Physical Appearance Comparison Research Articles

Tripartite Influence Model

The effects of media on body image have been heavily investigated through the years. Recent research has shifted its focus to social media content and other behaviors on social media that can affect body and appearance satisfaction. This study aimed to test the contribution of media pressure to appearance satisfaction according to the prepositions of the Tripartite Influence Model on a sample of young Croatian women. A sample of 308 college students (average age 21.6) completed the BE-Appearance subscale of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (Mendelson et al., 2001), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (Thompson et al., 1991), and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (Schafer et al., 2015). Path analysis showed that media pressure positively contributes to both appearance comparison with people on Instagram and beauty ideals internalization and negatively contributes to appearance satisfaction in young women. Results also indicate a significant negative indirect contribution of media pressure to appearance satisfaction through appearance comparison and beauty ideals internalization. Findings suggest a strong relationship between media pressure and appearance satisfaction and are discussed in the context of further investigation of media content that could be harmful to appearance satisfaction in young women.

Dissemination of a dissonance-based body image promotion program for mothers and daughters in church settings: A controlled pilot study of Reclaiming Beauty

This proof of concept, controlled pilot study expands on existing dissonance-based body image promotion programs by testing a modified version of the Body Project for 136 mothers and daughters aged 11–18 years old in church settings called Reclaiming Beauty. Mothers (n = 30) and their daughters (n = 35) who participated in Reclaiming Beauty were compared to mothers (n = 32) and daughters (n = 39) in a waitlist, assessment-only, control group on body image, eating psychopathology, and risk factor measures (thin-ideal internalization, physical appearance comparison) at pre-, post-, and 6-month-follow-up assessments. Intent-to-treat, multilevel modeling indicated that mothers and daughters in the Reclaiming Beauty group experienced significant improvement in body appreciation, body shape concerns, eating psychopathology, thin-ideal internalization, and physical appearance comparison over a six-month period compared to control participants. Changes in thin-ideal internalization and appearance comparison did not predict body image and eating psychopathology at follow-up. Baseline levels of body satisfaction did not moderate the effect of the program, except for its effect on body shape concerns. Findings provide preliminary support for delivering a dissonance-based body image promotion intervention to mothers and their daughters and the feasibility of leveraging the mother-daughter relationship as well as delivering interventions in church settings.

Physical Appearance Comparison and Body Dissatisfaction in Women Users of Tiktok and Instagram

This research aims to determine the significance of the relationship between physical appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction in female users of TikTok and/or Instagram. Participants were 203 female TikTok and/or Instagram users using purposive sampling techniques. The data collection method used is the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) from Schaefer and Thompson (2014) which has been tested for construct validity in Indonesia by Qidwati (2019) and the Body Dissatisfaction Scale (BDS) from Tariq and Ijaz (2015 ) which has been tested for construct validity in Indonesia by Arshuha (2019). The data analysis technique used is the Pearson Product Moment correlation technique. From the results of data analysis, a correlation coefficient (rxy) of 0.548 was obtained with a significance value of 0.000 (p<0.01), which means there is a significant positive relationship between physical appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction in female TikTok and/or Instagram users. This means that a high physical appearance comparison will be followed by high body dissatisfaction, whereas if the physical appearance comparison is low it will be followed by low body dissatisfaction. The implication of this research is that women who use TikTok and/or Instagram need to reduce the behavior of comparing their own appearance with the appearance of others (physical appearance comparison) in order to avoid and not experience body dissatisfaction which can make women feel dissatisfied with their appearance and body shape.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui signifikansi hubungan antara physical appearance comparison dengan body dissatisfaction pada wanita pengguna TikTok dan/atau Instagram. Partisipan berjumlah 203 wanita pengguna TikTok dan/atau Instagram dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) dari Schaefer dan Thompson (2014) yang telah di uji validitas konstruk di Indonesia oleh Qidwati (2019) dan Body Dissatisfaction Scale (BDS) dari Tariq dan Ijaz (2015) yang telah di uji validitas konstruk di Indonesia oleh Arshuha (2019). Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik korelasi Product Moment Pearson. Dari hasil analisis data diperoleh koefisien korelasi (rxy) 0.548 dengan nilai signifikansi 0.000 (p<0,01) yang artinya ada hubungan positif yang signifikan antara physical appearance comparison dengan body dissatisfaction pada wanita pengguna TikTok dan/atau Instagram. Hal ini bermakna bahwa physical appearance comparison tinggi akan diikuti dengan body dissatisfaction yang tinggi sebaliknya apabila physical appearance comparison rendah maka akan diikuti dengan body dissatisfaction yang rendah. Implikasi dari penelitian ini yaitu wanita yang menggunakan TikTok dan/atau Instagram perlu untuk mengurangi perilaku membandingkan penampilan diri dengan penampilan orang lain (physical appearance comparison) supaya terhindar dan tidak mengalami body dissatisfaction yang dapat membuat wanita merasa tidak puas akan penampilan dan bentuk tubuhnya.

