Physical Activity Patterns In Adults Research Articles

Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies examining the impact of COVID-19 safety measures on physical activity patterns in adults

BackgroundThe primary objective of this study is twofold: (1) to examine the effect of COVID-19 safety measures, enacted to prevent transmission of SARS-nCOV-2, on total physical activity in the adult general population (≥ 18 years) and (2) to analyze the impact of the factor “severity of safety measures” on potential changes in physical activity. The secondary objective is to investigate the effects of safety measures on the respective PA intensities, i.e., sedentary behavior, light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity.MethodsA systematic literature search will be performed in the following online databases: Medline (on Ovid), Web of Science, Scopus, L.OVE Coronavirus disease by Epistemonikos, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. All obtained citations will undergo title and abstract as well as full-text screening by two independent reviewers. Observational studies investigating the effects of safety measures on physical activity patterns in the adult general population will be included. The standardized mean difference in total physical activity per time unit between pre- and during COVID-19 or between normative data and during COVID-19 will be the primary outcome. The standardized mean difference in sedentary time, light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity will be assessed as secondary outcomes. Eligible studies will be divided between the reviewers for data extraction using a pilot-tested data form. Risk of bias assessment will be performed using a standard assessment tool. If suitable, a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression with a unit of safety measure severity as the independent variable will be performed.DiscussionThis study will synthesize available data reporting the effect of COVID-19 safety measures on physical activity patterns in adults. Furthermore, we will incorporate a unit for the severity of safety measures for better generalizability of the results. These findings will be of great value for public health policymaking and estimating future health consequences.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42021231039.

Sleep and physical activity patterns in adults and children with Bardet\u2013Biedl syndrome

BackgroundOverweight and obesity are common features of the rare disease Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS). Sleep and physical activity are behaviors that might impact overweight and obesity and thus may play a key role in the health and well-being of people with BBS. Objectively-measured sleep and physical activity patterns in people with BBS are not well known. We evaluated objectively-measured sleep and physical activity patterns in the largest cohort to date of people with BBS.ResultsShort sleep duration, assessed using wrist-worn accelerometers, was common in both children and adults with BBS. Only 7 (10%) of adults and 6 (8%) of children met age-specific sleep duration recommendations. Most adults 64 (90%) achieved recommended sleep efficiency. The majority of children 26 (67%) age 6–12 years achieved recommended sleep efficiency, but among children age 13–18, only 18 (47%). In both adults and children, sleep duration was significantly negatively correlated with duration of prolonged sedentary time. In children age 6–12 sleep duration was also significantly related to total activity score, children with lower sleep duration had lower total activity scores.ConclusionsInsufficient sleep duration is very common in people with BBS. Prolonged sedentary time and short sleep duration are both potentially important health-related behaviors to target for intervention in people with BBS.

Physical activity patterns in adults with Down Syndrome.

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are less physically active than the general population, but limited data on objective physical activity patterns in adults with DS are available. Free-living physical activity was measured by waist-worn accelerometry in adults with DS from 2018 to 2020. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, bivariate and regression analyses. Fifty-two subjects provided valid accelerometer data, with 46% male and a majority (75%) overweight/obese. Median (± standard deviation) daily sedentary time was 393.5±216.6min, light activity was 150.7±85.5min, moderate activity was 6.3±13.5min, and vigorous activity was 0±9.8min. Subjects had 10.3±4.8 sedentary bouts per day lasting on average 30.7±62.0min. Median daily step count was 3,050±1,988. Adults living alone had more steps and light physical activity in adjusted analyses. Adults with DS engage in little health-enhancing physical activity and do not meet current physical activity recommendations in the United States.

Differences in transportation and leisure physical activity by neighborhood design controlling for residential choice

BackgroundCross-sectional studies provide useful insight about the associations between the built environment and physical activity (PA), particularly when reasons for neighborhood choice are considered. Our study analyzed the relationship between levels of weekly transportation and leisure PA among 3 neighborhood designs, statistically adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for neighborhood choice. MethodsA stratified random sample of adults (age ≥20 years) living in Calgary (Canada) neighborhoods with different neighborhood designs (grid, warped-grid, and curvilinear) and socioeconomic status completed a self-administered questionnaire capturing PA, sociodemographic characteristics, and reasons for neighborhood choice (response rate = 10.1%; n = 1023). Generalized linear models estimated associations between neighborhood design and transportation and leisure PA outcomes (participation (any vs. none) and volume (metabolic equivalent: h/week)), adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status, sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity, education, household income, marital status, children, vehicle access, dog ownership, and injury), and reasons for neighborhood choice (e.g., proximity and quality of recreational and utilitarian destinations, proximity to work, highway access, aesthetics, and sense of community). ResultsOverall, 854 participants had resided in their neighborhood for at least 12 months and provided complete data. Compared with those living in curvilinear neighborhoods, grid neighborhood participants had greater odds (p < 0.05) of participating in any transportation walking (odds ratio (OR) = 2.17), transportation and leisure cycling (OR = 2.39 and OR = 1.70), active transportation (OR = 2.16), and high-intensity leisure PA (≥6 metabolic equivalent; OR = 1.74), respectively. There were no neighborhood differences in the volume of any transportation or leisure PA undertaken. Adjustment for neighborhood selection had minimal impact on the statistical or practical importance of model estimates. ConclusionNeighborhood design is associated with PA patterns in adults, independent of reasons for neighborhood choice and sociodemographic factors.

