Physical Activity In Pregnant Women Research Articles

Impact of physical activity on preeclampsia and angiogenic markers in the Finnish Genetics of Pre-eclampsia Consortium (FINNPEC) cohort

Introduction Effect of physical activity in pregnancy on preeclampsia (PE) and angiogenic markers is not well understood. We studied the association of physical activity and PE in a case-control setting and assessed whether exercise in PE and non-PE women associate with maternal serum concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (s-Flt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble endoglin (sEng) and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in the Finnish Genetics of Pre-eclampsia Consortium (FINNPEC) cohort. Materials and methods Participants completed a questionnaire on their background information and serum samples were collected from a subset. Questionnaire data on physical activity were available from 708 PE women and 724 non-PE women. Both first trimester serum samples and questionnaire data on physical activity were available from 160 PE women and 160 non-PE women, and second/third trimester serum samples and questionnaire data on physical activity were available from 139 PE women and 47 non-PE women. The PE and non-PE women were divided into categories of physically active (exercise 2 − 3 times/week or more) and physically inactive (exercise less than 2 − 3 times/week). Results A total of 43.4% of the PE women and 42.4% of the non-PE women were categorized as physically active. There were no differences in physical activity and exercise habits between the groups. The physically active women were more often nulliparous and non-smokers and had a lower body mass index. There were no differences in the concentrations of angiogenic markers (sFlt-1, PlGF and sEng and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio) between the groups who exercised more or less than 2 − 3 times/week. Conclusions In the FINNPEC study cohort, there was no association between physical activity and PE and no associations of physical activity in pregnant women with and without PE with maternal serum concentrations of sFlt-1, PlGF and sEng and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio.

Predictors of physical inactivity among pregnant women.

It is recommended that pregnant women be physically active to promote maternal and child health. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of physical inactivity and its modifiable predictors in the three trimesters in Chinese pregnant women. Four hundred forty-four pregnant women completed the Pregnant Physical Activity Questionnaire in the first, second, and third trimesters. The prevalence of physical inactivity reached its highest (66.2%) in the first trimester and lowest (19.4%) in the second trimester. Pregnant women with inadequate physical activity knowledge and low self-efficacy were at higher risk for physical inactivity. Monitoring physical inactivity could be incorporated into antenatal care and start from the first trimester. Prenatal care professionals should take action to increase pregnant women's physical activity self-efficacy and knowledge to enhance their physical activity.

Edukasi Aktivitas Fisik Pada Ibu Hamil Dengan Media Video Aktivitas Fisik Dan Poster Aktivitas Fisik

Physical activity is any type of body movement that involves the working of the body's muscles and increases energy consumption in the body. Physical activity in pregnant women is very important to do so that the health of the mother and fetus is maintained. Based on observations that have been made in Pucangan Village, the most common problem is the lack of awareness for physical activity among pregnant women. This is what prompted us to conduct education about the physical activity of pregnant women in the Pucangan Village Pregnant Women Class, providing this education using physical activity video and physical activity posters media so that it can be easily accepted by pregnant women. The contents of the material that we provide are physical activities that pregnant women can do at home. Where pregnant women understand about physical activities that can be done such as gymnastics even though, not only that physical activity can also be in the form of housework which includes: sweeping, washing dishes, shopping for daily needs, and exercising with a gymball. We also distributed a pre test before giving the material and a post test after giving the material. We provide pre test and post test as indicators of the success of this activity. The results of the pre test and post test show that the knowledge about physical activity in pregnant women has increased from not really understand to understand. With the education in the class for pregnant women in Pucangan Village, we hope that the participants can implement it into their daily activities so that they can meet the physical activity needs of pregnant women.

The Relationship Between Pregnancy Discomfort and Physical Activity of Third Trimester Pregnant Women

Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between discomfort in pregnancy and the physical activity of third-trimester pregnant women. Methods: quantitative analytic survey with a cross-sectional research design. The population in this study was 23 third-trimester pregnant women in Banjaranyar Village. Sampling in this study used a total sample of 23 respondents. Results showed that the age of the majority of respondents was reproductive age (20-35 years), 56.5%, and most respondents had low education, namely 16 respondents, for a total of 69.6%. The frequency of parity of the majority of respondents is primipara, namely having given birth. There are as many as 10 respondents, for a total of 43.5%. Of the 23 respondents, the frequency of pregnant women feeling discomfort was 21 respondents (91.3%), pregnant women did light activities as many as 18 respondents (78.3%). Conclusions: There is a relationship between discomfort in pregnancy and the physical activity of pregnant women in Banjaranyar Village, Banjaranyar District.

