Physical Activity In Early Adulthood Research Articles

Identification of Risk Groups for and Factors Affecting Metabolic Syndrome in South Korean Single-Person Households Using Latent Class Analysis and Machine Learning Techniques: Secondary Analysis Study.

The rapid increase of single-person households in South Korea is leading to an increase in the incidence of metabolic syndrome, which causes cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, due to lifestyle changes. It is necessary to analyze the complex effects of metabolic syndrome risk factors in South Korean single-person households, which differ from one household to another, considering the diversity of single-person households. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting metabolic syndrome in single-person households using machine learning techniques and categorically characterize the risk factors through latent class analysis (LCA). This cross-sectional study included 10-year secondary data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009-2018). We selected 1371 participants belonging to single-person households. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25.0; IBM Corp), Mplus (version 8.0; Muthen & Muthen), and Python (version 3.0; Plone & Python). We applied 4 machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and extreme gradient boost) to identify important factors and then applied LCA to categorize the risk groups of metabolic syndromes in single-person households. Through LCA, participants were classified into 4 groups (group 1: intense physical activity in early adulthood, group 2: hypertension among middle-aged female respondents, group 3: smoking and drinking among middle-aged male respondents, and group 4: obesity and abdominal obesity among middle-aged respondents). In addition, age, BMI, obesity, subjective body shape recognition, alcohol consumption, smoking, binge drinking frequency, and job type were investigated as common factors that affect metabolic syndrome in single-person households through machine learning techniques. Group 4 was the most susceptible and at-risk group for metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 17.67, 95% CI 14.5-25.3; P<.001), and obesity and abdominal obesity were the most influential risk factors for metabolic syndrome. This study identified risk groups and factors affecting metabolic syndrome in single-person households through machine learning techniques and LCA. Through these findings, customized interventions for each generational risk factor for metabolic syndrome can be implemented, leading to the prevention of metabolic syndrome, which causes cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In conclusion, this study contributes to the prevention of metabolic syndrome in single-person households by providing new insights and priority groups for the development of customized interventions using classification.

Associations between Physical Activity Trajectories and Incident Hypertension.

We aimed to characterize physical activity (PA) trajectories across adulthood and to estimate their association with incident hypertension risk. Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted during 2004-2011. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was used to identify distinct groups of PA trajectories. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the association. A total of 11,162 participants whose PA was repeatedly estimated by self-report from questionnaires two to four times in the CHNS were included in our study. During the 5.4 years of follow-up, 3824 incident hypertension cases were identified. Five distinct PA trajectories were identified in men: light and slight decline, light and gradual decline then sharp rise, light to medium-heavy then decline, medium-heavy and gradual decline, and heavy and sharp decline. Two distinct PA trajectories were identified in women: light and stable, and medium and gradual decline. The PA trajectory of medium-heavy and gradual decline was significantly associated with decreased risk of hypertension in men, with the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) being 0.80 (0.63, 0.99), 0.74 (0.59, 0.93), 0.76 (0.60, 0.96), and 0.70 (0.55, 0.88) in models 1-4, respectively. Our study identified five distinct long-term PA trajectories in men and two distinct trajectories in women. The PA trajectory of medium-heavy PA in early adulthood followed by gradual decline was found to be significantly associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in later life in men.

Teenage Sport Trajectory Is Associated With Physical Activity, but Not Body Composition or Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood

PurposeCommonly held hypotheses in practice suggest that compared to single-sport participation, multi-sport participation is associated with higher physical activity (PA) levels and health benefits in the long term. To verify this in the general population, we identified sport participation trajectories during adolescence and examined their associations with PA and health outcomes in young adulthood. MethodsParticipants (n = 655) from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens study self-reported sport involvement up to four times per year from age 12 to 17 years. At age 24, PA was assessed using questionnaires and accelerometers, and body composition (i.e., body mass index, waist circumference, skinfold thickness) and blood pressure were measured objectively. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify sport participation trajectories from age 12 to 17. Associations between trajectories and outcomes in early adulthood were estimated in multivariable linear regression models. ResultsWe identified four sport participation trajectories during adolescence: non-participants (n = 148, 22%), dropouts (n = 133, 21%), single-sport (n = 248, 37%), and multi-sport participation (n = 126, 20%). Compared to non-participation, multi-sport participation during adolescence was associated with higher self-reported PA in early adulthood (β [95% confidence interval] = 0.26 [0.00–0.52], MET-minutes/week). No association was detected between sport trajectories and accelerometer-measured PA, body composition or blood pressure in early adulthood. DiscussionOur results partially support models suggesting the existence of distinct sport participation trajectories during adolescence and that multi-sport participation is associated with higher self-reported PA levels in adulthood. Our results do not support that sport participation trajectories during adolescence are linked to lower blood pressure or healthier body composition in adulthood.