Body Dissatisfaction and Sociocultural Impact in Hispanic and Latino Adolescents

The relevance of body dissatisfaction in today’s culture makes it a topic of great notability, especially when it comes to the development and identity of adolescents. Previous research has studied the elements that determine the societal bodily ideal and what personal factors affect self-perception after exposure to the former. The literature fails to examine these elements within a majorly Hispanic and Latino population, also excluding the moderating effect of social media and self-concept clarity. The study at hand used 227 respondents, where 58.6% identified as female, 37.8% as male, 1.8% as non-binary, and 1.3% as other; participants identified as 46% South American, 30% Caribbean, 16% European (Spaniard), and 8% Central American. Five quantitative scales were used: Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4, the Figure Rating Scale, Physical Appearance Comparison Scales, Self-Concept Clarity (SCC) Scale, and Social Networking Sites (SNS) lifestyle questions adapted from Burnette et al., 2017. Results reflected moderate body dissatisfaction (BD) and sociocultural influences within Hispanic and Latino adolescents, highlighting self-concept and comparisons, and hypotheses concerning social media use’s effect on body dissatisfaction. Discoveries were also made concerning specific mediating factors, their correlational value, and the importance of distinguishing between adolescent age groups. The data aids in expanding the limited knowledge of body dissatisfaction within Hispanics and Latinos and encourages further investigation, highlighting the importance of self-concept in relation to body image, especially in adolescents. This new knowledge could be utilized in the medical and psychiatric fields in the treatment of body dissatisfaction and further eating disturbances.

Perceived emotional invalidation, physical appearance comparisons and attitude towards cosmetic surgery among female undergraduate university students

Perceived emotional invalidation, physical appearance comparisons and attitude towards cosmetic surgery among female undergraduate university students

Through Thick and Thin: Exposure to Instagram Advertisements and Willingness to Engage in Appearance-Altering Practices

Instagram is increasingly used in advertising, yet little is known about the unintended consequences of Instagram advertising on women’s and girls’ body image. Also largely unexplored is if and how curvy models (large breasts and buttocks, wide hips, and small waist) used in this advertising affect women’s and girls’ body image. We drew on social comparison and cultivation theories to explore if exposure to thin and curvy models through Instagram advertising is associated with late-adolescent girls’ willingness to take action to be thinner or curvier, respectively. Two mediation models examined the mechanisms through which any such effects occur. A sample of 284 17-19 year old girls completed self-administered online questionnaires. Results revealed that exposure to thin and curvy models was positively associated with willingness to take action to be thinner and curvier, respectively. These associations were mediated by thin/curvy body preference (model 1), and by thin/curvy body preference, upward physical appearance comparisons, and body dissatisfaction (model 2). Results suggest that although exposure to different body types may be associated with different types of unhealthy (body-altering) actions, the processes underlying these effects are similar. This research highlights possible cultural shifts toward more diverse body ideals and informs tailored body concern interventions and media literacy programs.

Appearance Comparisons, Affect, Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Pathology in Portuguese Female University Students.