Edukasi Aktifitas Fisik Pada Ibu Hamil Di Kecamatan Gonila Dengan Media Power Point

Pregnancy is a unique event for women that can cause physical and physiological changes. Therefore, it is important for pregnant women to be educated about the importance of exercising regularly so that they can live a healthy and happy pregnancy. The importance of physical activity for pregnant women to maintain health and fitness. The research was conducted through counseling to 10 pregnant women using pre-test and post-test. The results show that before counseling, the majority of pregnant women still did not fully understand the physical activities that could be done during pregnancy. However, after counseling, all participants managed to understand and were able to apply physical activity well. The conclusion of this research is the need for more intensive and targeted educational efforts to increase pregnant women's understanding of the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy.

Physical activity of pregnant women - benefits for pregnancy

Introduction: Physical activity in pregnant women, as in the rest of the population, helps to maintain good health and prevent diseases. It has a positive effect on the body of the future mother, but is also a source of measurable benefits for the developing fetus. There are many methods of active spending time for pregnant women that are not only safe but also recommended to ensure the proper course of pregnancy. 
 Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to present current recommendations regarding activity among pregnant women and the benefits for the mother and fetus resulting from regular and moderate physical activity. 
 Material and methods: We reviewed scientific publications using the Google Scholar database, using keywords such as “physical activity during pregnancy” or “physical activity among pregnant women”. 
 Conclusions: Physical activity in pregnant women is not only safe but also recommended. According to the recommendations, pregnant women should exercise regularly in a way that is not too strenuous and does not pose a risk of injury. Regular, moderate activity during pregnancy brings a number of benefits for the pregnant woman and the fetus.

The influence of pregnant women's physical activity on selected perinatal parameters

AIM OF THE PAPER: Evaluation of influence of physical activity on selected perinatal parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 300 women in physiological pregnancy. The group was divided to physical active and non-physical active women by KAPAS survey which they fill out retrospectively. Both groups were identical in counts. Selected perinatal parameters were monitored such as: increase of body mass, in which week the pregnancy ended, necessity of using induction labor or supply with synthetic oxytocin and crotch injuries. The respondents of both groups fill up the KAPAS questionnaire second time up to 7 days after labor to assess physical activity during pregnancy. RESULTS: Both groups were homogenic in terms of somatic features. Increase of body mass was statistically significant lover in group of physically active women compare to non-active women. Birth mass of infant was significantly higher in the group of physically non-active women. It was proved that there is significant differences in physical activity during pregnancy between both groups. There were dependency between age and delivery term in physically active women. There were strong relationship between week when the pregnancy ended and necessity of using induction labor in both groups. There were no relationship between supplying with synthetic oxytocin during labor, crotch injuries and physical activity. CONCLUSION: Physical activity during pregnancy decreased the percentage of labor with inductive delivery and prevents weight gain during pregnancy. Women that were active before pregnancy sustained there physical activity during pregnancy. Women that weren’t active before pregnancy also weren’t active during pregnancy. Physical activity have no relationship with crotch injury or necessity of using synthetic oxytocin during labor.

Prevalence of Chinese pregnant women meeting physical activity recommendation and its influencing factors: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionRegular physical activity during pregnancy is effective in preventing diseases and promoting the health outcomes of mothers and babies. However, the level of physical activity among them is not ideal....

