Physical Cameras Research Articles

The Biological Camera from Kidney of Human Beings

This paper deals with the subject principle of cameras as biological cameras and physical cameras, which may present many materials for assembly. Here, the human body's kidney is taken as a major component, and the iris is placed on one of the surfaces of the kidney, and it works the same as the human eye, which is one of the biological cameras. This is how the procedure is carried out to construct the camera. As you need so many materials to exhibit the camera, whether they are physics materials or biological materials in general, all materials exhibit the camera.

Event camera simulator design for modeling attention-based inference architectures

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in realizing methodologies to integrate more and more computation at the level of the image sensor. The rising trend has seen an increased research interest in developing novel event cameras that can facilitate CNN computation directly in the sensor. However, event-based cameras ca be expensive, limiting performance exploration on high-level models and algorithms. This paper presents an event camera simulator that can be a potent tool for hardware design prototyping, parameter optimization, attention-based innovative algorithm development, and benchmarking. The proposed simulator implements a distributed computation model to identify relevant regions in an image frame. Our simulator’s relevance computation model is realized as a collection of modules and performs computations in parallel. The distributed computation model is configurable, making it highly useful for design space exploration. The Rendering engine of the simulator samples frame-regions only when there is a new event. The simulator closely emulates an image processing pipeline similar to that of physical cameras. Our experimental results show that the simulator can effectively emulate event vision with low overheads

Recording as the Re-Membering Work of the People: A Catholic-Jewish Dialogue on the Body and Liturgical Memory

The word leitourgia, meaning the work of the people, is often used to describe Christian worship and has also been adopted by many scholars of Jewish public worship. This word implies that liturgical worship in the Jewish and Christian traditions is a work that incorporates a people or assembly. The time- and place-shifting afforded by new recording technologies, however, alters the nature of liturgical work and its relationship to tradition, memory, and the assembly. In this article, phenomenology and reflexivity are deployed to examine the role of the body and its liturgical formation on producing and revisiting recorded liturgy. Liturgical work is already practiced by worshippers who (often in defiance of official leadership) record and view recorded liturgies. The embodied work of this displaced assembly reveals unexpected similarities in Jewish and Catholic ordained leaders’ “flattening” before the physical and metaphorical cameras of Western public life. Finally, diverse experiences of recorded liturgy are used to compare theological concepts of liturgical memory in Jewish and Catholic thought.

An analytic-numerical image flicker study to test novel flicker metrics

The IEEE P2020 Automotive Image Quality working group is proposing new metrics and test protocols to measure image flicker. A comprehensive validation activity is therefore required. Light source flicker (often LED flicker), as captured in a camera output, is a product of camera exposure time, sensitivity, full well capacity, readout timing, HDR scheme, and the light source frequency, duty cycle, intensity, waveform and spectrum. The proposed LED flicker metrics have to be tested and validated for a sufficient number of combinations of these camera and lighting configurations. The test space of the combinations of camera and lighting parameters is unfeasibly large to test with physical cameras and lighting setups. A numerical simulation study to validate the proposed metrics has therefore been performed. To model flicker, a representative pixel model has been implemented in code. The pixel model incorporates exposure time, sensitivity, full well capacity, and representative readout timings. The implemented light source model comprises an hybrid analyticnumerical approach that allows for efficient generation of complex temporal lighting profiles. It simulates full and half wave rectified sinusoidal waveforms, representative of AC lighting, as well as pulse width modulated lighting with variable frequency, duty cycle, intensity, and complex edge rise/fall time behaviour. In this article, both initial results from the flicker simulation model, and evaluation of proposed IEEE metrics, are presented.

PETAL: A Multichannel Differential ADC Driver for High-Speed CMOS Image Sensors

Programmable Electronic Termination and Line Driver (PETAL) is a 16-channel ADC driver chip that provides single-ended-to-differential conversion and column biasing for high-speed CMOS image sensors. By increasing the level of integration, the number of driver chips and the associated number of passives and the routing area are reduced, enabling smaller physical cameras. Power dissipation is reduced relative to many commercial approaches by the use of low-voltage CMOS technology and the increased level of integration. The driver chip also supplies programmable bias currents to the sensor, further reducing the number of required components on the camera board. The driver, fabricated in 180-nm CMOS technology, achieves settling to 0.1% in 11 ns with input noise of 89.9- $\mu \text{V}$ rms. The crosstalk between channels is below −56 dB. The power dissipation is 10.5 mW/channel. When applied to the readout of a high-speed X-ray sensor, the prototype reduced board area by 84% (from 100 to 16 mm2) and power dissipation by 25%.

Efficient Dense Stereo with Occlusions for New View-Synthesis by Four-State Dynamic Programming

A new algorithm is proposed for efficient stereo and novel view synthesis. Given the video streams acquired by two synchronized cameras the proposed algorithm synthesises images from a virtual camera in arbitrary position near the physical cameras. The new technique is based on an improved, dynamic-programming, stereo algorithm for efficient novel view generation. The two main contributions of this paper are: (i) a new four state matching graph for dense stereo dynamic programming, that supports accurate occlusion labelling; (ii) a compact geometric derivation for novel view synthesis by direct projection of the minimum cost surface. Furthermore, the paper presents an algorithm for the temporal maintenance of a background model to enhance the rendering of occlusions and reduce temporal artefacts (flicker); and a cost aggregation algorithm that acts directly in the three-dimensional matching cost space. The proposed algorithm has been designed to work with input images with large disparity range, a common practical situation. The enhanced occlusion handling capabilities of the new dynamic programming algorithm are evaluated against those of the most powerful state-of-the-art dynamic programming and graph-cut techniques. Four-state DP is also evaluated against the disparity-based Middlebury error metrics and its performance found to be amongst the best of the efficient algorithms. A number of examples demonstrate the robustness of four-state DP to artefacts in stereo video streams. This includes demonstrations of cyclopean view synthesis in extended conversational sequences, synthesis from a freely translating virtual camera and, finally, basic 3D scene editing.