Physical Anchors Research Articles

Bioadhesive interface for marine sensors on diverse soft fragile species

Marine animals equipped with sensors provide vital information for understanding their ecophysiology and collect oceanographic data on climate change and for resource management. Existing methods for attaching sensors to marine animals mostly rely on invasive physical anchors, suction cups, and rigid glues. These methods can suffer from limitations, particularly for adhering to soft fragile marine species such as squid and jellyfish, including slow complex operations, unreliable fixation, tissue trauma, and behavior changes of the animals. However, soft fragile marine species constitute a significant portion of ocean biomass (>38.3 teragrams of carbon) and global commercial fisheries. Here we introduce a soft hydrogel-based bioadhesive interface for marine sensors that can provide rapid (time <22 s), robust (interfacial toughness >160 J m−2), and non-invasive adhesion on various marine animals. Reliable and rapid adhesion enables large-scale, multi-animal sensor deployments to study biomechanics, collective behaviors, interspecific interactions, and concurrent multi-species activity. These findings provide a promising method to expand a burgeoning research field of marine bio-sensing from large marine mammals and fishes to small, soft, and fragile marine animals.

Realidad mixta en Hololens 2 como sistema de asistencia intraoperatoria en cirugía de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente: un caso clínico.

Virtual reality has been one of the main technological revolutions in trauma in the last decade. This allows us to perform intraoperative assistance in a simple way, without the use of physical anchors and with a quick and accessible image preparation process. We present the use of this technology in surgical assistance for the correction of the deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Material and methods: using C++ code and the Unity platform, a virtual planning tool was generated and the optimal positioning and size of the implants were designed at the apex of the deformity. Subsequently, the image was fixed in the ptaient and the holographic image was used for surgical assistance. Results: the positioning and size of the implants were identical to those planned using this technology. The planning time was low and the surgeon's satisfaction was high regarding the practicality of its use and the result obtained. Conclusions: virtual reality is a simple technology that allows improving intraoperative assistance in spinal surgery, this being one of the first cases described for its intraoperative use.

Influence mechanisms of 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-dithiol coating on adhesion properties of polybutylene terephthalate/aluminum interface in nano-injection molding

Abstract Four interfacial models, including the PBT-Al&amp;P (Plane), PBT-Al&amp;V (V-slot), PBT-ATD-Al&amp;P (Plane), and PBT-ATD-Al&amp;V (V-slot), were constructed. The molecular dynamics (MD) method was launched to study the interfacial interactions and bonding behaviors between heterogeneous interfaces in nano-injection molding. The influence mechanism of the 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-dithiol (ATD) coating on adhesion properties of the PBT–Al interface was mainly explored. Results indicated that the nano-V-slot interface system exhibited a double-wall-slipping phenomenon, unlike the non-nano-interface (macroscale molding) one. In nano-V-slot interfacial models, although the ATD coating reduced the double-wall-slipping velocity, it also increased the polar bonding, thus strengthened a better anchoring connection in the PBT–ATD–Al interface. The addition of the ATD layer did not cause chemical bonding of the original PBT materials; the interlocking effect behavior occurred between them and only coexisted in the form of physical anchors. Whatever model it was, the ATD layer interface had significantly higher interface energy than the other one, which was formed solely by PBT and Al substrate. In nano-injection molding, when the ATD intermediate layer was added, the bonding behavior of the PBT–Al interface also changed from simple nonbonded rigid anchoring to the entanglement anchor between the PBT–ATD macrochains and the nonbonding connections between ATD-Al interfaces.

Clashing cyphers, contagious content: The digital geopolitics of grime

This paper seeks to expand popular geopolitics in line with the digital worlds in which many of us now live. By interpreting geopolitics as a method of cultural (re)production, it becomes a creative tool that can be used to shape and elevate the affective appeal of content. Digital technologies are centrally implicated in the production of such content. By decoupling space and time from their physical anchors in the real world, digital technologies imbue them with a creative latency that can be deployed in both agentic and affective ways. Specifically, decoupling creates spatio‐temporal openings that offer new opportunities for content to be territorialised, and for artists and audiences to be engaged. Digital geopolitics thus considers the ways in which the decoupling of space and time can foreground new types of digitally mediated geopolitical praxis. Through an analysis of music videos exchanged between two grime artists involved in a “clash,” I show how digital technologies enable them to mediate between the different spatio‐temporal logics of the digital and real worlds. Doing so reifies the affective power of space, and the expansive role of popular geopolitics in the digital age.