Self-Empowerment of Pregnant Women to Maintain Wellness During Pregnancy

Women naturally experience pregnancy as part of the growth process. To prepare for pregnancy and the development of the fetus, pregnant women go through physical and psychological changes. Pregnant women often complain of discomfort during their pregnancies, with symptoms including back pain, abdominal pain, a developing physique, and prenatal anxiety. According to the findings of interviews with several expectant mothers in Kebondalem Lor Village, they were concerned about the state of their pregnancies and back pain. and have never engaged in prenatal exercise and are still unsure what to do. The community service team offers pregnant women self-empowerment as a solution to this issue. On May 6 and May 24, 2023, two meeting sessions with offline sessions were used to carry out community service activities. Prenatal yoga, prenatal nutrition, and anxiety management for pregnant women were the topics covered at the second meeting, while the first activity focused on changes in physiological and psychological adaptation to pregnancy, independent monitoring of fetal well-being, physical activity for pregnant women, and prenatal yoga. According to the results, pregnant women's average knowledge increased both before and after the activity. Participants in the activities expressed great satisfaction with the way things were done, how information was contributed, and how perceived complaints were decreased

Impact of physical activity on the quality of life of pregnant women

AIM: To study the effect of physical activity on the quality of life of pregnant women at various gestational ages.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study of physical activity and quality of life was performed in 99 pregnant women at various gestational periods. Criteria for inclusion in the study: age 1835 years; absence of acute extragenital pathology; consent to conduct research. Exclusion criteria: age younger than 18 and older than 35 years, the presence of acute extragenital pathology; lack of consent to participate in the study. To assess the physical activity of pregnant women, the international Pregnancy physical activity questionnaire (PPAQ), consisting of 36 questions, was taken as a basis. In order to study the quality of life, an abbreviated methodology of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-26 (World Health Organizations Quality of Life), including 26 questions, was used.
 RESULTS: To achieve this goal, an adapted Russian-language version of the international questionnaire was developed that determines the level of physical activity in pregnant women PPAQ-RUS, on the basis of which a computer program was created. In the study, data were obtained on the statistically significant effect of a number of parameters of physical activity on the quality of life at various times of the gestational period. The correlation of professional activity with self-perception and the level of physical and psychological well-being, as well as activity associated with physical exercises, indicators of physical and psychological well-being was determined.
 CONCLUSION: The conducted study can be the basis for further study of the influence of the level of physical activity of pregnant women on the course of the gestational period, as well as the study of the possibility of managing the quality of life of women by changing physical activity depending on the duration of pregnancy.

Health Behaviors in Pregnant Women with Psychological Problems and Disorders: Scoping Review

Background: The negative impact of anxiety on the mother is changes in the behavior of pregnant women such as diet, lifestyle or physical activity, resulting in labor complications, anxiety problems in the puerperium period. While the impact on the baby such as stunted fetal growth, preterm birth, asphyxia, Low Birth Weight (LBW) and can even cause death in the baby. Objective: To review scientific evidence based on published articles related to the health behavior of pregnant women with psychological problems and disorders. Methods: This research method was a scoping review, using PEO framework. Literature search used PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and grey literature using Google Scholar and Research Rabbit. Articles were critically appraised by using JBI and MMAT critical appraisal tools. Results: There were 7 articles out of 7,796 that were relevant to the research objectives. The articles come from 4 developed countries and 3 developing countries. Three themes were found namely health behavior, the impact of anxiety, and stress reduction strategy. Conclusion: Based on the 7 articles obtained, the health behavior of pregnant women is in accordance with the objective are knowing compliance with ANC visits in pregnant women, knowing health behavior related to consumption of nutritious food in pregnant women, knowing the physical activity of pregnant women with psychological problems and disorders.

Determination of Pregnant Women's Physical Activity and Exercise Status During Pregnancy and Affecting Factors

