Physical Construction Research Articles

Large‐Scale Micropillar 3D Patterning with High‐Aspect Ratio Using a Theta‐Pipette

Meniscus‐confined electrodeposition (MCED) has received widespread attention because of its simple physical construction and low economic cost. The matching of probe lifting rate and growth current in the MCED is the key to continuous and stable deposition. However, changes in the meniscus droplet morphology and surface evaporation will affect the stability deposition. Therefore, it is difficult to continuously fabricate high‐aspect ratio array microstructures. This article proposes a novel electrodeposition physical model based on theta‐pipette, and then proposes a closed‐loop control method based on this model. The numerical analysis and experiment results demonstrate that 1) the deposition current decreases continuously with time using a constant voltage between electrodes for fabrication, which is easy to cause the fabrication to be interrupted; 2) adjusting the voltage between the electrodes in theta‐pipette can approximately linearly adjust the deposition current, which can ensure stable fabrication. Finally, MCED process is controlled using a closed‐loop control algorithm; a large‐scale array (4 × 4) of micropillars with high‐aspect ratio of 12:1 (the diameter 1.65 μm and the height 21.4 μm) has been stably fabricated. This approach can offer versatility and robustness for high‐resolution 3D patterning at the microscale.

Konstruksi Makna dan Simbol Kecantikan Pada Tayangan Final Miss Universe 2019

Reality is essentially a social construction created by humans. Miss Universe is the biggest and oldest beauty contest platform in the world that reconstructs beauty in it. This study seeks to analyze the social construction of the meaning and symbol of beauty in the Miss Universe 2019 final show. The research approach is qualitative by collecting data in the form of documentation of the Miss Universe 2019 final show and the official website of Miss Universe. The data obtained were analyzed by semiotics using the Charles Sanders Peirce approach. The results obtained show that the construction of a beautiful woman to be slim, tall, white, and with long hair is not always proven. This is evidenced by the victory of Zozibini Tunzi from South Africa at Miss Universe 2019. The 2019 Miss Universe final proves that beautiful women are not always seen from the physical construction of society, but the advocacy they do is also a determinant of what she deserves to be called a universally beautiful woman.

Calligraphy of the thought: Drawing and writing in Vittorio Gregotti

This paper focuses on the close correlation between drawing and writing in the architecture of Vittorio Gregotti, in order to understand how both constitute symbiotic tools for his praxis, and showing how the practice of architecture and theoretical thought in Gregotti are to be understood as one. Drawing and writing constitute inscriptions of his ideas, a calligraphy that expresses his understanding of architecture as a conceptual reality, regardless of its later physical construction. It is therefore essential to comprehend how theoretical thought in Gregotti is materialized in the architectural project. For this purpose, based on Gregotti’s drawings and writings, this paper aims to underline the deep importance of drawing and writing as complementary processes related to the symbiotic connection between theory and praxis in his work. Considering both tools as a mechanism for visualizing the author’s ideas, we intend to prove that drawing and writing are close components of his expression and the development of a thought that, in the process of being materialized, acquires physical shape, strength and coherence, becoming perceived by others.

Compiler for physical and geometric construction of sets

This article is devoted to the geometric representation of sets. The paper presents an implementation that allows using operations on sets to build any images. For this algorithm, the equations of first-and second-order lines on the plane and first-and second-order surfaces in space are used. Restrictions are introduced by setting segments on the coordinate axes, indicating whether lines or surfaces belong to these segments. Inequalities are used to create the shaded area of the drawings. In the course of research on this topic, a software tool was developed that allows you to model drawings using the entered formulas, build images based on a set of operations on given sets of points, which allows you to have an analytical description of the drawings. This software tool can be used both in the educational process to test the correctness of the assimilation of the material, and to create flat geometric shapes and three-dimensional bodies for the purpose of engineering the optimal forms of structures and various parts. This application allows the user, performing operations with mathematical expressions and inequalities, to get a graphical display of the result with a mathematical description of any part of the figure.

The association between physical fitness parameters and in-season injury among adult male rugby players: a systematic review.