Physical appearance comparisons have been theorized to be associated with negative indicators of body image. This study aimed to study appearance comparisons and their association to affect, body dissatisfaction, and eating pathology. Three hundred and ten female university students with ages between 17 and 25 years (M = 20.2, SD = 1.9) completed sociodemographic and clinical data, self-reported questionnaires, and questions about appearance comparisons. Among the participants, 98.71% reported making appearance comparisons, and 42.15% of these reported making them frequently or always. Higher reported frequencies of appearance comparisons were related to higher levels of body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and eating pathology. Appearance comparisons to acquaintances were the most frequent. Comparisons in person and through media were reported in similar proportions. Upward comparisons were more frequent than lateral and downward comparisons and were related to higher levels of body dissatisfaction than downward comparisons and to higher levels of body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and eating pathology than lateral comparisons. Upward comparisons to close peers were associated with higher body dissatisfaction as opposed to models/celebrities. Results, limitations, and implications are discussed.

Time Spent on Instagram and Body Image, Self-esteem, and Physical Comparison Among Young Adults in Spain: Observational Study.

Instagram is a social media platform based on photos and videos that encourages interaction and comparison between users. Its growing popularity, especially among young people, has generated interest in the impact its use can have on users´ mental health, specifically on their self-esteem and degree of satisfaction with their own body image. We aimed to analyze the relationships between the use of Instagram, both the hours of daily use and the type of content viewed, and self-esteem, tendency to make physical comparisons, and satisfaction with body image. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 585 participants aged between 18 years and 40 years. Individuals who were interested in participating but had a personal history of eating disorders or had previously been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder were excluded. The assessment tools consisted of (1) a questionnaire that collected sociodemographic data and Instagram use variables and was created by the research team specifically for this study; (2) the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg; (3) Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R); and (4) Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). The recruitment and evaluation processes were carried out in January 2021. Of the participants, 234 (234/585, 40%) used Instagram less than 1 hour a day, 303 (303/585, 51.8%) used Instagram between 1 hour and 3 hours a day, and 48 participants (48/585, 8.2%) used it more than 3 hours per day. We found statistically significant differences (P<.05) between the 3 groups in the scores obtained on the self-esteem test by Rosenberg, PACS-R, and BSQ. Participants who spent more time on Instagram had higher levels of body dissatisfaction, greater comparisons of physical appearance, and lower self-esteem. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between the score obtained on the different scales and the types of content viewed, with no differences between those who mainly viewed professional content and those who primarily consumed fashion and beauty or sport and nutrition content. The results of this study indicate that the use of Instagram is associated with poorer body image satisfaction and self-esteem, mediated by the tendency to compare physical appearance in relation to the daily duration of Instagram use.

How photo editing in social media shapes self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem via self-objectification and physical appearance comparisons

BackgroundAs photo editing behavior to enhance one?s appearance in photos becomes more and more prevalent on social network sites (SNSs), potential risks are increasingly discussed as well. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between photo editing behavior, self-objectification, physical appearance comparisons, self-perceived attractiveness, and self-esteem.Methods403 participants completed self-report questionnaires measuring the aformentioned constructs. A parallel-sequential multiple mediation model was conducted to examine the relationship between photo editing behavior and self-esteem considering multiple mediators.ResultsThe results indicate that photo editing behavior is negatively related to self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem mediated via self-objectification and physical appearance comparisons.ConclusionsThe postulated mediation model was justified by our data. Thus, SNS users should be aware of potential negative consequences when using photo editing applications or filters.

Social Comparison and Female Adolescents' Selfie Behaviors: Body Surveillance as the Mediator and Self-Esteem as the Moderator.

The current study aimed to examine whether body surveillance mediated the relation between social comparison and selfie behaviors, and whether this mediating process was moderated by self-esteem. A sample of 339 female adolescents were recruited to participate in the present study and completed self-report measures of selfie behaviors, upward and downward appearance comparisons with peers, self-objectification and self-esteem. Results indicated that body surveillance mediated the association between upward physical appearance comparison and selfie behaviors. In addition, self-esteem moderated the relation between body surveillance and selfie behaviors. These findings add to the extant literature by suggesting that selfies may be some new ways of body surveillance and physical appearance comparison, which have some theoretical and practical implications.