Associations between cardiometabolic risks and physical activity in early adulthood: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesYoung adults’ physical activity (PA) is a foundation of creating future healthy lifestyles. The purpose of this study was to explore differences in PA, sedentary behaviour, walkability and health beliefs...

Youth Sports Participation Is More Important among Females than Males for Predicting Physical Activity in Early Adulthood: Iowa Bone Development Study.

A gender difference in youth sports and physical activity participation is well documented. However, research is limited to understand potential gender difference in the long-term effects of youth sports participation. The study aim was to compare the likelihood of meeting the aerobic Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) in early adulthood by youth sports participation patterns among females and males. The study sample included 582 Iowa Bone Development Study participants (Iowa, USA). Participation in organized sports was assessed using a physical activity questionnaire 19 times on average between age 6 and 17 years. Accelerometer and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessments were conducted at an average age of 23 years. Group-based trajectory analysis was conducted to identify youth sports participation trajectory patterns. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between youth sports participation patterns and meeting the PAG in adulthood. We identified three youth sports participation patterns: “continuous participation,” “drop-out,” and “no participation.” Females in the continuous participation group were more likely to meet the aerobic PAG at age 23 years, compared to females in the no-participation group (OR = 2.63; 95% CI = 1.05, 6.55) or the drop-out group (OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.38, 4.69). However, among males, youth sports participation patterns were not significantly associated with meeting the aerobic PAG at age 23 years. In conclusion, this study suggests that youth sports participation could be more important among females than males for predicting physical activity in early adulthood.

Lifetime recreational physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer.

Research on the association between physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the timing, intensity, and type of recreational physical activity influence prostate cancer risk. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Western Australia in 2001-2002. Data were collected on lifetime recreational physical activity from a self-reported questionnaire. The estimated effects of recreational physical activity on prostate cancer risk were analyzed using logistic regression, adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors. This analysis included 569 incident cases and 443 controls. There was a significant, inverse dose-response relationship between vigorous-intensity recreational physical activity between the ages 19 and 34years and the risk of prostate cancer (pTrend = 0.013). Participants in the most active quartile of vigorous-intensity physical activity in this age period had a 33% lower risk of prostate cancer than participants in the least active quartile (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval = 0.45-1.01). Moderate-intensity recreational physical activity was not associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Recreational physical activity performed over the lifetime showed no association with prostate cancer risk. Weight training performed from early adulthood onwards showed a non-significant but consistent inverse association with prostate cancer risk. There was no strong evidence that physical activity was differentially associated with the risks of low-grade and medium-to-high grade prostate cancers. A high level of vigorous recreational physical activity in early adulthood may be required to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

The role of physical activity in early adulthood and middle-age on bone health after menopause in epidemiological population from Silesia Osteo Active Study.

Osteoporosis is a growing problem in women after menopause. Among factors protecting from this disease is a physical activity (PA). The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of PA in early adulthood and at middle-age on bone health after menopause. The study group consisted of 362 randomly recruited postmenopausal women after menopause. Mean age was 65.2±6.9years. Medical history was collected from all participants, and they completed questionnaires assessing PA in early adulthood and at middle-age. Physical capacity was estimated using the Duke scale. Bone status was measured with use of densitometry (DXA) for lumbar spine and hip and calcaneus quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements. Physical activity and healthy lifestyle activity in early adulthood did not correlate with bone health, but current PA did (for QUS parameters r=.11; P<.05). Physical capacity correlated with all QUS parameters (r=.2 to .22; P<.05) and femoral neck (FN) BMD and T-score (for both r=.16; P<.05). Current PA frequency at the level of several times a week has the highest positive impact on FN DXA results (P=.01). Bone mass in DXA and QUS variables is related to the type of exercises (P<.05). Physical activity, especially several times a week, at middle-age is a major factor influencing bone health in women after menopause. Further studies concerning the type of exercises are needed.

Effect of Early Adult Patterns of Physical Activity and Television Viewing on Midlife Cognitive Function.