Physical Security for Fleet Management Systems

Fleet Management (FM) deals with the management of transport, distribution, and logistics of national and international goods exchange, in which many operators worldwide are involved. Fleet management involves many security-relevant participating entities, such as vehicles, FM mobile clients, smart trackers with goods, drivers, etc. Existing automated fleet management systems are basically vulnerable to physical replacement attacks when managed by mass-produced electronic identities. Analog Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) failed to serve as unclonable electronic identities due to being costly, unstable and inefficient for such mass-usage. We propose in this paper to deploy the Secret Unknown Ciphers (SUCs) techniques introduced a decade ago as digital low-cost clone-resistant identities to be embedded in selected participating electronic Fleet Management System (FMS) units. SUCs, as stable self-created digital modules to be embedded in future smart non-volatile (NV)-FPGA devices, are expected to cover all emerging FMS physical security requirements. Such information-retaining units (when switched-off) are emerging to become widely used as ultra-low-power mass-products in automotive environment. We propose a new FMS security architecture based on embedding SUC modules in each security-relevant entity in the FMS such as vehicles, mobile clients, smart trackers and goods. This paper investigates the expected technical impacts when using SUCs technology as physical security anchors in a standard FMS configuration. Several SUC-related generic security protocols adapted to the FM environment show how to securely-link tracing of goods, tracks routing, and personnel in such FM system. It is also shown how to combine other biometric fingerprints to simplify personal liability and enhance the security management in such globally-operating automated procedures. The presented security analysis of the resulting FMS shows that the major security concerns in existing FMSs can be resolved. One major advantage of SUC technique, is that device-manufacturers can be largely-excluded as security players. The FPGA technology required for the SUC solution is currently not available and is thought for future use. The concept is ultimately applicable if the future electronic mass products would deploy self-reconfiguring non-volatile (flash-based) System on Chip smart units. Such units are expected to dominate future Internet of Things (IoT) ultra-low-energy applications, as power-off does not lose any information. The proposed SUC strategy is highly flexible, scalable, and applicable to cover a large class of globally operating protection mechanisms similar to those of the addressed FMS scenarios.

A Belief Propagation Algorithm for Multipath-Based SLAM

We present a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm that is based on radio signals and the association of specular multipath components (MPCs) with geometric features. Especially in indoor scenarios, robust localization from radio signals is challenging due to diffuse multipath propagation, unknown MPC-feature association, and limited visibility of features. In our approach, specular reflections at flat surfaces are described in terms of virtual anchors (VAs) that are mirror images of the physical anchors (PAs). The positions of these VAs and possibly also of the PAs are unknown. We develop a Bayesian model of the SLAM problem and represent it by a factor graph, which enables the use of belief propagation (BP) for efficient marginalization of the joint posterior distribution. The resulting BP-based SLAM algorithm detects the VAs associated with the PAs and estimates jointly the time-varying position of the mobile agent and the positions of the VAs and possibly also of the PAs, thereby leveraging the MPCs in the radio signal for improved accuracy and robustness of agent localization. The algorithm has a low computational complexity and scales well in all relevant system parameters. Experimental results using both synthetic measurements and real ultra-wideband radio signals demonstrate the excellent performance of the algorithm in challenging indoor environments.

Application of a Silicon Oligomer Coating As an Alternative Treatment to Substrate Surface Activation By Etching