Relationship of psychosociocultural factors with dental malocclusion and facial appearance

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between psychosociocultural factors and dental malocclusion, facial appearance, and body perception. Material and Methods: The study was carried out with the participation of 112 female and 113 male individuals between the ages of 18 and 25. Individuals were asked to answer the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Physical Appearance Comparison Scale Revised, and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire 4-Revised questionnaires. Individuals were divided into three groups Class I, Class II, and Class III according to dental molar relationships. Standard facial and profile photographs of individuals in all groups were taken and soft-tissue measurements were performed. Results: There was no significant psychosociocultural difference between male and female individuals. However, individuals with Class III dental malocclusion compare their physical appearance more than other malocclusion groups and more experience body dissatisfaction (P &gt; 0.05). Individuals with Class III dental malocclusion have higher lower face height, lower lip height, mentolabial angle, facial convexity angle, total facial convexity angle values, and lower forehead height/lower face height, nose height/lower face height ratio, and projection of the upper lip relative to the chin. Individuals with Class II dental malocclusion have lower chin height and anterior mandibular height/lower face height ratio, higher upper lip height/lower face height ratio, and upper lip height/anterior mandibular height ratio. Individuals with Class I dental malocclusion have a lower upper face height/lower face height ratio. Conclusion: Dental malocclusion groups have different facial soft tissue properties. Dental malocclusion and the facial appearance of individuals affect their lives in terms of psychosociocultural aspects.

Selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration in adolescents: the mediating roles of physical appearance comparisons and facial appearance concern

ABSTRACT Selfie activity may contribute to the acceptance of cosmetic surgery in adolescents, although few empirical studies exist. Based on social comparison theory, this study examined the association between selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration among Chinese adolescents and further tested the possible mediating roles of social comparison and facial appearance concern in this relationship. A sample of 537 adolescents (339 girls and 198 boys) were recruited voluntarily to complete questionnaires on selfie behavior, upward physical appearance comparison, facial appearance concern and cosmetic surgery consideration. Linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted. The results showed that selfie behavior predicted higher level of adolescents’ cosmetic surgery consideration. Moreover, this relationship was sequentially mediated through upward physical appearance comparison and facial appearance concern. These findings expand the existent literature by suggesting that selfie behavior may trigger upward social comparison in adolescents, which in turn increase their acceptance of cosmetic surgery.

THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL COMPARISON ON FEMALE MODELS BODY IMAGE

Being female models are identical to have an attractive physical appearance such as a tall, thin and clean white skin, which this makes the models focus on their physical appearance. Furthermore, models have a tendency to compare themselves with others in order to fulfill the demands of the modeling industry. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of social comparison on body image in the female model. The sample of this research is 275 female models with an age range of 18-30 years who are in Jakarta and are members of a modeling agency. Data were collected using social comparison and body image measurement tools. Social comparison was measured using Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) and body image measured using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Scales (MBSRQ–AS). The results of this study prove that social comparison has a significant effect on the body image of female models in Jakarta. The effective contribution of social comparison to body image is 46.3%. The Implications of the research could be the baseline for women's empowerment institutions in increasing knowledge for women so that they are able to accept their physical appearance as it is. Specifically, this research is actually a reflection for all model agencies in terms of represent beauty to people through products or brand.

Women's body dissatisfaction, physical appearance comparisons, and Instagram use throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study.