Objective: This study aims to determine pregnant women's physical activity and exercise status during pregnancy and affecting factors. Methods: The research was conducted in a cross-sectional design with 220 low-risk pregnant women who were in their third trimester between March 3 and June 29 2022 at Training and Research Hospital. Research data were collected by face-to-face interview method using the forms developed by the authors. Results: It was seen that among the pregnant women who participated in the research, 35.9% exercised regularly before pregnancy and 25.9% regularly exercised during pregnancy. The most common exercises performed during pregnancy were walking and pilates. The assessment of the physical activity of pregnant women revealed that 80.5% were sedentary. The rate of exercising during pregnancy was 4.04 times (aOR 4.04, 95% CI 1.33-12.27) higher in women with planned pregnancies compared to unplanned pregnancies and 30.57 times higher in women who exercised regularly before pregnancy compared to those who did not do so (aOR 30.57, 95% CI 12.53-74.55). Likewise, compared to those who were obese during pregnancy, non-obese ones were 0.36 times more physically active (aOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.16-0.84). Similarly, it was established that women who exercised before pregnancy were 10.51 times more physically active than those who did not (aOR 10.51, 95% CI 4.60-24.02). Conclusion: In the research, it was concluded that the rates of exercising and being physically active during pregnancy were low, that planned pregnancy and regular exercise before pregnancy increased exercise behavior during pregnancy, and that obesity decreases physical activity.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Level of Physical Activity, Emotional State, and Health Habits of Women in Late Pregnancy and Early Puerperium.

The study population was women 1-8 days postpartum. Participants were divided into three groups depending on when they were recruited: (1) prepandemic (Ppan: n = 252, December 2019-March 2020), (2) COVID1 group (Cov1: n = 262, May 2020-September 2020), and (3) COVID2 group (Cov2: n = 226, June 2021-September 2021). The Ppan group included women from before the pandemic. The Cov1 group included patients after some restrictions were lifted. The Cov2 group included women after vaccinations became available. Research tools included a demographical questionnaire (age, education, childbirth details), the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Health Behavior Inventory (IZZ). Regression analysis showed that regardless of other variables, women who gave birth during the pandemic spent less energy on total physical activity compared to the prepandemic group (Cov1: β = -18.930, 95%CI: -36.499 to -1.361; Cov2: β = -26.527, 95%CI: -44.322 to -8.733). We also found that as the risk of depression increased, engagement in general health habits decreased during the pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic decreased the level of some subdomains of physical activity in pregnant women, with a general negative correlation between emotional state and healthy habits.

Impact of physical activity in pregnant women on maternal health

Introduction: Pregnancy is an important period in a woman's life. One of the most essential things people can do to improve their health both physical and mental is taking regular physical exercise. Healthy people, people with chronic illnesses or disabilities as well as pregnant women benefit from regular physical activity. All pregnant women should be physically active, except in certain situations when there are medical contraindications. Objective of the study: The purpose of this study is to summarize the benefits of regular physical activity during pregnancy. Materials and methods: A review of the literature available on the PubMed database was carried out, the key words used were: ,,pregnancy,,, ,,physical activity,,, ,,gestational diabetes,,, ,,hypertension,,, ,,pre-eclampsia,,. Results: Physical activity increases the chance of a normal pregnancy and a successful outcome. In the absence of obstetric or medical contraindications, physical activity during pregnancy is desirable and advisable. Exercise results in fewer complications for both the pregnant woman and the newborn. Conclusions: The best results from physical activity in pregnancy are obtained when the pregnant woman exercises regularly, for example, 3 times a week for 30-60 minutes. It is advisable that for it to be regular aerobic training of moderate intensity of at least 150 minutes per week.

The association among the consumption of ultra-processed food and body image, nutritional status and physical activity of pregnant women at the primary health care

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e sua associação com imagem corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional e autoavaliação alimentar de gestantes cadastradas na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com gestantes cadastradas na Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário. A variável dependente foi consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, e as independentes abordaram aspecto corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional, autoavaliação alimentar e consumo alimentar. Realizou-se análise descritiva e para análise de associação, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear com associações brutas e ajustadas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 1.185 gestantes. O consumo calórico proveniente dos ultraprocessados representou 32,0% da dieta diária dessas mulheres. Verificou-se associação entre consumo de ultraprocessados com atividade física (β=-0,08; p<0,01), estado nutricional pré-gestacional (β=-0,12; p<0,01) e imagem corporal (β=0,08; p=0,01). Conclusão: as gestantes apresentaram alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Ter imagem corporal negativa, menor nível de atividade física, estado nutricional pré-gestacional elevado são condições que influenciaram o consumo desses alimentos.

Knowledge and participation in exercise and physical activity among pregnant women in Ho, Ghana.