In order to attain adhesion of plated metals to substrates, conventionally the substrate surface roughness is increased by etching, such that deposited metal can form physical anchors into the substrate surface. Traditionally, chromic acid has been used to roughen organic resin substrates, however, due to restrictions on hexavalent chromium use, permanganate etching methods have been developed. For roughening glass and ceramic substrates, hazardous chemicals like hydrofluoric acid or molten sodium hydroxide are employed. Once surfaces have been sufficiently roughened, ionic or colloidal palladium is adsorbed onto the surface, then activated by treatment with a reducing agent, followed by electroless plating to deposit a conductive layer. With the demand for finer circuit patterns in the printed circuit board industry, smoother surfaces are needed, and due to transmission loss by the skin effect, plating adhesion to smooth surfaces is required in high frequency applications. To resolve these problems for resin substrates, UV irradiation methods and ozone treatment have been investigated where reasonable adhesion to nanometer scale roughened surfaces have been reported. An alternative method for plating on glass by coating glass with Pd catalyst containing siloxane solutions have been investigated, however instability of Pd in the presence of siloxane and other alcohol solvents stifle industrial application. Our group has been developing silicon oligomer compounds by cross-linking tetraethoxy silane with ethylene glycol (instead of water) for use in combination with acrylic resin as a coating agent for various materials with a variety of purposes such as corrosion prevention for bolts and nuts, PC case coloring, and solar panel cover glass anti-reflective coating. The cross-linking reaction is catalyzed by a metal salt, and in the ethylene glycol-silicone oligomer case, when catalyzed by PdCl2, a stable composition of Pd ion containing ethylene glycol-silicone oligomer solution was obtained. In this solution, the ethylene glycol cross-linker was believed to form coordination bonds with the Pd ion to stabilize it. However, since ethylene glycol can be oxidized to generate aldehydes, carboxylic acids and release electrons, then heating the coated film should result in reduction of the Pd ions present. Analysis of the Pd/Si-oligomer films revealed simultaneous formation of aldehydes and carboxylic acids with reduction of Pd2+ to Pd metal at 200°C. Evaluation in application to electroless Ni plating revealed no catalytic activity after the Pd/Si-oligomer films were heated at 50°C, catalytic activity but poor adhesion at 100°C, catalytic activity and sufficient adhesion at 150 and 200°C. Next, semi-additive plating and adhesion strength on glass (PD200) and glass reinforced epoxy (Ajinomoto Build-up film GX-T31) substrates according to the process illustrated in the attached figure. Stripping of the residual Pd/Si-oligomer was accomplished by dry etching followed by treatment in dilute HCl solution to remove residual Pd. On the glass substrate, a 20 mm thick copper deposits with 90° peel strength of 0.3 kN/m, and 0.5 kN/m on the epoxy substrate were attained. By adjusting the electroless plating conditions 0.5 kN/m adhesion strength was also attained for alkali-free glass and alumina ceramics. Observation of the plated film cross-section suggested the adhesion mechanism to manifest from a physical anchor effect of the plated metal film to the Pd/Si-oligomer layer. Evaluation of the insertion loss at 50 GHz1) showed no significant difference compared to the conventional dry metallization method on glass and lower loss compared to electroless plating on roughened ABF. Using the Pd/Si-oligomer as a surface activation treatment enabled plating on glass and epoxy resin with no etching or surface roughening procedure, and no requirement for chemical reduction or activation of the Pd catalyst prior to electroless plating. 1) Daisuke Sadohara, Hiroyuki Aijima, Younggun Han, Yoshihisa Katoh; 33rd Electronics Packaging Soc. Japan Spring Meeting; 2019 March 11-13th; Takushoku University, Bunkyo Campus, Tokyo Figure 1

Validation of growth-related quantitative trait loci markers in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) families as a step toward marker assisted selection

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a valuable flatfish with current selection programs to increase growth rate in the fifth generation. Disentangling the genetic architecture of growth traits has biological and productive relevance. Growth-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) and associated markers have been previously reported in turbot. Here, we tested the performance of 39 markers associated with three growth-related traits (body weight (BW), body length (BL) and condition factor (FK)) in 18 families for their potential application in marker assisted selection (MAS) in this species. A cost-effective selective genotyping approach was developed by checking the statistical power of small samples at the extreme of the phenotypic distributions. Associations between growth traits and markers were performed using two statistical approaches (contingency chi-square tests and stepwise regression analysis) to identify the most robust set of markers. Twenty markers were detected by both methods, mostly linked to previously reported growth-related QTL and encompassing 11 linkage groups (LGs). The stepwise regression analysis revealed that a subset of seven markers explained nearly 40% and 60% of the phenotypic variation at genotypic and allelic level, respectively, for BW and BL. Seven markers for BW and BL and other two for FK showed association at population level, when all family data were pooled. Validated markers might be useful to go a step forward to improve growth performance through more refined MAS, and as physical anchors for identifying causal genes underpinning growth traits in turbot.