The high prevalence of injury among rugby players emphasizes the need for research related to injury risk factors. Physical fitness-related risk factors are likely culprits contributing to both contact and non-contact injuries. Establishing associations between preseason measured physical fitness aspects and injury risk, not only provide players' baseline fitness parameters but could also identify injury prone players, thereby contributing to injury prevention strategies. Therefore, the objective of this review was to assess and summarize scientific literature related to the association between preseason measured physical fitness tests and in-season injury among male rugby players. A systematic review was performed in compliance with the PRISMA 2020 Guidelines. This review considered observational, prospective cohort study designs. Studies that included male rugby (rugby union, rugby league, Australian football rules and rugby sevens) players aged 18 years or above from all levels of participation, evaluating the association between physical fitness test outcome and injury, were considered for inclusion. The three-step search strategy aimed at finding both published and unpublished studies in any language. Searched databases included Medline via PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register in the Cochrane Library, ProQuest 5000 International, ProQuest Health and Medical Complete, EBSCO MegaFile Premier, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, SCOPUS and Science Direct. Key words used were "rugby," "injury," "physical fitness," and "risk factors." Papers that met the inclusion criteria were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical appraisal tool for cohort studies from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI SUMARI). A total of 16 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The mean critical appraisal score was 82.63% (SD=17.86). Forty-meter sprint speed was associated with injury in all three (100%) studies that included the test. Inconsistencies in the statistical analysis, however, make comparison difficult. None of the studies that investigated upper (N.=1) and/or lower body power (N.=3) identified power as a risk factor. Conflicting results were found for the association between strength, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, and injury. Identifying factors associated with injury risk is an important step in the injury prevention paradigm. Once identified, players can be screened for risk factors prior to participation in sport. Interventions, based on screening results, which not only improve performance but also decrease players' risk of sustaining injuries (i.e., physical fitness related risk factors), provide additional incentive for compliance. Overall, this review highlights the inconsistency in testing methods used to gauge specific physical fitness constructs among rugby players, limiting the extent to which comparison of results and pooling of data is possible.

Examining the Influence of Physical and Health Education on Ontario Grade 9 Students’ Physical Activity Intentions and Behaviors

Insufficient physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle are major contributors to health risks for Canadian youth. Adolescents, particularly females, tend to experience major drop-offs in physical activity levels during high school. However, there is minimal research examining the extent to which physical and health education (PHE) courses promote physical activity and mitigate against this decline. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this quantitative short-term longitudinal study examined the effectiveness of Grade 9 PHE for 197 students’ reports of TPB constructs, physical activity intentions, and physical activity behavior. Results were analyzed using 2 (time: Time Point 1 [T1], Time Point 2 [T2]) × 2 (condition: in PHE/not in PHE) × 2 (TPB status: higher or lower than the mean) MANCOVAs with males and females examined separately. Findings revealed there was no interaction among time, condition, and TPB status, meaning that students’ physical activity intentions and TPB constructs did not change over the study. There was a significant effect of condition for females in PHE. Attitude and Physical Activity Behavior were higher at both time points, indicating that females taking PHE classes had more positive attitudes and higher physical activity behavior than females not enrolled in PHE classes. PHE teachers should focus attention on changing attitudes toward physical activity for this age group, given the importance of this construct.

Design of Aerodynamic Ball Levitation Laboratory Plant

This paper presents the development of a new Aerodynamic Ball Levitation Laboratory Plant at the Center of Modern Control Techniques and Industrial Informatics (CMCT&II). The entire design process of the plant is described, including the component selection process, the physical construction of the plant, the design of a printed circuit board (PCB) powered by a microcontroller, and the implementation of its firmware. A parametric mathematical model of the laboratory plant is created, whose parameters are then estimated using a nonlinear least-squares method based on acquired experimental data. The Kalman filter and the optimal state-space feedback control are designed based on the obtained mathematical model. The designed controller is then validated using the physical plant.

REUSE OF IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES WITH ADAPTIVE ELEMENTS AS A WAY OF PRESERVATION AND PROMOTION

cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is an exclusive and irreplaceable property and source, and its preservation, as well as its use, must be considered within a process of sustainable urban development planning, creating all the boundaries connected with its use in order to transfer this treasure to future generations in a way that preserves its authenticity. Although, since ancient times, the built environments have changed their purpose to fit modern social needs in a rather pragmatic way. The use of immovable cultural heritage for contemporary purposes, or its renovation and adaptation, today presents a great challenge for architects, urban planners, and relevant protection authorities. The application of technical protection measures on cultural heritage built environment can guarantee their conservation with a limited lifetime, but for long-term existence and ensuring protection it is more satisfactory if they have some modern socially justified use. One of the models of restoration and adaptation of immovable cultural heritage is the model of adaptive reuse, also known as renovation or conversion. The model implies a functional transformation of a building or group of buildings through the adaptation of its inherited physical construction. Based on the assumption that the main purpose of adaptive reuse of immovable cultural heritage is its regeneration and adaptation, as well as creating of a positive reputation, economic growth and promotion of a site, , this article considers the effects and benefits of new purposes that have been reached in the process of adaptation of the inherited built environment through analysis of three European fortifications - Hohenwerfen (Austria), Liubliana Castle (Slovenia) and Carcassona (France). In addition, the paper discusses preventive conservation methods for the restoration and adaptation of this type of properties and heritage in Germany.
 Today, the building of the Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans in Chernivtsi is used as the main building of Chernivtsi National University named by Yuriy Fedkovich. So, the model of reusing has been practicing her since 1875. But the building didn’t need any adaptation or intervention after its original destination. But after including the building of Residence into the UNESCO World Heritage List, some reorganization issues, connected with tourist infrastructure, became especially relevant. Therefore, study the positive European experience is actual for such type of heritage, where this adaptation process is extremely necessary.

