Physical Activity Scale For Individuals Research Articles

Appraising the Physical Activity Levels of Saudis with Physical Disabilities: Effects of Disability Type, Mobility Assistive Devices, and Demographic Factors.

Physical activity (PA) has numerous health benefits for individuals with physical disabilities (IWPD). However, it is common for activity levels to fall below the suggested limits. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, pattern, and levels of PA among IWPD in Saudi Arabia. It also investigated the effects of individuals' type of disability, mobility assistive devices, and demographic features on PA levels. Data were collected from 238 participants, mostly male (62.2%), aged 39.76 ± 12.19 years. Among them, 19.3% had spinal conditions, 14.7% had progressive muscular dystrophy, 15.1% had multiple sclerosis, 17.6% had cerebral palsy, 16.4% had poliomyelitis, and 16.8% had limb or foot amputations. The participants were assessed using the Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD-AR). The results showed that 62.6% (64.9% of males and 58.9% of females) met the minimum PA guidelines specified by the WHO. The average PASIPD-AR score was 10.33 ± 10.67 MET-hours/day, indicating lower PA levels, and 8.4% of individuals did not participate in any form of PA. Significant discrepancies were detected in disability type and mobility assistive device use after age adjustment. Marital status, education, and occupation greatly affected PA components. Greater attention should be paid to promoting an active lifestyle among IWPD in Saudi Arabia.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Arabic Version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities in Saudi Arabia (PASIPD-AR).

This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) with Saudi Arabian participants. The study encompassed four distinct stages: (i) translation and subsequent back-translation; (ii) a preliminary assessment aimed at evaluating the quality of the translated scale; (iii) an assessment of the reliability of the measures employed; and (iv) a comprehensive examination of the validity of the measures. A sample of Saudi Arabian participants with physical disabilities (N = 206) took part, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years old, with an average age of 39.56 years and a standard deviation of 12.16. The findings obtained from the reliability tests indicated a notable level of internal consistency and stability. Experts and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to establish the face, content, and construct validity. The findings of the assessment of the Arabic version of PASIPD demonstrated a satisfactory degree of reliability and validity, rendering it suitable for implementation within the Saudi Arabian setting.

Physical activity, locomotor capacity and body mass index of persons with lower limb amputation

Objective: To describe physical activity, demographic characteristics, clinical conditions, and body mass index, as well as to compare the scores of physical activity and levels of independence and functionality according to amputation level in persons with lower limb amputations. Method: The study included 70 individuals with lower limb amputation. The following instruments were applied: a) Record to characterize the participants, b) the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD), and c) the Functional Measure for Amputees Questionnaire (FMA). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and results with p-value less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Study participants had higher scores on Leisure, energy expenditure of 26.93 MET h/d, and had a good score on the Locomotor Capabilities Index. Conclusion: Study participants were physically active, as well as having fewer limitations and restrictions in relation to the ability to move. Evidently, the score of physical activity is associated with better mobility levels. Body mass index was not correlated with physical activity in this study.

Are Malaysians Exercising? A Psychometric Analysis of Their Physical Activity Habits, Physical Literacy and Exercise Participation Rates among Adults with and without Disability.

Physical activity levels of adults worldwide have reported a rising trend in sedentarism. This study's main objective is to analyze and understand the current tendency in this field and in physical literacy among Malaysian adults in order to improve physical performance. The sample from which the data were collected corresponded to 352 Malaysian participants (N = 176 non-disabled, N = 176 physical disability) using The Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities questionnaire. Four factors were extracted, consisting of leisure activities, home maintenance, household chores, and career. The group with physical disability reported higher physical activity levels (14.30 MET h/day) compared to non-disabled (12.77 MET h/day), performing higher in leisure activities and light exercise. The compliance rate to health-beneficial exercise was 12.8% and was significantly higher among those with physical disability. Self-reported physical activity level correlated moderately well to overall MET performed p < 0.000, (r = 0.57). Only 2.8% of the respondents were aware of the recommendations outlined by health guidelines. The results indicated that the population surveyed was moderately active but had low compliance to exercise habits as recommended by international health guidelines. Non-participation in prescribed exercises was linked to higher education, urban dwellers, and higher income. The study also highlighted very low physical literacy among respondents in health recommended exercise guidelines.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals With Physical Disabilities for Brazilian Individuals With Parkinson's Disease.

The Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) is not available to Portuguese-Brazil. This study translates, cross-culturally adapts, and validates the PASIPD for Brazilian individuals with Parkinson's disease. The translation process followed guidelines: initial translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee, and pretest. The validation and reliability processes were conducted with 40 individuals (15 men and 25 women) with Parkinson's disease. Concurrent validity was evaluated between PASIPD to Brazilian Portuguese, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Human Activity Profile. PASIPD to Brazilian Portuguese was found to be moderately correlated with International Physical Activity Questionnaire (r = .474, p < .05); however, there was no correlation with Human Activity Profile (r = .271, p < .05). We used the intrarater reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient and test-retest. Intrarater reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = .80). Internal consistency was considered adequate by Cronbach's alpha (α = .70). PASIPD to Brazilian Portuguese is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating physical activity levels in Brazilian individuals with Parkinson's disease.

The SETPACE Trial: Stroke Survivors Impressions of the Education and Teaching Provided Regarding Physical Activity and Patient Confidence Regarding Exercise.

The aim of the study is to investigate the association between patient self-efficacy, impression of exercise education, and physical activity among stroke survivors. We hypothesized that low self-efficacy and/or poor impressions of exercise education after stroke would be associated with reduced exercise participation. This is a cross-sectional investigation of patients' poststroke with physical activity as the primary outcome variable. Physical activity was measured with the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities. Self-efficacy was measured with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise questionnaire. Impression of exercise education measured by the Exercise Impression Questionnaire. There was a low but significant correlation between Self-Efficacy for Exercise questionnaire and Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities ( r (66) = 0.272, P = 0.012). There was an insignificant correlation between Exercise Impression Questionnaire and Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities ( r (66) = 0.174, P = 0.078). There was a low but significant correlation between age and Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities ( r (66) = -0.269, P = 0.013). There was no correlation between sex and Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities ( r (66) = 0.051, P = 0.339). Age, sex, Exercise Impression Questionnaire, and Self-Efficacy for Exercise questionnaire predict 17.1% of Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities variance ( R2 = 0.171). Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of physical activity participation. There was a lack of association between the impressions of exercise education and physical activity. Addressing patient confidence to complete exercise has the potential to improve exercise participation in patients after stroke.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity in People With Spinal Cord Injury-Predictors of Exercise Guideline Adherence.

Objectives: This study described leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) for people in Australia with spinal cord injury (SCI) and whether certain sociodemographic and psychosocial variables might be associated with LTPA uptake and guidelines adherence. Methods: The Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with a Physical Disability was used to measure the intensity and volume of LTPA of 1,579 individuals with SCI. Summary statistics were calculated for LTPA guidelines adherence. Analyses included regression modelling. Results: Of the 1,579 participants, 58% performed LTPA and 13% adhered to recommended guidelines for weekly LTPA. There was an association with being an "exerciser" based on the time since injury (OR = 1.02 [95% 1.01-1.03]), a traumatic injury (OR = 1.53 [95% CI 1.13-2.08]) and a higher self-rating of health (OR = 1.10 [95% CI 0.95-1.27]). Where LTPA guidelines were met, adherence was most related to a traumatic injury (OR = 1.75 [95% CI 1.02-3.02]) and being unemployed (OR = 1.53 [95% CI 1.03-2.25]). Conclusion: Of those who performed LTPA with SCI, one in four met population-specific LTPA guidelines. Sociodemographic variables were moderately associated with being an "exerciser" or LTPA "guideline-adherent."

Reliability and Validity of the Adapted Persian Version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals With Physical Disabilities

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to culturally adapt the original English version of the Physical Activity Scale For Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) for the Persian-speaking patients with Lower-Limb Amputations (LLAs) and to evaluate its reliability and construct validity. Methods: This research was a multicenter cross-sectional and repeated measure study. The cultural adaptation process was conducted according to an accepted international guideline. A total of 197 Persian-speaking individuals with LLA were recruited to investigate the reliability and validity of the PASIPD. Reliability analyses were assessed by Cronbach α and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The Association between the PASIPD scores and the prosthetic limb user survey of mobility scores was examined to evaluate the convergent validity of the PASIPD. Known-groups validity was assessed based on sex, amputation causes, and amputation levels. Results: The PASIPD had an acceptable internal uniformity (the Cronbach α of 0.68) and test-retest reproducibility (r=0.70). There was a small correlation between the PASIPD and prosthetic limb user mobility survey (r=0.26; P&lt;0.001). Some items of PASIPD could discriminate individuals with different causes of amputation and sex. Factor analysis extracted four main factors that explained 65.4% of the variance. Discussion: The Persian version of the PASIPD has acceptable reliability and validity for assessing the physical activity of persons with LLAs.

Physical Activity and Exercise Participation among Malaysian Children (Able-Bodied vs. Physical Disability): A Cross-Sectional Study.