Health status and health behaviors among citizen endurance Nordic skiers in the United States

BackgroundMore than two-thirds of Americans are overweight or obese (69%) placing them at high risk for a wide array of chronic diseases. Physical activity anchors most approaches to obesity prevention and weight management, but physical activity levels remain low in the general US population. As a group, citizen athletes who compete in Nordic skiing events such as the American Birkebeiner participate in fitness cultures that promote physical activity.MethodsDuring October–November 2014, we emailed a 48 question online survey to 23,611 individuals who had participated in the American Birkebeiner ski event, the largest citizen ski race in North America. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Binomial and student t test were used to compare binary and continuous outcomes to health behaviors of the US population.Results5433 individuals responded. Obesity prevalence (BMI ≥30) was 3% and average BMI was 24. Skiers reported very good health (88%), higher fitness than peers (99%), freedom from depression (93%) low levels of smoking (3%), high consumption of fruits and vegetables, moderate alcohol use, and high levels of physical activity. Fifteen percent practiced all 4 healthy living characteristics known to reduce cardiovascular event risk.ConclusionsAs a group, citizen endurance Nordic skiers enjoy low levels of obesity, below average BMI, and report lifestyle behaviors known to decrease obesity, promote health, and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Future research should explore hypotheses that explain how the fitness cultures surrounding citizen athletic events support weight loss, cardiovascular fitness, and healthy lifestyle habits.

Heurystyka zakotwiczenia z wykorzystaniem bodźców fizycznych – czy cięższe jest warte więcej?

The anchoring heuristic does not have to rely on numerical anchors – this effect also occurs when physical stimuli serve as anchors. In this article, we investigated the influence of subjectively perceived weight on the numerical estimations regarding weight and value. Experiment 1 determined the relation between subjectively perceived weight and numerical estimations of weight and value of the object. Experiments 2 and 3 combined the physical anchors of different weights with the numerical information about the weight and value. The results suggest that the subjective perception of weight does not influence estimations regarding value. The anchoring effect was observed in amounts compatible to the information provided with the anchor. The results are discussed in the context of mechanisms of insufficient adjustment and the model of selective accessibility.

Pullout behavior of polypropylene macro-synthetic fibers treated with nano-silica

A study of the effects of nano-silica treatment on the bonding properties of macro synthetic polypropylene fibers embedded in a cement matrix is provided in the present paper as a step to improve interfacial properties of the fiber reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC). Polypropylene fibers were treated by sol–gel technique, allowing to obtain a nano-silica coating. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphological features of PP fibers surfaces before and after the pullout test. The effects of the treatment were investigated by comparative pullout tests on treated and untreated fibers. An increase in maximum load and energy necessary for the complete extraction of the fiber was observed, as a consequence of the improvement of the interface properties due to the nano-silica hydration activity. These two parameters control the crack-resistance and ductility properties of FRCC and are deeply influenced by bonding and friction phenomena. The hydration products act as chemical and physical anchors, thus producing a densification of the interface transition zone (ITZ). The abrasion phenomena occurring on the fiber surface during the pullout test are responsible of hardening behavior, consisting in the increase in the frictional shear stress with the fiber slip and thus in the energy required for fiber extraction.

Localization of Sensor Nodes using Flooding in Wireless Sensor Networks

The accuracy of localization is a significant criterion to evaluate the practical utility of localization algorithm in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In mostly localization algorithms, one of the main methods to improve localization accuracy is to increase the number of anchor nodes. But the number of anchor nodes is always limited because of the hardware restrict, such as cost, energy consumption and so on. In this paper, we propose a novel which uses forwarding a query message in flooding technique for localization using anchor nodes and once a node localized it acts as virtual anchor node and it helps to localize remaining sensor nodes. It is scheme to increase and upgrade the virtual anchor nodes, while the real number of physical anchors is the same as before.