Physical activity (PA) and exercise have been identified to improve the general fitness and health. Although, the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) has been validated for use in assessing PA in pregnant women. However, understanding the knowledge and participation levels of PA in pregnant women in the underdeveloped regions of Ghana is of clinical relevance to foster education and promotion of PA. In Ghana, pregnant women believe the "myth" (mostly in rural areas and underdeveloped regions) that exercising in the first trimester might lead to miscarriage. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the extent of knowledge and participation levels in PA among pregnant women in Ho, Ghana using a self-developed questionnaire which consisted of some questions adapted from the PPAQ. Seventy-seven (n = 77) pregnant women between the ages of 18-50 years were recruited from three hospitals across the Ho municipality of Ghana. A self-developed questionnaire which consisted of some questions taken from the PPAQ was administered to participants under the researchers' supervision. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to find the association between the level of participation in PA, knowledge of PA and gestational age among pregnant women. From the total participants (n = 77) recruited, 57 (74%) of the participants scored high in PA knowledge. Most of the participants 48 (62.3%) answered that PA promotes healthy pregnancy. Participants who reported barriers to PA during pregnancy were no exercise habits 51 (66.2%), having no time 17 (22.1%) and fear of miscarriage 9 (11.7%). There was a significant (p < 0.05) association between the level of participation and gestational age. No significant (p > 0.05) association between the level of participation and knowledge of PA was observed. There is a high level of knowledge of PA among pregnant women in Ho, Ghana. However, most pregnant women rather engage in PA as their gestational age increases. Thus, to foster sustainable exercise participation during pregnancy, all healthcare providers saddled with the responsibility of providing maternal healthcare must strengthen the education and promotion of exercise and PA among pregnant women in Ho, Ghana.

Why We should Recommend Exercise in Pregnancy?

Objective: This narrative review is presenting the impact of exercise on pregnant women and fetus and provides current recommendations for exercise in pregnancy. Mechanism: Exercise during pregnancy has a numerous effects on both pregnant woman and her fetus. When recommending exercise during pregnancy, it is necessary to keep in mind the physiological responses of the body’s systems during exercise, changes occuring in pregnancy and the influence of this changes on pregnant woman’s body as well as on the fetus and fetal responses to exercise during pregnancy. The type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise should be adjusted to the level of physical activity of pregnant women and period of pregnancy in order to achieve clinically significant health benefits. Findings in Brief: Exercise in pregnancy is beneficial for both the mother and her fetus and contributes to the prevention of pregnancy-related disorders. It is recommend to exercise 30 minutes daily five days a week with a tendency to increase the exercise each day in order to accumulate 150 to 300 minutes of exercise per week with moderate intensity. Conclusions: Regular exercise leads to specific adaptation processes of the body systems improving the physical and mental health of pregnant women with positive effect on her fetus.

Barriers to physical activity in pregnant women living in Iran and its predictors: a cross sectional study

Background and aimsDespite the benefits of physical activity (PA) on maternal and fetal health, the level of PA is low among pregnant women globally. The aim of this study was to determine the barriers to PA and its predictors in Iranian pregnant women specifically.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 300 pregnant women referred to the Ilam health centers of Iran. The sampling strategy used stratified random proportional allocation sampling from both comprehensive health centers and health bases. Data were collected from September to December 2018 in relation to individual characteristics. Data collection tools used included the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Barriers to Physical Activity during Pregnancy Scale. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and statistical tests of analysis including variance, independent t-test and multiple linear regression were used.ResultsThe mean and SD of the total score of PA barriers was 88.55 and 19.28, respectively. The highest and lowest mean scores of the subscale of PA barriers were related to interpersonal and environmental barriers, respectively. Among the intrapersonal barriers related to pregnancy; fear of pregnancy complications, drowsiness, and nausea and vomiting, heaviness or swelling barriers scored higher than other barriers. Lack of regular schedule, insufficient time, and lack of motivation received the highest score in terms of intrapersonal barriers non-related to pregnancy. In the interpersonal subscale; lack of knowledge about how to be physically active during pregnancy, forbiddance of PA by friends and family, as well as lack of advice from physicians and midwives scored higher than other barriers. Lack of adequate facilities and air pollution were identified as barriers to PA in the environmental subscale. PA barriers were significantly associated with pre-pregnancy or early pregnancy body mass index (B = − 14.643), level of education (B = 17.215), and habitual exercise pre-pregnancy (B = − 7.15).ConclusionInterpersonal barriers were reported to be the most common barriers to PA during pregnancy. Perinatal care providers should encourage, educate and reassure pregnant women, their spouses and their families about the benefits, type and frequency of safe PA in pregnancy. PA interventions focused on women with lower levels of education and income in particular are required.