Decolonizing the Shopping Mall: A Reading of Spaces within the United Arab Emirates

Does it make sense to speak of a ‘reading’ of space? If so, what implication does that have on our experience of said space once a reading is complete and to what extent would this reading hinder or strengthen the individual or community? A reading of space has become a crucial tool in global affairs and multinational internet culture. Such a tool would allow for critiquing and dissecting unidentifiable power relations within spaces then redirecting the social production of identity and hegemony. One such discourse can be of Western cultural hegemony. This paper will begin by defining the theoretical framework that will then be used to illustrate and analyze a given space. The space chosen will be shopping malls in the United Arab Emirates, specifically their food courts and restaurants, as this nation is situated geographically in a non-Western region. A Content Analysis of the websites of the malls selected in the capital, Abu Dhabi, will illustrate the physical literal construction of this space. An analysis of these theories and illustrations about the space will aid in a debate on shopping mall restaurants' implications on identity and Western cultural hegemony. It will be concluded that a reading of space is a crucial tool to demystify the reality of Western influence on Eastern social and cultural development, ultimately critiquing the production of such spaces in order to decolonize the region.

Augmented reality instructions for construction toys enabled by accurate model registration and realistic object/hand occlusions

BRICKxAR is a novel augmented reality (AR) instruction method for construction toys such as LEGO®. With BRICKxAR, physical LEGO construction is guided by virtual bricks. Compared with the state of the art, accuracy of the virtual–physical model alignment is significantly improved through a new design of marker-based registration, which can achieve an average error less than 1 mm throughout the model. Realistic object occlusion is accomplished to reveal the true spatial relationship between physical and virtual bricks. LEGO players’ hand detection and occlusion are realized to visualize the correct spatial relationship between real hands and virtual bricks, and allow virtual bricks to be “grasped” by real hands. The major finding of the research is that the integration of these features makes AR instructions possible for small parts assembly, validated through a working AR prototype for constructing LEGO Arc de Triomphe and quantitative measures of the accuracies of registration and occlusions. In addition, a heuristic evaluation of BRICKxAR’s features has led to findings that the present method could advance AR instructions in terms of enhancing part visibility, match between mental models and visualization, alignment of physical and virtual parts in perspective views and spatial transformations, tangible user interface, consolidated structural diagrams, virtual cutaway views, among other benefits for guiding construction.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10055-021-00582-7.

Interactive hepatic parenchymal transection simulation with haptic feedback

BackgroundLiver resection involves surgical removal of a portion of the liver. It is used to treat liver tumors and liver injuries. The complexity and high-risk nature of this surgery prevents novice doctors from practicing it on real patients. Virtual surgery simulation was developed to simulate surgical procedures to enable medical professionals to be trained without requiring a patient, a cadaver, or an animal. Therefore, there is a strong need for the development of a liver resection surgery simulation system. We propose a real-time simulation system that provides realistic visual and tactile feedback for hepatic parenchymal transection. MethodsThe tetrahedron structure and cluster-based shape matching are used for physical model construction, topology update of a three-dimensional liver model soft deformation simulation, and haptic rendering acceleration. During the liver parenchyma separation simulation, a tetrahedral mesh is used for surface triangle subdivision and surface generation of the surgical wound. The shape-matching cluster is separated via component detection on an undirected graph constructed using the tetrahedral mesh. ResultsIn our system, cluster-based shape matching is implemented on a GPU, whereas haptic rendering and topology updates are implemented on a CPU. Experimental results show that haptic rendering can be performed at a high frequency (>900Hz), whereas mesh skinning and graphics rendering can be performed at 45fps. The topology update can be executed at an interactive rate (>10Hz) on a single CPU thread. ConclusionsWe propose an interactive hepatic parenchymal transection simulation method based on a tetrahedral structure. The tetrahedral mesh simultaneously supports physical model construction, topology update, and haptic rendering acceleration.