This study aimed to determine the evolution of Instagram use, body dissatisfaction and physical appearance comparisons throughout the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and to explore whether there was a relationship between the changes in Instagram use throughout the pandemic and body dissatisfaction and physical appearance comparisons. A total of 272 Spanish women (16-70 years old) were followed-up across four waves of assessment between November 2019 (before the pandemic started) and July 2021. Body dissatisfaction, social appearance comparisons, and Instagram use were assessed using the Eating Disorders Inventory-3, the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised, and an ad hoc questionnaire for Instagram use, respectively. No statistically significant changes were found in the frequency of Instagram use, nor on the proportion of women following appearance-focused accounts on Instagram, among the data collection periods. Body dissatisfaction significantly increased from T1 to T4, and physical appearance comparisons significantly increased from T1 to T2, T3, and T4. These increases were not found to be significant for those with eating disorder risk. No significant differences were found in body dissatisfaction and physical appearance comparisons depending on whether participants' frequency of Instagram use had changed or remained the same, or whether they had started/stopped/continued following appearance-focused accounts on Instagram during the pandemic. Women's body dissatisfaction and physical appearance comparisons seem to have increased throughout the pandemic. The experiences of individuals with eating disorder risk throughout the pandemic, and the relationship between the pandemic and Instagram use, might be complex and need further research. This study suggests that women's body dissatisfaction and physical appearance comparisons have increased throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this increase might not be as clear for those who had eating disorder risk before the pandemic. Instagram frequency of use, and the percentage of women following appearance-focused accounts on Instagram, do not seem to have significantly increased. More research is needed to explore the impact of the pandemic.

Predictor of muscle dysmorphia among members of fitness centers in Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia

Background and purpose: Muscle dysmorphia is one of the most common forms of body dysmorphic disorder. It is part of the obsessive-compulsive disorders, wherein sufferers believe that the body is too small or not muscular enough. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of muscle dysmorphia among fitness center members. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at five fitness centers with 117 respondents. Several scales were applied including: 1) 4th edition Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale (SATAQ) to measure self-internalization, family, peer, and media pressures; 2) Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS) to measure social comparison; 3) Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) to measure respondents’ satisfaction with their bodies and 4) The Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) to measure muscle dysmorphia. Meanwhile, weight was measured with Kris EB9-4A Series digital scales, height with GEA microtoise and body fat percentage with a digital HBF-306 body fat monitor. Spearman’s Correlation test was performed for the bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression for the multivariate analysis. Results: The prevalence of muscle dysmorphia among fitness center members was 43.6% (95%CI=33.99:53.20) in the total sample based on MDDI cut-off score. Bivariate analysis shows that six variables including body fat percentage, total physical activity, thin/low body fat internalizations, muscular/athletic internalizations, peer pressure, media pressure associated with muscle dysmorphia. In the multivariate analysis, only four variables were significantly associated with muscle dysmorphia, namely: muscular/athletic internalization (β=0.369, 95%CI=0.296:0776, p&lt;0.001), media pressure (β=0.277, 95%CI=0.167:0.595, p&lt;0.001), body fat percentage (β=-0.262, 95%CI=-0.301:-0.067, p=0.002) and body dissatisfaction (β=-0.224, 95%CI=-0.245:- 0.050, p=0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in Denpasar City is relatively high. Muscular/athletic internalization, media exposure, body fat percentage and body satisfaction are associated with increase chance of having muscle dysmorphia.

Examining the Associations of Physical Appearance Perfectionism with Disordered Eating Behaviors in Young Chinese Gay Men

Previous research has shown that those with a high level of perfectionism are more prone to the negative effects of body image exposure on self-evaluation. However, the negative effects of physical appearance, an area where individuals may present perfectionism, have not been studied well. This study aims to understand the relationships between the constructs of perfectionism, appearance comparisons, and body dissatisfaction with disordered eating behavior. The current study examined the association between the two sub-dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism scale (i.e., worry about imperfection and hope for perfection) and disordered eating behavior in young Chinese gay men. A total of 234 respondents were selected by convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Four questionnaires were administered (i.e., Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale, Eating Attitude Test, Physical Appearance Comparison Scale, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Evaluation Subscale). The results indicated that 34% of gay men in the sample met criteria for elevated risk of eating disorders, multiple regression analysis found that worry about imperfections had a direct effect on disordered eating behavior in young Chinese gay men, whereas hope for perfection did not show a significant direct effect on disordered eating behavior. The two sub-dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism have an indirect effect on disordered eating behavior, mediated by physical appearance comparison. However, the results showed that worry about imperfection and hope for perfection did not have an indirect effect on disordered eating behavior with body dissatisfaction as mediators.