Sedentary behaviors and physical inactivity are not only increasing worldwide but also are critical risk factors for adverse health outcomes. Yet, few studies have examined the effects of sedentary behavior on cognition or the long-term role of either behavior in early to middle adulthood. To investigate the association between 25-year patterns of television viewing and physical activity and midlife cognition. Prospective study of 3247 adults (black and white races; aged 18-30 years) enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (March 25, 1985, to August 31, 2011). Data analysis was performed June 1, 2014, through April 15, 2015. We assessed television viewing and physical activity at repeated visits (≥3 assessments) over 25 years using a validated questionnaire. A 25-year pattern of high television viewing was defined as watching TV above the upper baseline quartile (>3 hours/d) for more than two-thirds of the visits, and a 25-year pattern of low physical activity was defined as activity levels below the lower, sex-specific baseline quartile for more than two-thirds of the of the visits. We evaluated cognitive function at year 25 using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Stroop test, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. At baseline, the mean (SD) age of the 3247 study participants was 25.1 (3.6) years, 1836 (56.5%) were female, 1771 (54.5%) were white, and 3015 (92.9%) had completed at least high school. Compared with participants with low television viewing, those with high television viewing during 25 years (353 of 3247 [10.9%]) were more likely to have poor cognitive performance (<1 SD below the race-specific mean) on the DSST and Stroop test, with findings reported as adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): DSST, 1.64 (1.21-2.23) and Stroop test, 1.56 (1.13-2.14), but not the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, adjusted for age, race, sex, educational level, smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, and hypertension. Low physical activity during 25 years in 528 of 3247 participants (16.3%) was significantly associated with poor performance on the DSST, 1.47 (1.14-1.90). Compared with participants with low television viewing and high physical activity, the odds of poor performance were almost 2 times higher for adults with both high television viewing and low physical activity in 107 of 3247 (3.3%) (DSST, 1.95 [1.19-3.22], and Stroop test, 2.20 [1.36-3.56]). High television viewing and low physical activity in early adulthood were associated with worse midlife executive function and processing speed. This is one of the first studies to demonstrate that these risk behaviors may be critical targets for prevention of cognitive aging even before middle age.

Abstract A36: Recreational physical activity and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the California Teachers Study

Abstract Background: Pancreatic cancer is highly fatal; thus, preventive strategies are needed. Besides cessation of cigarette smoking, physical activity may reduce pancreatic cancer risk by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. However, the existing data lack consistency and generally, physical activity has been measured only at one time point. We examined recreational physical activity during different periods of life as well as a cumulative, long-term physical activity measure in relation to the risk of pancreatic cancer in California Teachers Study (CTS). Methods: 120,921 women aged 22-84 years participating in the CTS with no history of pancreatic cancer were followed from 1995 through 2011. The self-administered baseline (1995-1996) questionnaire captured information on demographics, moderate and strenuous recreational physical activity during high school, between ages 18 and 24, 25 and 34, 35 and 44, and 45 and 54 years, and in the three years before baseline, and potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer such as body mass index (BMI), diabetes, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and dietary fat intake. Incident diagnoses of invasive pancreatic cancer were identified through annual linkages with the California Cancer Registry. We calculated average number of hours per week for recreational physical activity during different periods of life and combined them into a long-term physical activity measure. We fit Cox proportional hazards models to data to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of pancreatic cancer risk and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with moderate and strenuous physical activity in each age/time period and over the “long-term.” For each analysis, the least active group (≤0.5 hours/week) served as the reference group. Multivariable models were stratified by age at baseline (in single years) and were adjusted for race, total pack-years of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and total dietary fat intake in the year before baseline, diabetes, and BMI at baseline. Furthermore, we tested for a linear trend in risk by fitting the median value of physical activity within each category; we also examined whether BMI, smoking status, and alcohol intake modified any physical activity association. Results: During 1,715,690 person-years of follow-up, 429 women were diagnosed with invasive pancreatic cancer. The average age at diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was 74 years. In the multivariable model, women with higher levels of long-term moderate/strenuous physical activity had lower risk of pancreatic cancer than the least active women (≤0.5 hours/week) although the 95% CI included one (2.51-5.5 hours/week: HR=0.76; 95% CI=0.56-1.02, &amp;gt;5.5 hours/week: HR=0.85; 95% CI=0.63-1.15) and no linear trend in pancreatic cancer risk was observed (Ptrend=0.35). In the analysis of physical activity during different periods of life, we observed a marginally significant decreasing trend in risk with increasing physical activity during ages 18-24 years (Ptrend=0.05). The stratified analysis indicated a decreasing trend in pancreatic cancer risk with increasing physical activity during ages 18-24 years among women who were overweight or obese at baseline (Ptrend=0.006), who never smoked cigarettes (Ptrend=0.02), and who consumed &amp;lt;10 grams of alcohol per day in the year before baseline (Ptrend=0.02). No significant effect modifications were observed. Conclusions: The CTS data suggest that a higher level of recreational physical activity in early adulthood modestly reduces the risk of pancreatic cancer development in subgroups of women. However, we lacked sufficient statistical power to demonstrate effect modification. Larger studies are needed to understand whether the effect of physical activity on pancreatic cancer varies by age at activity, BMI, smoking status, or alcohol intake. Citation Format: Kayo Togawa, Huiyan Ma, Jane Sullivan-Halley, Jessica Clague, Susan Neuhausen, Eunjung Lee, Dennis Deapen, Leslie Bernstein. Recreational physical activity and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the California Teachers Study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr A36.