Physical activity and gestational weight gain: a systematic review of observational studies

BackgroundNow that excessive weight gain during pregnancy is recognized as leading to complications during pregnancy that affect foetal growth, limiting weight gain during pregnancy has become a public health concern. Our aim was to perform a systematic review to assess whether observational studies reported associations between Physical Activity (PA) and Gestational Weight Gain (GWG). We were particularly interested in whether insufficient PA might be associated with high GWG.MethodsUsing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched the MEDLINE ® databases for articles published up to February 2020 concerning case-control, cohort, and ecological studies assessing the association between PA during pregnancy and the risk of excessive and/or inadequate GWG.Results21 observational studies on the PA of pregnant women were screened. 11 of these focused on excessive GWG, and of these a majority tend to show a significant association between various aspects of PA and excessive GWG. However, the results were more mitigated when it came to rate of GWG: three studies found that neither meeting PA recommendations nor high levels of total PA nor time spent in moderate vigorous physical activity (MVPA) or engaged in sedentary behaviour were associated with weekly GWG, while two others suggested that pregnant women not meeting PA guidelines in late pregnancy did have a higher rate of GWG. Of the seven studies investigating total GWG, only one found no association with PA. All studies suggested an inverse association between PA and total GWG – yet not all studies are statistically significant.ConclusionDespite the small number of observational studies selected for our research, our findings support the main international findings, suggesting that active pregnant women gained less weight than inactive women; a lack of PA may therefore contribute to excessive GWG. The limitations of this body of evidence impede the formulation of firm conclusions. Further studies focusing clearly on the general PA assessment classification scheme are called for, to address limitations capable of affecting the strength of association.

Lifestyle intervention in obese pregnancy and cardiac remodelling in 3-year olds: children of the UPBEAT RCT

Background/ObjectivesObesity in pregnancy has been associated with increased childhood cardiometabolic risk and reduced life expectancy. The UK UPBEAT multicentre randomised control trial was a lifestyle intervention of diet and physical activity in pregnant women with obesity. We hypothesised that the 3-year-old children of women with obesity would have heightened cardiovascular risk compared to children of normal BMI women, and that the UPBEAT intervention would mitigate this risk.Subjects/MethodsChildren were recruited from one UPBEAT trial centre. Cardiovascular measures included blood pressure, echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function and dimensions, carotid intima-media thickness and heart rate variability (HRV) by electrocardiogram.ResultsCompared to offspring of normal BMI women (n = 51), children of women with obesity from the trial standard care arm (n = 39) had evidence of cardiac remodelling including increased interventricular septum (IVS; mean difference 0.04 cm; 95% CI: 0.018 to 0.067), posterior wall (PW; 0.03 cm; 0.006 to 0.062) and relative wall thicknesses (RWT; 0.03 cm; 0.01 to 0.05) following adjustment. Randomisation of women with obesity to the intervention arm (n = 31) prevented this cardiac remodelling (intervention effect; mean difference IVS −0.03 cm (−0.05 to −0.008); PW −0.03 cm (−0.05 to −0.01); RWT −0.02 cm (−0.04 to −0.005)). Children of women with obesity (standard care arm) compared to women of normal BMI also had elevated minimum heart rate (7 bpm; 1.41 to 13.34) evidence of early diastolic dysfunction (e prime) and increased sympathetic nerve activity index by HRV analysis.ConclusionsMaternal obesity was associated with left ventricular concentric remodelling in 3-year-old offspring. Absence of remodelling following the maternal intervention infers in utero origins of cardiac remodelling.Clinical trial registry name and registration numberThe UPBEAT trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN89971375.