Globally, physical activity levels (PAL) among able-bodied and children with a form of disability remain low. This study aims to characterize PAL and identify the demographic variables affecting children from partaking exercises to promote active lifestyles. Methods: The Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities questionnaire was used for the study. A total of 140 data responses were collected online or physically via passive snowball recruitment and quantitatively analyzed. Results: Five factors were extracted from the dimensions, consisting of household chores, household maintenance, high intensity exercise training, miscellaneous activities and school-related activities. Able-bodied children were significantly (p = 0.000) more active (median = 15.05, IQR = 13.06) than children with physical disabilities (median = 3.09, IQR = 2.58). The B40 household group reported significantly (p < 0.05, MET < 5.16/week) lower participation in health-beneficial (moderate-vigorous intensity) exercises as recommended by international guidelines. Conclusion: Children with physical disabilities reported significantly lower education achievements and PAL compared to their able-bodied counterpart. The majority of Malaysian children (69.3%) surveyed did not achieve the recommended aerobic exercise prescription.

Accessibility of Fitness Facilities and Physical Activity Participation: A Comparison of Disabled Athletes and Disabled People

Accessibility is one of the most important aspects of the open environment, as it provides a sense of freedom, competence, and autonomy for active involvement and use. However, there is still a question about the accessibility given at sports and fitness facilities, particularly for disabled individuals, which has a negative impact on their involvement in physical activity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to see if there was a link between the accessibility of fitness facilities and the engagement of impaired people and athletes in physical exercise. METHODS: The participants in this study were divided into two groups: disabled persons and disabled athletes, totaling 140 people with disabilities. The Accessibility Instrument Measuring Fitness and Recreation Environments (AIMFREE) and the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASID) were used to evaluate accessibility and physical participation (PASIPD). The Independent Sample t-test was used to examine the outcome. RESULTS: The findings revealed a significant relationship between fitness facility accessibility and physical activity involvement (p0.01, r=0.356**) and a significant difference in physical activity participation between disabled persons and disabled athletes (p0.05). DISCUSSION: The findings demonstrated that the accessibility of fitness facilities has an impact on the amount of physical activity engagement, and that disabled athletes are more attached to physical activity than disabled persons. CONCLUSIONS: The research might be broadened to learn more about the factors that influence disparities in physical activity engagement among impaired athletes and disabled persons

Physical Activity Among People With Lower Limb Amputation in Brazil.

Limb loss affects quality of life, well-being, and autonomy. The World Health Organization has launched a global action plan to reduce physical inactivity and presented recommendations of physical activity for people living with disability. Knowledge of the characteristics of people with lower limb amputation regarding physical activity is important. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the quantity and type of physical activity done by people with lower limb amputation. The sample (N = 149) included adults aged 53.08 (17.24)years old with lower limb loss. Data collection was performed through the application of a sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data sheet and the Brazilian version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities. The total Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities score was between 0 and 65.79 metabolic equivalents of task per hour per day, which suggests low practice of physical activities. The most frequently practiced activities (79.9%) were those that involved stationary behavior. Women carried out more domestic activities, and subjects who used lower limb prosthesis and those with traumatic amputation reported higher practice of physical activity. People living with lower limb amputation, from different regions of Brazil, have low levels of physical activity and mainly carry out activities of stationary behavior.

Cultural adaptation and Turkish version of Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities in individuals with spinal cord injury: a reliability and validity study

Purpose To translate the “Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD)” into Turkish, to make a cultural adaptation, and to examine the psychometric properties including validity and reliability. Methods During the translation period cross-cultural adaptation design proposed by guideline was used. Patients completed the Turkish version of the PASIPD and it was applied again a week later. To determine the reliability and internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated. Test–retest reliability was determined by using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Construct validity was examined with factor analysis. Convergent validity was examined by comparing PASIPD with Functional Independent Measurement (FIM), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), and Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique Short (CHART-SF), and criterion validity was examined by comparing PASIPD with Manual wheelchair propulsion tests scores. Results Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.725. The ICC coefficient for the test–retest reliability was 0.851. PASIPD was explained by three factors. The ratio of explaining the total variance of these 3 factors was determined as 51.66%. FIM (r = 0.307, p = 0.040) and CHART-SF were moderately positively correlated with PASIPD total score. The correlation between the total score of PASIPD and NHP was r = −0.443 (p = 0.002). 20 Meters Propulsion (r = −0.404, p = 0.005) and Slalom Tests (r = −0.305, p = 0.037) were highly negative and 6 min Push Propulsion (r = 0.456, p = 0.001) were moderately positive with PASIPD total score. Conclusion The Turkish version of the PASIPD is a valid and reliable scale in patients with spinal cord injury. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The Turkish and cross-culturally adapted version of PASIPD is a useful physical activity scale to evaluate the physical activity level of SCI. The Turkish version of the PASIPD is a valid and reliable scale and can be used in Turkish patients with SCI. PASIPD can be used to compare physical activity levels between disability types and groups with and without disabilities. PASIPD can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of attempts to increase physical activity in patients with SCI.