Physical activity patterns in adults who are Deaf

The benefits of physical activity for health are well known, but there is limited information about its patterns in some disability groups. The main purpose of this study was to measure physical activity in a sample of adults who are Deaf. Sixty-two Deaf adults (18-65 years) from both genders (64.3% women) participated. Physical activity was measured by accelerometers worn near the right hip for at least three days. Twenty-nine (~59%) of the 49 participants that met the accelerometer criteria reached the recommendation of 30 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous PA. However, no one achieved that goal in bouts of at least 10 minutes. Participants spent 71% of the accelerometer wear time in sedentary behaviour. It seems that hearing impairment has a lower impact on physical activity habits than other types of disability. Nonetheless, the levels of physical activity could be improved among the Deaf community, especially considering the international recommendations that aerobic activities should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes. Future research should collect information on the main barriers and facilitators for physical activity in adults who are Deaf, and strategies should be implemented to promote their engagement in longer bouts of physical activity

Sedentary behaviour and physical activity patterns in adults with traumatic limb fracture

Objective: To describe patterns of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in adults two weeks post-hospital discharge following an upper or lower limb fracture, and identify associated predictive factors. Design: Observational study. Setting: Level 1 Trauma Centre. Participants: Adults aged 18–69 years with an isolated upper (UL) or lower (LL) limb fracture. Main Outcome Measures: Sitting time and steps measured via a triaxial accelerometer and inclinometer-based device (activPAL) (anterior thigh); and moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) measured via triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph) (hip) for ten days. Results: Of 83 participants, 63% were men and 55% had sustained LL fractures; mean (SD) age was 41 (14) years. Participants sat for a mean (SD) of 11.07 (1.89) h/day, took a median (IQR) of 1575 (618–3445) steps/day and had only 5.22 (1.50–20.78) mins/day of MPA. Multivariable regression analyses showed participants with LL fracture, had increased adjusted mean sitting time of 2.5 h/day relative to UL fracture (β = 2.5 hours, p < 0.001). For each day since surgery/injury there was reduced adjusted mean sitting time of 4 mins/day (β = −0.06 hours, p = 0.048). LL fracture was associated with 80% fewer steps/day (Ratio of Geometric Means (RGM) = 0.20, p < 0.001) and 89% less MPA (RGM = 0.11, p < 0.001) relative to UL fracture. Older age was associated with 59–62% less MPA relative to the youngest participants (RGM = 0.38–0.41, p = 0.01). There was no association between the predictive variables sex, BMI and pre-injury physical activity and any outcome. Conclusions: At two weeks post-hospital discharge, participants were engaged in high amounts of sitting and were physically inactive. Injury location was the strongest predictor of outcome, indicating that patients with LL fracture are most in need of encouragement to reduce sitting time and gradually increase activity, within the bounds of clinical safety.

Physical activity patterns in adults: prevalence and associated factors

Abstract Background Insufficient practice of physical activity associated with some factors related to life habits increase the risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases and reduce quality of life. Objective Identify the pattern of physical activity and associated factors in adults aged ≥20 years. Method A cross-sectional, population survey conducted with 600 individuals. Data on demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral aspects, work, and physical activities were collected through home interviews. Descriptive, bivariate and Poisson regression analyses were performed. Results Prevalence of insufficient physical activity was 35.0% (95% CI: 31.2-38.9). Zero to four years of schooling [PR=2.35; 95% CI: 1.07-5.15], working in sitting position [PR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.02-2.48], and number of days at the computer [PR=4.60; 95% CI: 2.38-14.28] remained in the final model for females, whereas 0-4 years [PR=2.30; 95% CI: 1.21-4.06] or 5-8 years [PR=3.70; 95% CI: 0.79-4.00] of schooling, working in sitting position [PR=2.22 95% CI: 1.36-3.62], number of days at the computer [PR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.26-3.32], and number of days of TV viewing [PR=2.12; 95% CI: 1.03-4.36] remained in the final model for males. Conclusion High prevalence of insufficient practice of physical activity is associated with schooling, working in sitting position, and number of days at the computer and TV viewing.