The application of green building concept through fabrication modular construction system in special house construction

The cost of housing construction tends to continue to increase and various efforts have been made to reduce the cost of building special houses. One of the technologies chosen in the construction of special houses with a fast process is to use a fabricated modular construction system. The purpose of this research is to produce a technical design for the Special House as a reference in the optimal and efficient physical construction of the Special House. Research and development research methods by way of assessing and testing a product. Product assessment and testing were carried out on 11 manufacturers who fit the criteria and have produced prefabricated / precast houses. After the implementation of primary data collection, it was concluded that there were 8 Manufacturing Modular Construction systems that were likely to be optimally applied to special home products. The conclusion of the research is based on an assessment matrix from the aspects of the work system, time to work, the number of workers, financial, social and cultural as well as zoning, which get the highest score, namely Steel as the main structure. Steel has been tested for its structural strength and can produce quite a number of building material components.

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Barthel Index and the EQ-5D-3L When Used on Older People in a Rehabilitation Setting.

This study compares the empirical performance of a commonly used functional-status measure, the Barthel Index (BI), to that of a widely used generic preference-based instrument, the EuroQoL-5-Dimensions 3 Level (EQ-5D-3L), in older people. Data from older people receiving rehabilitation services were used to test the validity of the BI and EQ-5D-3L. Convergent validity was investigated using Spearman’s correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), scatter plots, Krippendorff’s alpha and modified Bland-Altman plots. Discriminant validity was examined using Kruskal Wallis tests, ceiling effects and EFA. A total of 1690 participants were included in the analysis. The BI total and EQ-5D-3L utility scores showed moderate correlation (r = 0.51; Krippendorff’s alpha = 0.52). Kendall’s Tau-B correlations between BI items and EQ-5D-3L dimensions measuring the same construct were weak to moderate (0.05 ≤ absolute r ≤ 0.54). In the EFA, some BI items cross-loaded onto the same factors as EQ-5D-3L dimensions, suggesting that the instruments were interrelated. The BI, however, focuses more on physical functioning, while the EQ-5D-3L measures broader wellbeing concepts. Both instruments showed good discriminant validity and would therefore be equally valuable for measuring subgroup differences. Researchers should consider using the BI in rehabilitation to capture more physical functioning-specific constructs not measured by the EQ-5D-3L.

Pengaruh Cangkang Kerang Laut Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials today interms of physical construction. Concrete is made from a mixture offine, coarse aggregate, cement, and water with a certain ratio, aswell as materials that are usually added to the concrete mixtureduring or during mixing, to changing the properties of concrete tomake it more suitable in certain jobs and more economical, can alsobe added with certain other mixed materials as needed if deemednecessary. Seashells can be used to mix concrete. This study aims todetermine whether the addition of shells aggregate shells in aconcrete mixture can affect the mechanical properties of concrete.The specimens used are in the form of cubes with a size of 15cm x 15cm x 15 cm, consisting of additional concrete coarse and fineaggregate with shell substitution percentage of 0%, 15%, 20% with atotal sample of 45, with the planned concrete quality of K225. Theuse of sea shells in increasing the compressive strength of concrete isbetter used as fine aggregate than coarse aggregate. The use of seashells as a substitute for fine aggregates achieves maximum resultsat 20% composition.

Computational Object-Wrapping Rope Nets

Wrapping objects using ropes is a common practice in our daily life. However, it is difficult to design and tie ropes on a 3D object with complex topology and geometry features while ensuring wrapping security and easy operation. In this article, we propose to compute a rope net that can tightly wrap around various 3D shapes. Our computed rope net not only immobilizes the object but also maintains the load balance during lifting. Based on the key observation that if every knot of the net has four adjacent curve edges, then only a single rope is needed to construct the entire net. We reformulate the rope net computation problem into a constrained curve network optimization. We propose a discrete-continuous optimization approach, where the topological constraints are satisfied in the discrete phase and the geometrical goals are achieved in the continuous stage. We also develop a hoist planning to pick anchor points so that the rope net equally distributes the load during hoisting. Furthermore, we simulate the wrapping process and use it to guide the physical rope net construction process. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on 3D objects with varying geometric and topological complexity. In addition, we conduct physical experiments to demonstrate the practicability of our method.