Low Physical Activity in Early Adulthood Linked to Worse Midlife Cognition

Low Physical Activity in Early Adulthood Linked to Worse Midlife Cognition

Association of Physical Activity History With Physical Function and Mortality in Old Age.

We examined whether physical activity in early adulthood, late midlife, and old age as well as cumulative physical activity history are associated with changes in physical functioning and mortality in old age. Data are from participants aged 65 years or older enrolled in the InCHIANTI study who were followed up from 1998-2000 to 2007-2008 (n = 1,149). At baseline, participants recalled their physical activity levels at ages 20-40, 40-60, and in the previous year, and they were categorized as physically inactive, moderately active, and physically active. Physical performance was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery and self-reported mobility disability was evaluated at the 3-, 6- and 9-year follow-up. Mortality follow-up was assessed until the end of 2010. Physical inactivity at baseline was associated with greater decline in Short Physical Performance Battery score (mean 9-year change: -2.72, 95% CI: -3.08, -2.35 vs -0.98, 95% -1.57, -0.39) and greater rate of incident mobility disability (hazard ratio 4.66, 95% CI 1.14-19.07) and mortality (hazard ratio 2.18, 95% CI 1.01-4.70) compared to physically active participants at baseline. Being physically active throughout adulthood was associated with smaller decline in physical performance as well as with lower risk of incident mobility disability and premature death compared with those who had been less active during their adult life. Higher cumulative physical activity over the life course was associated with less decline in physical performance and reduced rate of incident mobility disability and mortality in older ages.

Childhood Adversities and Socioeconomic Position as Predictors of Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity in Early Adulthood

Background: Limited knowledge exists on how childhood social, health-related and economic circumstances predict adult physical inactivity. Our aim was a) to examine how various childhood adversities and living conditions predict leisure-time physical inactivity in early adulthood and b) to find out whether these associations are mediated through the respondent’s own education. Methods: Young adults aged 18−29 were used from the Health 2000 Study of the Finnish. The cross-sectional data were based on interviews and questionnaires including retrospective information on childhood circumstances. The analyses were carried out on 68% of the original sample (N = 1894). The outcome measure was leisure-time physical inactivity. Results: Only a few of the 11 childhood adversities were related with physical activity in early adulthood. Having been bullied at school was associated with physical inactivity independently of the other childhood circumstances and the respondent’s own education. Low parental education pre...

Childhood adversities and socioeconomic position as predictors of leisure-time physical inactivity in early adulthood.

Limited knowledge exists on how childhood social, health-related and economic circumstances predict adult physical inactivity. Our aim was a) to examine how various childhood adversities and living conditions predict leisure-time physical inactivity in early adulthood and b) to find out whether these associations are mediated through the respondent's own education. Young adults aged 18-29 were used from the Health 2000 Study of the Finnish. The cross-sectional data were based on interviews and questionnaires including retrospective information on childhood circumstances. The analyses were carried out on 68% of the original sample (N = 1894). The outcome measure was leisure-time physical inactivity. Only a few of the 11 childhood adversities were related with physical activity in early adulthood. Having been bullied at school was associated with physical inactivity independently of the other childhood circumstances and the respondent's own education. Low parental education predicted leisure-time physical inactivity in men and the association was mediated by the respondent's own education. Respondents with only primary or vocational education were more likely to be physically inactive during leisure-time compared with those with secondary or higher education. There is some evidence that few specific childhood adversities, especially bullying at school, have long-lasting effects on physical activity levels.