Evolutionary Break Point Analysis between the Proximal Half of Bovine Chromosome 27 and Conserved Segments of the Human Genome

The proximal half of Bos taurus chromosome 27 (BTA27_prox) delimited by microsatellite markers BM3507 and CSSM043 reveals complex rearrangements compared to its corresponding Homo sapiens chromosome (HSA) fragments. A comparative mapping approach combining somatic and radiation hybrid cell mapping techniques and related cytogenetic data resulted in an improved physical map for BTA27_prox, which provides candidate genes for several important economic traits. The generated comprehensive map includes anchor loci for 103 genes and microsatellite markers. Mapping of genes proximal to BM3507 matching a region from 0.60 to 2.78 megabase pairs (Mb) of HSA8 confirmed recent sequence annotations on BTA27. Assignments of loci predicted to be on BTA27 to BTA1, BTA8, and BTA17 narrowed down evolutionary chromosome break points compared with corresponding chromosome segments in human. New physical anchors obtained in this study confirm in more detail the described evolutionary conservation between the proximal half of BTA27 and homologous segments of HSA4 and HSA8 and will contribute to the completion of the cattle DNA genome sequence.

Development of dual‐compartment perfusion bioreactor for serial coculture of hepatocytes and stellate cells in poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)‐collagen scaffolds

An important challenge in liver tissue engineering is to overcome the rapid loss of hepatocyte functions. In vivo, hepatocytes are compact polyhedral cells with round nuclei; however, they readily loss many of their differentiated functions in vitro. To overcome this challenge, we have established a new perfusion bioreactor that consists of two compartments which enabled the serial coculture of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells-T6 without direct contact between each other. Three dimensional scaffolds were utilized in the bioreactor as physical anchors for cells. The scaffolds consist of collagen grafted poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microfibers and cross-linked collagen sponges between microfibers for additional cellular support and adhesion. The advantages of this new bioreactor are enabling cell culture in three dimensional organization and controlling the culture parameters of the supporting cells independently from the hepatocytes. The results showed that the hepatocytes exhibited much higher levels of the differentiated functions such as albumin secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 enzymatic activity when compared with the monoculture system where hepatocytes alone were cultured. This perfusion bioreactor system has potential applications in the development of bioartificial liver devices or cell-based tissue constructs transplantation therapies.

The long and short of it: physical anchoring effects

AbstractAttempts to reconstruct the magnitude of recently encountered physical stimuli were influenced by the provision of physical anchors. Whether estimating length, weight, or loudness, those increasing the magnitude of a relatively small (short, light, or quiet) physical anchor produced estimates that were reliably lower than did those decreasing the magnitude of a relatively large (long, heavy, or loud) anchor. Estimates produced without an anchor were also low, suggesting that when people physically adjust upwards from a self‐selected starting point, “no anchor” may, in fact, act as a very low anchor. Physical anchors appear to influence estimates of recently encountered physical stimuli, much as numerical anchors influence estimates of more abstract numerical quantities. Implications for processes underlying anchoring, adjustment, and related tasks are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Playing Nothing for Someone: Lear, Bottom, and Kenotic Integrity