Sedentary and Physical Activity Patterns in Adults with Intellectual Disability.

Little is known about the patterns of sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) levels throughout the week among adults and older adults with Intellectual Disability (ID). We analyzed ST and PA patterns of adults and older adults with ID. Forty-two adults and 42 older adults with mild to severe ID participated in this study. Height and weight were obtained to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Body fat and fat-free mass percentages were also obtained. Patterns of PA levels and ST were assessed with GT3X Actigraph accelerometers. Adults performed higher amounts of total PA and moderate to vigorous PA than older adults during the week, on weekdays and in center time (all p > 0.05). No differences between males and females were found for either PA levels or ST. Only 10.7% of the participants met the global recommendations on PA for health. The participants of the current study showed low PA levels and a high prevalence of ST. Interestingly, when comparing age and/or sex groups, no differences were observed for ST. Our findings provide novel and valuable information to be considered in future interventions aiming to increase PA levels and reduce ST.

Physical activity patterns of adults with visual impairments

This study examined physical activity (PA) patterns in adults with visual impairments (VI) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form, assessing moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). A total of 115 individuals (age: 36.1 ± 13.9 years, body mass index [BMI]: 28 ± 6.9 kg/m2) with VI completed the study. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed on VI (B1, B2, B3, and B4), collapsed VI (blind [B1] vs VI [B2–B4]), gender, and BMI across PA. A 2 × 4 factor ANOVA examined the impact of gender and BMI on PA. B2 walked more than B1 ( p = .021) and walk time was less in B1 ( p = .021) than VI. Males accumulated more MPA ( p = .002) and MVPA ( p = .008), and a greater percentage of males acquired recommended PA ( p = .008). Overweight participants acquired more VPA than normal-weight participants ( p = .020). A main effect for gender ( p = .000) and interaction between gender and BMI ( p = .049) were identified with MPA. Differences in PA based on VI may be a result of barriers specific to B1, suggesting the need for education in this population.

Type of Activity Pacing Instruction Affects Physical Activity Variability in Adults With Symptomatic Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis

In a previous pilot study, the effect of 2 types of activity pacing instruction, general versus tailored, on osteoarthritis symptoms was examined and fatigue improved in the tailored group. Because activity pacing involves instruction on physical activity engagement, we undertook this secondary analysis to examine how pacing instruction affected physical activity patterns. Thirty-two adults with knee or hip osteoarthritis, stratified by age and gender, received either tailored or general activity pacing instruction. All participants wore an accelerometer for 5 days that measured physical activity and allowed for repeated symptom assessment at baseline and 10-week follow-up. Activity patterns were assessed by examining physical activity variability (standard deviation of 5-day average activity counts per minute), and average activity level (5-day average activity counts per minute). Physical activity variability decreased in the tailored group and increased in the general group. No significant group changes in average activity from baseline to 10-week follow-up were found. In this pilot study, type of activity pacing instruction affected objective physical activity patterns in adults with OA. Tailored activity pacing was more effective at reducing high and low activity bouts corresponding to the message of keeping a steady pace to reduce symptoms.

Activity Patterns of Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in the Look AHEAD Study

This study describes baseline physical activity (PA) patterns of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) enrolled in the multicenter Look AHEAD Study using an objective measure of PA (accelerometry). A total of 2240 participants (age = 59.0 ± 6.8 yr and body mass index (BMI) = 36.5 ± 6.0 kg·m−²) with T2DM provided data for this substudy. Participants were instructed to wear an accelerometer during waking hours for 7 d. Accelerometry data were analyzed to identify periods meeting the criteria of ≥3 MET·min−¹ for Q10 min(moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA)) and ≥6 MET·min−¹ for ≥10 min (vigorous-intensity PA (VPA)). Self-reported PA was also assessed with a questionnaire. Accelerometry and self-reported PA data were compared across categories of BMI, sex, race, age, fitness, diabetes medication usage, and history of cardiovascular disease. Self-reported PA was lower at higher levels of BMI, was higher in males, was lowest for African-American/black, and was positively associated with fitness. Multivariate analyses for accelerometer-measured MVPA and VPA showed that more PA bouts per day, minutes per bout, METs per minute, and MET-minutes were associated with higher fitness. For MVPA, bouts per day were higher in men, and METs per minute were higher in women. For VPA, bouts per day was positively associated with increasing age and differed by race/ethnicity. METs per minute were significantly lower at higher levels of BMI and in women. Diabetes medication usage and history of cardiovascular disease were not associated with patterns of PA examined. Results provide information on factors that contribute to PA patterns in adults with T2DM when PA is assessed using both objective and subjective measures. These data may inform interventions to improve PA in adults with T2DM