Unknotting reciprocal causation between organism and environment

In recent years, biologists and philosophers of science have argued that evolutionary theory should incorporate more seriously the idea of ‘reciprocal causation.’ This notion refers to feedback loops whereby organisms change their experiences of the environment or alter the physical properties of their surroundings. In these loops, in particular niche constructing activities are central, since they may alter selection pressures acting on organisms, and thus affect their evolutionary trajectories. This paper discusses long-standing problems that emerge when studying such reciprocal causal processes between organisms and environments. By comparing past approaches to reciprocal causation from the early twentieth century with contemporary ones in niche construction theory, we identify two central reoccurring problems: All of these approaches have not been able to provide a conceptual framework that allows (i) maintaining meaningful boundaries between organisms and environments, instead of merging the two, and (ii) integrating experiential and physical kinds of reciprocal causation. By building on case studies of niche construction research, we provide a model that is able to solve these two problems. It allows distinguishing between mutually interacting organisms and environments in complex scenarios, as well as integrating various forms of experiential and physical niche construction.

Development of Genome-wide SSR Markers for Physical Map Construction with PCR-based Polymorphic SSRs in Jute (Corchorus Spp.)

Development of Genome-wide SSR Markers for Physical Map Construction with PCR-based Polymorphic SSRs in Jute (Corchorus Spp.)

Kentsel teknik altyapı tesislerine yönelik uluslararası coğrafi veri modellerinin analizi

Utility networks consist of physical constructions which transport utility service products such as power, water, gas and telecommunication. The pressure of urban population growth increases the density of urban underground areas, moreover, privatization of utilities increases decentralization and fragmentation in the utility sector. Geographic information related to utility networks are mainly held in various formats by utility organizations for operation and asset management activities. Integration and information exchange of utility data are required for numerous activities, namely design, construction and repair of utility networks, disaster planning, emergency response. The differences in data models and information systems limit the ability of integration of different utility data, as well as information exchange among relevant parties such as utility companies, local authorities and other public bodies. Several national and international standardization organizations develop data models and/or data exchange methods that focus on the needs for different use cases which require geospatial data exchange. This paper examines international data models for sharing and exchange of utility network data. It is emphasized that there is no international data model addressing the needs of all use cases, while the models’ content, scope, functionality, and geographic representation capabilities depend on the use cases they focus on.

An invisible operational mortar

Abstract The contribution seeks to apply the principles of J. L. Austin’s speech-act theories to the study of local business segregation in the Jim Crow South. In particular, it borrows the notions of illocutionary and perlocutionary force when examining the seemingly bland and prosaic statements that are often used to normalise segregation within the business of commercial entertainment. For purposes of expanding the complexity of typical Manichaean (i.e., Black vs White) ethnic studies, this analysis was developed within the context of tri-racial segregation as applied to rural moviegoing within Robeson County, North Carolina during the first half of the twentieth century. Notably, the development of Robeson’s historical cinema-exhibition spaces eventually resulted in a highly unusual venue – i.e., the three-entrance theatre – whose physical architecture reflected tensions between local ethnic demographics and desired social hierarchies. Yet even in the face of these unusual physical constructs, this study contends that seemingly everyday objective/descriptive and non-demonising language remained an essential component in enforcing segregation.

A Hydrologic Functional Approach for Improving Large‐Sample Hydrology Performance in Poorly Gauged Regions

AbstractHydrologic functions of catchments are intrinsically diverse and defined as the ways catchments partition, store, and drain rainfall and snowmelt. Large‐sample hydrology (LSH) uses existing datasets of catchments to derive generalizable conclusions on hydrologic behaviors. LSH has the potential to synthesize the diversity of catchment hydrologic functions, allowing a robust extrapolation of streamflow generation mechanisms to poorly gauged regions. However, the descriptors of hydrologic functions, required to synthesize and extrapolate, have not been developed in LSH methodologies. This has potentially resulted in unexpectedly small associations between catchments' physical features and streamflow characteristics as well as poor predictability of the shape of streamflow hydrographs, as shown in recent LSH studies. Here, we propose three dimensionless indices—which directly quantify hydrologic functions—based on how interactions between a catchment’s climatic and physical attributes construct catchment functions. Using climatic and physical data as well as long‐term streamflow observations at hundreds of gauged catchments across the United States and Canada, our results depict that the use of interactive functional indices as catchment descriptors improves the performance of LSH methodologies (hierarchical clustering, multivariate regression, and random forests) in identifying hydrologic similarities in shape‐based streamflow signatures among catchments, and in predicting shape‐based streamflow signatures in poorly gauged regions. This research highlights the importance of physical interpretability of LSH models and showcases the development of parsimonious and process‐based catchment‐scale frameworks, allowing the analysis of globally available catchment data to progress the generalizable understanding of catchment hydrologic functions and streamflow generation mechanisms.