Psychological aspects of body perception in depression with non-suicidal self-injury

IntroductionEmotional regulation appears to be a key factor in self-injury. But body image also may play an important role in self-harming.ObjectivesAnalysis of the relationship between non-suicidal self-injurious behavior and various aspects of body representation and body perception in adolescents and young women suffering from depression.MethodsThe study involved 85 women with endogenous depression. The answer to the question “Sometimes I purposely injure myself” was used as an indicator of self-harm. The methods include: SCL-90-R, Body Investment Scale (BIS), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R), Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS), Cambridge Depersonalization Scale (CDS).ResultsThe relationship between self-injurious behavior and emotional, cognitive and behavioral characteristics of the self-body perception was revealed: more negative body image - dissatisfaction with its parts and the whole body (correlation with BSS_head ,238*, BSS_body ,472**, BSS_total_score ,453**), which is accompanied by behavioral manifestations - reduced “Protection” (correlation with BIS -,281**), higher rates of self-surveillance and comparisons of the self-body with others (PACS-R ,323**), depersonalization (CDS ,301**), body dissociation (CDS ABE ,346**), somatization (SCL-90-R ,226*).ConclusionsFor young women with depression, it has been shown that when self-harming, the self-body is “devalued”, perceived as “bad,” and the need to protect it is ignored. The severity of self-harm directly correlates with the phenomena of somatopsychic depersonalization. The results obtained may indicate that rejection of the self-body, “alienated” attitude and deprivation of the body of “subjectivity” can contribute to its use as a tool for solving psychological problems, which is a risk factor for the development, consolidation and aggravation of self-injurious behavior.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Active and passive selfie-related behaviors: Implications for body image, self-esteem and mental health

Research on online social networks has indicated that it is appropriate to differentiate between active and passive use of these services, especially since they often have reverse effects on well-being. This study focused on Instagram selfies as a specific form of Instagram activity. We adopted the proposed distinction between active and passive use of social networks and applied it to selfies. In two correlational studies, we measured three aspects of selfie-related behaviors: self-presentation through selfies (active form), selfie preoccupation (active form), and upward physical appearance comparison with others’ selfies (passive form). We explored their relationships with body image concerns and self-esteem (in Study 1, N = 284, 16.9% men, age ranged from 17 to 53) as well as subjective well-being and mental health (in Study 2, N = 473, 12.5% men, age ranged from 16 to 49) on the samples of Instagram users from Serbia and Balkan region who reported they take selfies. The results indicated that upward comparison with others’ selfies is detrimental to both body image and subjective well-being. However, self-presentation and selfie preoccupation were related to stronger fear of negative appearance evaluation and better social self-esteem, but they had negligible relationship with indicators of mental health. This research was the first to study both active and passive selfie-related behaviors within the same framework and it showed that these behaviors have similar relations to body image, but different to self-esteem and well-being.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R): Psychometric properties in a mixed-gender community sample

The objectives of this study were to examine the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) and to assess its ability to predict body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in a community sample in Spain. A total of 1405 participants (83.6% women; aged 14-64) completed the Spanish PACS-R along with measures of body image, eating disturbances, appearance-related sociocultural influences, self-esteem and social comparison. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the original one-dimensional factor structure for the 11-item Spanish version of the PACS-R. Women had significantly higher PACS-R scores than men. Internal consistency of the measure was excellent, and results showed good test-retest reliability and convergent validity in men and women. Regression analyses demonstrated the utility of the scale in predicting body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in both genders. Results suggest that the Spanish PACS-R has excellent psychometric properties, therefore it might be a useful tool to measure appearance comparisons among Spanish speaking populations.

The Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (Pacs-R): Approbation on the Russian Sample

The article concerns the results of approbation of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised, PACS-R (Schaefer, Thompson, 2014), for Russian-speaking population. The Russian version of the PACS-R was administered to 579 Russian males and females. To check the convergent validity, the measures of social comparison orientation and body image were used. Satisfactory psychometric characteristics, in particular, high internal consistency of the scale and test-retest reliability were shown. Meaningful significant correlations of the PACS-R with measuresof self-esteem, and three factors of the Big Five questionnaire were obtained. Overall, the results indicate that the Russian version of the PACS-R scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing appearance comparison tendencies in Russian population.