies on the appearance of dissipation-like processes and effective potential renormalization building effective barriers in both semiconductors and in superconductors between not bended nanowire regions both in classical and in quantum regimes. The presence of non-straight wire regions is also expressed by the geometrical dissipative quantum Aharonov–Bohm effect in superconductors/semiconductors when one obtains a complex value vector potential-like field. The existence of a Coulomb interaction provides a base for the physical description of an electrostatic Q-Swap gate with any topology using open-loop nanowires, with programmable functionality. We observe strong localization of the wavepacket due to nanowire bending. Therefore, it is not always necessary to build a barrier between two nanowires to obtain two quantum dot systems. On the other hand, the results can be mapped to the problem of an electron in curved space, so they can be expressed with a programmable position-dependent metric embedded in Schrödinger’s equation. The semiconductor quantum dot system is capable of mimicking curved space, providing a bridge between fundamental and applied science in the implementation of single-electron devices.

Tracking performances of the ePIC detector at the Electron-Ion Collider

The ePIC (electron–Proton/Ion Collider) experiment is a future facility at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) complex, located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA. It will use ∼70% longitudinally polarized beam of electrons, protons, and light ions to study their collisions to understand the properties of the quarks, gluons, and the strong force responsible for the formation of the nucleus. The layout of the central detector of the ePIC experiment is not symmetric along the beams axis consisting of barrel, forward, and backward detectors to achieve a wide pseudorapidity (|η|< 3.5) coverage. There are further far-forward and far-backward tracking detectors to measure the luminosity and reconstruct the particles and fragments for the study of the exclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) processes. The experiment has a challenging environment due to the presence of the background radiations (synchrotron radiation, beam-gas interactions, minimum-bias events, etc.) which will produce additional background hits on the tracker. The synchrotron radiation is suppressed to some extent by coating the beampipe with a 5μm gold layer. The experiment uses state-of-the-art bent wafer-scale silicon monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) with a ∼5μs acquisition window, micro-pattern gas detector (MPGD) with a good time resolution (∼20–30ns), and time-of-flight detectors based on AC-LGAD sensors (time resolution ∼30ps). The timing information of each detector will play a crucial role in track finding and rejecting the background hits utilizing the 4-dimensional tracking (space, time) to ensure the excellent performance of the experiment. The article presents the expected tracking performance of the ePIC detector using the modular ePIC software stack for simulation, reconstruction, and analysis. The Geant4 toolkit is employed for full detector simulations, alongside DD4hep (Detector Description for High Energy Physics) for geometry definition and exchange. The reconstruction incorporates the JANA2 framework, in addition to the tracking and vertexing algorithms inherited from A Common Tracking Software (ACTS).

Coherence resonance in a memristive map neuron and adaptive energy regulation

Involvement of memristive term and additive physical variables including magnetic flux and charge can enhance the physical description of the biophysical neurons. Neural circuits coupled with memristors can be built and tamed to mimic the intrinsic biophysical characteristics and dynamical properties of biological neurons, and these memristive oscillator models are effective in predicting the mode transition in neural activities and self-organization in collective electric behaviors of neural networks. Any proposal of memristive map neurons requires reliable physical description. For example, the energy definition and self-adaptive working mechanism are crucial to verify the reliability of memristive maps. A capacitive variable is useful to describe the membrane potential, while the complexity of ion channels requires careful evaluation and description by using inductive variables relative to the electromagnetic field. In this work, a charge-controlled memristor is connected to an inductor in series for building a hybrid ion channel, and then a capacitor and a nonlinear resistor are combined to couple the ion channel. As a result, a simple memristive neural circuit is designed to discern the inner effect of electric field and magnetic field synchronously. The energy function is defined and verified with theoretical proof. Furthermore, a linear transformation is applied to convert this memristive neuron into a memristive map with an exact energy description, in which its dynamics and mode transition will be controlled by an adaptive law when its energy is beyond the threshold. Additive noise is imposed to induce coherence resonance, which can be detected by using the statistical analysis and average value for Hamilton energy function during changes in noise intensity. This scheme provides guidance for energy definition in memristive maps and the intrinsic energy regulation mechanism in neural activities is explained from physical and dynamical aspects.

Stability optimization of energetic particle driven modes in nuclear fusion devices: the FAR3d gyro-fluid code

The development of reduced models provide efficient methods that can be used to perform short term experimental data analysis or narrow down the parametric range of more sophisticated numerical approaches. Reduced models are derived by simplifying the physics description with the goal of retaining only the essential ingredients required to reproduce the phenomena under study. This is the role of the gyro-fluid code FAR3d, dedicated to analyze the linear and nonlinear stability of Alfvén Eigenmodes (AE), Energetic Particle Modes (EPM) and magnetic-hydrodynamic modes as pressure gradient driven mode (PGDM) and current driven modes (CDM) in nuclear fusion devices. Such analysis is valuable for improving the plasma heating efficiency and confinement; this can enhance the overall device performance. The present review is dedicated to a description of the most important contributions of the FAR3d code in the field of energetic particles (EP) and AE/EPM stability. FAR3d is used to model and characterize the AE/EPM activity measured in fusion devices as LHD, JET, DIII-D, EAST, TJ-II and Heliotron J. In addition, the computational efficiency of FAR3d facilitates performing massive parametric studies leading to the identification of optimization trends with respect to the AE/EPM stability. This can aid in identifying operational regimes where AE/EPM activity is avoided or minimized. This technique is applied to the analysis of optimized configurations with respect to the thermal plasma parameters, magnetic field configuration, external actuators and the effect of multiple EP populations. In addition, the AE/EPM saturation phase is analyzed, taking into account both steady-state phases and bursting activity observed in LHD and DIII-D devices. The nonlinear calculations provide: the induced EP transport, the generation of zonal structures as well as the energy transfer towards the thermal plasma and between different toroidal/helical families. Finally, FAR3d is used to forecast the AE/EPM stability in operational scenarios of future devices as ITER, CFETR, JT60SA and CFQS as well as possible approaches to optimization with respect to variations in the most important plasma parameters.