Feasibility of context-specific activities for improving physical activity levels among Indian adults with stroke

Purpose To design and test the feasibility of context-specific activities for improving physical activity (PA) levels among Indian adults with stroke. Methods Context-specific activities were developed after a thorough literature search and inputs from five adults with stroke and five experts. Following which 17 adults with stroke were recruited. Participants were asked to choose at least three activities from the list of context-specific activities and to perform them every day for one month. Participants' pre and post-intervention PA levels and quality of life (QoL) were assessed using the physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities (PASIPD) and stroke specific quality of life (SSQoL). At the end of the program, participants were also interviewed to explore their experiences with the program. Results The list of context-specific activities included 45 activities under aerobic, strengthening, and balance domains. Fifteen participants [mean (SD) age 56.94 (9.87)] completed the one-month intervention. Intervention adherence rate was 86.6%. No adverse events were noted, and participants were satisfied with the program. PASIPD and SSQoL (MD − 6.52) scores showed significant improvement post-intervention. Conclusions Context-specific activities are designed for Indian adults with stroke. Context-specific activities are feasible, safe and help to improve PA and QoL.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural da escala de atividade física para pessoas com deficiência física (PASIPD BR)

A prática de atividade física regular é importante para proporcionar à pessoa com deficiência física bem-estar e melhor qualidade de vida. Observa-se uma carência de instrumentos padronizados e específicos na língua portuguesa para avaliação do nível de atividade física direcionados a essa população. O estudo teve como objetivo traduzir e adequar culturalmente o instrumento Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities – PASIPD para o português do Brasil. Para o processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural da escala, foram realizadas cinco etapas: 1) tradução inicial; 2) síntese da tradução; 3) retrotradução; 4) equivalência semântica e operacional; e, 5) Pré-teste. Na equivalência semântica, 7 itens obtiveram índice de concordância abaixo de 70%. No pré-teste o instrumento foi testado com adultos com deficiência física, por seis profissionais especialistas na área de Reabilitação Física. Nessa etapa apenas um item teve índice de concordância abaixo de 70%. Após a adequação dos itens que apresentaram dificuldade a escala foi considerada adequada culturalmente para verificar o nível de atividade física em indivíduos com deficiência física no Brasil.

Transcultural adaptation and validation of a French version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD-Fr)

Transcultural adaptation and validation of a French version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD-Fr)

Comparison Of Physical Activity Scale For Individuals With Physical Disabilities And Accelerometry In Arthritic Individuals

PURPOSE: To compare physical activity (PA) estimates from the PA Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) to accelerometer data in individuals with arthritis. METHODS: Adults aged 64-88y, a sub-sample recruited for a larger protocol, and self-reported with arthritis were included in this analysis. Subjects completed a seven-day monitoring period that included wearing a thigh worn activPAL (AP) accelerometer during all waking hours and completing a wear-time log. At the end of the monitoring phase individuals completed the PASIPD. Accelerometer data was processed with PALstudio (v8.9.1.24) and raw data was manipulated using the activPAL processing package in RStudio (1.2.1335) to calculate hours in stepping, light (1.5-2.99 METs) PA (LPA), and moderate-vigorous (>3.0 METs) PA (MVPA). Items were taken from the PASIPD to calculate hours of LPA and MVPA, and to derive a total activity score. Spearman correlations comparing AP stepping and total PASIPD, AP LPA and PASIPD LPA, and AP MVPA and PAISPD MVPA were computed. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were computed for differences between AP and PASIPD LPA and AP and PASIPD MVPA. RESULTS: Twenty-seven subjects (16 male, 7 female) ([mean±SD] age 75.8±6.2 yrs; height 168.4±9.5 cm; mass 83.8±17.6 kg) were analyzed. AP Stepping was significantly correlated with total PASIPD score with a Spearman’s rho of .425; p=.014. AP LPA and PASIPD LPA, and AP MVPA and PASIPD MVPA were significantly correlated, Spearman’s rho of .436; p=.012, and .435; p=.012, respectively. On average, PASIPD underestimated AP LPA by 1.38 hours (p=.024) and overestimated AP MVPA by 1.34 hours (p<.0001). CONCLUSION: Differences between PASIPD and AP measures of LPA and MVPA were apparent, but the PASIPD was moderately correlated to PA levels in this sample of arthritis individuals. Future work on examining the precision and accuracy of PA surveys in heterogeneous populations with varying disease and disability is warranted. This work was partially supported by NIH 1R21HD080828 and NIH 1R01CA215318