Abstract P257: The Association of Metabolic Risk and Physical Activity Trajectories: CARDIA

Purpose: To determine whether baseline metabolic risk in young adults is associated with physical activity (PA) trajectories over 20 years. Methods: The sample included young adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, baseline ages 18–30 years (n= 4161). PA was determined from self-reported questionnaire at baseline and at years 2,5,7,10,15 and 20 of follow-up. Baseline metabolic risk was calculated using age-adjusted principal components analysis (elevated=top 10% of first factor), within sex-by-race groups, from mean arterial pressure (1/3(SBP-DBP)+DBP), glucose, waist circumference, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Repeated measures general linear modeling was used to generate PA trajectories over 20 years, separately in black men, white men, black women and white women, adjusting for age and smoking status. Time by metabolic risk interaction terms did not contribute significantly to any model for any sex-by-race group and were therefore not included in final models. Results: In black men, white men, and white women, PA (in exercise units) at baseline was significantly lower among those with elevated metabolic risk (elevated risk vs. normal risk: black men 473.0 ± 27.0 vs. 572.0 ± 22.7; white men: 498.0 ±20.6 vs. 568.7 ± 17.3; white women: 402.4 ± 17.0 vs. 481.1 ± 14.3), and these differences persisted over 20 years (black men: −98.9 ± 16.4, white men: −70.8 ± 12.5 , white women: −78.7 ± 10.2; all p&lt;0.0001). There were no significant differences in PA by metabolic risk in black women (307.2 ± 15.5 vs. 317.4 ± 13.1, difference: −10.1 ± 9.3, p =0.27). Conclusion: Elevated metabolic risk is associated with lower levels of PA in early adulthood, and these differences persist over 20 years. Despite these lower levels at baseline, the PA trajectory declines at similar rates for those with and without elevated metabolic risk. Young adults with elevated metabolic risk are important to identify early, in order to prevent PA level gap which remains over 20 years between those with and without elevated metabolic risk.

Does leisure-time physical activity in early adulthood predict later physical activity? Pro-Saude Study

INTRODUCTION: Leisure-Time Physical Activity (LTPA) is a health behavior that is considered relatively stable over the course of life; this life-long habit seems to be shaped during youth and early adulthood. LTPA is one of the few healthy behaviors more prevalent among men than among women. METHODS:Data from 3,199 participants of the Pro-Saude Study were analyzed - a cohort of employees of a university in Rio de Janeiro, collected with a self-reported multidimensional questionnaire. The association between LTPA in early adulthood and later was investigated using multinomial logistic regression, with estimated odds ratios (OR), considering three outcome categories: inactive, insufficiently active, and active. Past LTPA was grouped into three categories: never/rarely (reference category), sometimes and frequently/always. Estimates were adjusted for: age; participants' schooling, their father's and mother's schooling, and color/race. RESULTS:Analysis shows men who engaged in LTPA sometimes and almost always/always in early adulthood had an OR= 1.42 (95% CI: 0.70-2.89) and OR= 3.33 (95% CI: 1.82-6.10), respectively, of being physically active in later adulthood than those who did not engage in LTPA. Among women, the corresponding odds ratios were lower: OR = 1.19 (95% CI: 0.79-1.79) and OR =1.42 (95% CI: 1.00-2.04). CONCLUSION:LTPA during early adulthood is associated with physical activity later in adulthood, and this association is stronger in men than in women. Public policies that encourage LTPA among youth, with specific efforts directed at women, could increase the proportion of physically active adults.

Correlates of physical activity among middle-aged Finnish male police officers

Few studies exist on adherence to exercise within specific occupational groups. This study aimed at identifying factors explaining leisure-time physical activity among middle-aged Finnish police officers. Middle-aged police officers (n = 103) participated in the study in 1981 and 1996. Frequency of and adherence to leisure-time physical activity and fitness were assessed. The factor 'enjoyment' was the most powerful determinant for both physical activity and fitness, but all the factors studied accounted for only 10% of the variability. Leisure-time physical activity in 1981 correlated significantly with leisure-time physical activity in 1996. The physical activity of the middle-aged police officers can be in part predicted from their physical activity in early adulthood. Enjoyment related to physical activity seems to be important with respect to enhancing adherence. Perhaps, being fit increases the feeling of enjoyment during exercise.

Physical activity, fitness and body composition of Finnish police officers: a 15-year follow-up study.

This study evaluated changes in the physical activity, fitness and body composition of 103 police officers during a 15-year follow-up. The absolute aerobic capacity was similar in 1981 and 1996, muscular performance had declined, and body weight had increased approximately 0.5 kg/year. More than half the subjects (53%) had increased their leisure-time physical activity in 1996. The correlation was significant between physical activity in 1981 and physical fitness in 1996, but weak between physical activity in 1996 and fitness in 1996. It was also significant between waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in 1996 and physical activity during the previous 5 and 15 years. No significant correlations were found between physical activity and work ability or perceived physical or mental job stress. The physical fitness of middle-aged police officers seems to be predicted strongly by physical activity in early adulthood. Therefore health and fitness promotion measures should start at that time. This, together with regular systematic training, should help to sustain work ability of middle-aged police officers.