Tragedy depicts harm to integrity—personal, moral, bodily, even the integrity of nature—and so offers occasions for rethinking the idea of integrity. These occasions may prompt us to set aside notions of pristine wholeness, moral perfection, and solitary authenticity for a more relational integrity, informed by the paradigms of performance and kenosis. This essay first juxtaposes King Lear with a film by Kristian Levring, The King Is Alive, and then moves to Shakespeare's earher A Midsummer Night's Dream. All three works are metatheatrical, and depict people playing-as-others in solicitude for others. Each in its way broaches the ethical and theological possibility of 'kenotic integrity'. To take the basest and most poorest shape That ever penury in contempt of man Brought near to beast. My face I'll grime with filth, Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots And with presented nakedness outface The winds and persecutions of the sky. Poor Turlygod, poor Tom That's something yet: Edgar I nothing am. —Edgar, in King Lear, II.2.182-85, I94--951 They began to say words. Words made them forget. For a while they went around and said words without talking to each other. Henry listened. —Kanana, in The King Is Alive2 Quince. Bless thee, Bottom, bless thee! Thou art translated. (III. 1.113) Bottom. Methought I was—there is no man can tell what. (IV. 1.203) Theseus. Out of this silence yet I pick'd a welcome... (V.1.100) —A Midsummer Night's Dream Literature & Theology, Vol. 19. No. 2 © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: joumals.permissions@oupjoumals.org This content downloaded from 157.55.39.153 on Mon, 19 Sep 2016 04:38:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 16o LEAR, BOTTOM, AND KENOTIC INTEGRITY To the question, what may be done for someone losing the physical or spiritual anchors of integral selfhood, King Lear offers a surprising answer. Cordelia, Kent, the Fool, and Edgar respond to Gloucester's and Lear's suffering by playing others. They assume parts of diminished status and hence become 'nothing' in an effort to resist their betters' descents into oblivion. As often happens in tragedy, they fail. Yet their pretending is remarkable in light of Shakespeare's ambivalent tropes on playacting. Hamlet, for instance, is anxious about 'seeming' and 'the trappings... of woe'. But he is delighted by the arrival of'tragedians' (players) at Elsinore, just as he revelled in the gambols ofYorick. On one hand, to play at something is almost nothing; in addition to using theatre to trope false social pretence, Shakespeare often reflects how stage players exist at the margins of society. On the other hand, he suggests that playing in life or onstage can resist tragic harm. It is this paradox, that playing can be both a distraction from and a response to tragic accountability and suffering, that I wish to explore. That playing can count for nothing and for something is also a clue to 'kenotic integrity', a different sort of integrity than Polonius's, 'to thine own self be true'. For this exploration I will juxtapose King Lear with a film by Kristian Levring, The King Is Alive, then 'return' to Shakespeare's earlier play, A Midsummer Night's Dream. All three works are metatheatrical: they depict others playing others, in solicitude for others.4 Levring's film, however, hesitates to affirm that theatrical play might move us out of the umbra of naturalistic tragedy, which leaves selves in static roles or 'authentic' isolation. The possibility of release from such traps entails an emptying of the self, creating space where fragmented lives can be held in suffering or enjoyed in play. Though earlier in time, there is a sense in which both Dream and Lear reply to Levring.

Cytogenetic assignment of 53 microsatellites from the USDA-MARC porcine genetic map

This study provides 53 new fluorescent in situ hybridization cytogenetic assignments for microsatellite markers linked on the swine genetic map. Forty microsatellites are physically assigned for the first time. The chromosomal locations of eight markers were either confirmed or refined, while five loci were assigned to locations different from those given in previous reports. Markers were selected to provide physical anchors based on their presumed proximity to centromeres or telomeres and at approximately 30 cM intervals across the genetic map. The number of physical anchors for pig (SSC) chromosomes 8, 15, and 18 linkage groups was significantly improved. Centromeric regions were localized to areas less than 10 cM for SSC 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Although the recombination rate was generally higher across small biarmed chromosomes and lowest for large acrocentric chromosomes, two regions with particularly low (1q2.1→q2.9 and 13q2.3→q4.1) and three regions with extremely high (5p1.5→p1.2, 6p1.4→p1.3, and 12p1.5→p1.4) rates of recombination were detected. These assignments represent an overall 10% increase in the number of physically assigned markers in Sus scrofa and more than a 20% increase in the number of Type II loci assigned to the pig cytogenetic map.

Communities of legal memory in Medieval Poland, c. 1200–1240

An important feature of the legal system of medieval Poland in the later twelfth and earlier thirteenth centuries was the role of several kinds of local groups in legal transactions, especially transfers of landed property. Such groups were varied and fluid, but their membership, mobilization, and functions comprise coherent patterns, which can be traced from lists of witnesses present at legal transactions presided over by Piast dukes, and from the collective activities whereby high clergy, ducal officials, and local groups effected, reiterated, and remembered legal transactions. The local groups included (among others) ‘neighbourhoods’ of settlers near the places that were affected by the legal transactions; inhabitants of local centres of population, exchange, and lordship; and familiae of the high clergy, ducal officials, or parties to the transactions. This paper reconstructs the collective activities whereby such groups recognized and remembered legal transactions, as well as the physical, personal, and environmental anchors of their collective memory. It is a local study of how communities of legal memory functioned as a source of legal knowledge and record.