Physical activity and quality of life predictors among university students with polio in India: A cross-sectional study

Quality of life (QoL) assessments measure the overall well-being of a person. Available data suggest an estimated 10-20 million polio survivors worldwide. Few studies have investigated the physical activity and the QoL of these patients in India. The present cross-sectional study attempted to measure the physical activity and QoL of polio survivors and to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and QoL, among other factors. The study was conducted in 96 students (64 women and 32 men with a mean age of 22.1±3.7 years). QoL, physical activity, fatigue, and pain were measured by the World Health Organization QoL measure - abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF), physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities (PASIPD), multidimensional fatigue symptom inventory-short form (MFSI-SF), and numerical rating scale. The mean metabolic equivalent score was 27.10 h/day. Low mean scores were observed for the physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environmental domains of QoL (25.2±3.3, 21.8±3.0, 12.0±1.8, and 23.0±4.3, respectively). There was a weak negative association between physical activity levels and the physical health domain of QoL (P<0.05), whereas no associations were identified between physical activity levels and other QoL domains (P>0.05). Regression analysis identified female gender, fatigue, and physical activity as predictors of the physical health domain, and female gender, number of sites affected, and assistive devices used as predictors of the psychological health domain of QoL. Low physical activity levels and QoL were noted among students with poliomyelitis in Uttar Pradesh, India. Considering the inverse relationship between physical activity and QoL, physical activities should be modified or protected in polio survivors. Female polio survivors may be referred to psychological counseling to learn coping strategies, even during periods of relative stability.

Levels of physical activity and quality of life among community-dwelling adults with stroke in a developing country

Purpose To estimate the levels of physical activity (PA) in community-dwelling adults with stroke and to correlate it with the quality of life (QoL). Methods In a cross-sectional study, adults with chronic stroke were assessed for PA using Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) and an accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X). QoL was assessed using Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SSQoL). Results PA levels of our participants (n = 33; mean age 58.4 ± 12.1 years; mean FMA score 165.7 ± 31.1) were low with the mean activity of 252.9 ± 149.2 kilo counts per day and median energy expenditure of 77(44.6, 117.7) kilocalories per day. Median step count was 1635 (1084.9, 2434.3) steps per day. Mean time spent in sedentary and light activities were 504.1 ± 139 and 149.8 ± 68.3 minutes per day, respectively. Median time spent in moderate and vigorous activities were 1.6(1, 4.4) and 0(0,0) minutes per day, respectively. Median PASIPD score was 12.3(6.1, 25.8) MET. Hours/day. SSQoL was found to have a positive correlation with average kilo counts/day, kilo calories/day, steps/day and PASIPD (r = 0.48, p = .06; r = 0.46, p = .009; r = 0.44, p = .016; and r = 0.61, p ≤ .001 respectively). Conclusions PA levels of adults with stroke living in the semi-urban region of India are low and do not meet the recommended guidelines.

Transcultural Validation of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals With Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) in French: The PASIPD-Fr

Transcultural Validation of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals With Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) in French: The PASIPD-Fr

Understanding the factors that impact the participation in physical activity and recreation in young adults with cerebral palsy (CP)

BackgroundYoung adults with cerebral palsy (CP) are reported to be less active than their typically developing peers, have higher rates of sedentary behaviors, engage in slower tempo activities, and overall participate in a smaller variety of physical activities (PA). Functional motor level and environmental barriers have been purported to impact the ability of young adult with CP to participate in physical activity and recreational activities. ObjectiveTo examine the role functional motor level and environmental barriers have on participation in PA and recreation in young adults with CP. MethodsA survey assessing functional motor level (Gross Motor Function Classification Scale), participation in physical activity (The Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities) and recreation (The Assessment of Life Habits), and environmental barriers (The Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors) was mailed to 442 young adults with CP, between the ages of 18–30 years. Results97 surveys were returned. No differences in PA were found between GMFCS level; however, young adults in GMFCS levels I and II participated more in recreational activities than GMFCS levels III-V. Greater environmental barriers were experienced by young adults in GMFCS II-V. ConclusionsThis study showed that GMFCS level and physical/structural, policy and attitudinal barriers significantly impacted participation in recreational activities for young adults with CP. Strategies for addressing these barriers from both an individualized therapeutic and advocacy perspective are needed in order to facilitate engagement in physical activity and recreation for young adults with CP at all GMFCS levels.