Health-Related Fitness Test Battery for Middle-Aged Adults: Associations with Physical Activity Patterns

To evaluate the validity of a health-related fitness (HRFI) test battery with respect to physical activity (PA), we studied how PA patterns of adults are related to different components of HRFI with special interest in musculoskeletal and motor fitness. Subjects (n = 498) were middle-aged (37-57 years) men and women, evenly selected from five age cohorts of a representative population sample. PA was assessed with a questionnaire and classified into three PA groups. Fitness assessment included 9 simple field tests. The odds ratio of low fitness (least fit 40 %) of the measured dimension of HRFI for three PA groups with reference to inactive group were analysed. All PA groups were strongly related to Walk Test results in both genders, and to BMI in women. Muscular type exercise was associated with modified push-ups strength and static back extension endurance in both genders, and with one-leg standing balance in women. One-leg squat for leg strength, jump-and-reach for leg power, trunk side-bending flexibility and hamstring muscle extensibility tests were not associated with PA. Five of the nine fitness tests demonstrated plausible associations with PA patterns among adults suggesting activity-related validity. An exercise intervention study is needed to evaluate the sensitivity of the tests to fitness changes.

Health-related fitness test battery for middle-aged adults: associations with physical activity patterns.

To evaluate the validity of a health-related fitness (HRFI) test battery with respect to physical activity (PA), we studied how PA patterns of adults are related to different components of HRFI with special interest in musculoskeletal and motor fitness. Subjects (n = 498) were middle-aged (37-57 years) men and women, evenly selected from five age cohorts of a representative population sample. PA was assessed with a questionnaire and classified into three PA groups. Fitness assessment included 9 simple field tests. The odds ratio of low fitness (least fit 40 %) of the measured dimension of HRFI for three PA groups with reference to inactive group were analysed. All PA groups were strongly related to Walk Test results in both genders, and to BMI in women. Muscular type exercise was associated with modified push-ups strength and static back extension endurance in both genders, and with one-leg standing balance in women. One-leg squat for leg strength, jump-and-reach for leg power, trunk side-bending flexibility and hamstring muscle extensibility tests were not associated with PA. Five of the nine fitness tests demonstrated plausible associations with PA patterns among adults suggesting activity-related validity. An exercise intervention study is needed to evaluate the sensitivity of the tests to fitness changes.

Physical Activity Patterns in Adults With Severe Mental Illness

Physical Activity Patterns in Adults With Severe Mental Illness

Physical Activity Patterns in Adults With Severe Mental Illness

Although physical inactivity is a leading cause of death and the Surgeon General recommends regular moderate physical activity, many Americans are inactive. Because of their increased burden of obesity and diabetes, people with severe mental illness (SMI) especially may benefit from physical activity, yet little is known about the prevalence and types of physical activity in people with SMI. We surveyed outpatients with schizophrenia and affective disorders at two psychiatric centers in Maryland and compared physical activity patterns to an age-gender-race-matched national sample (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III) of the general population. We found that people with SMI are overall less physically active than the general population, although the proportion with recommended physical activity levels was equal. The participants with SMI were more likely to walk as their sole form of physical activity. Within the SMI group, those without regular social contact and women had higher odds of being inactive.

Physical inactivity: Direct cost to a health plan

The purpose of this study was to estimate the total medical expenditures attributable to physical inactivity patterns among members of a large health plan, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota. The study used a cost-of-illness approach to attribute medical and pharmacy costs for specific diseases to physical inactivity in 2000. Relative risks come from the scientific literature, demonstrating that heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, osteoporosis, depression, and anxiety are directly related to individual physical activity patterns in adults. Data sources were the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and medical claims incurred in 2000 among 1.5 million health plan members aged > or =18 years. Primary analysis was completed in 2002. Nearly 12% of depression and anxiety and 31% of colon cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, and stroke cases were attributable to physical inactivity. Heart disease was the most expensive outcome of physical inactivity within the health plan population, costing US dollar 35.3 million in 2000. Total health plan expenditures attributable to physical inactivity were US dollar 83.6 million, or US dollar 56 per member. This study confirms the growing body of research quantifying physical inactivity as a serious and expensive public health problem. The costs associated with physical inactivity are borne by taxpayers, employers, and individuals in the form of higher taxes to subsidize public insurance programs and increased health insurance premiums.