Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt Research Articles

Analysis of the optical and electronic characteristics of Al/NiPc complex/p-Si diode

The primary goal of this work is to explore how the introduction of the Nickel (II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiTsPc) organic interlayer influences the performance of conventional metal/semiconductor diodes. Firstly, the optical features of the NiTsPc organic film formed onto glass substrate were investigated. For this, the UV–vis spectroscopic data were used to determine various optical parameters like absorption coefficient (α), extinction coefficient (k), and refractive index (n). Then, Al/NiTsPc/p-Si diode was produced by forming ohmic and rectifier contact. The current–voltage (I-V) measurements were analyzed taking into account thermionic emission (TE) approach at room temperature. Device parameters such as ideality factor (η), barrier height (Φb), and resistance were investigated with the help of I-V technique. The Al/p-Si structure containing NiTsPc film showed good rectifying properties. In this analysis, Φb and η values were determined as 0.83 eV and 1.41, respectively, at room temperature. The device represents photovoltaic features with open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.37 V and a short-circuit current (Isc) of 8.17 μA under illumination of 100 mWcm−2. The results represent that the produced junction can be utilized in different photoelectric applications.

Construction of Amphiphilic Indocyanine–Green–Based Langmuir Film and Drop–Casting Film with Photoelectric Conversion Properties

Molecular self–assembly is the automatic formation of functional assemblies of different structural components through weak, reversible, non–covalent interactions on the basis of molecular recognition. Amphiphilic molecules have a natural advantage in self–assembly at the gas/liquid interface. In this work, two amphiphilic molecules with a special molecular structure, indocyanine green (ICG) and a derivative of indocyanine green (CCS), were combined with two dye molecules (tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid hydrate (TPPS) and nickel (II) phthalocyanine–tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (TsNiPc) for self–assembly through the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. The nanostructure and assembly behavior in ordered self–assembled films are effectively regulated by inducing dye molecules to form different types of aggregates (H– and J–aggregates). In addition, we prepared composite films containing the same functional components using the conventional drop–casting technique and performed a series of comparative experiments with LB films. The degree of hydrophilicity was found to be related to roughness, with LB composite films being flatter and denser, with the lowest roughness and the best hydrophobicity compared to drop–casting films. Notably, the LB films showed better optoelectronic properties under the same conditions, providing new clues for the application of optoelectronic functional ultrathin film devices.

An ultra-high power density supercapacitor: Cu(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt doped polyaniline

In this study, an excellent electrode and supercapacitor performance with aqueous electrolyte exhibiting high operating voltage was obtained. Cu(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuPcTs) was used as a dopant in the polymerization of aniline on carbon felt electrode (CFt) by one-step hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphological structure of PANI and CuPcTs doped PANI electrodes. Chemical analysis of the electrodes was performed using X-Ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR); thermal properties of the electrodes were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA). The surface area and pore volume of the electrodes were investigated using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. With the addition of CuPcTs and the use of graphite plate (GP) as the counter electrode, an asymmetrical supercapacitor was created for pseudocapacitive supercapacitors, in which the properties of redox materials were improved. CuPcTs doped PANI electrode showed a high specific capacitance of 982.2 F g −1 at 5 mV s −1 and showed excellent rate capability at different current densities of charge-discharge tests. Furthermore, wide operating-voltage of 3.2 V exhibited an ultra-high energy density value of 12800 W kg −1 and had an energy density of 764.4 Wh kg −1 . The electrode and supercapacitor displayed retention of capacitance performances of 91.4% and 79.7% after 1000 and 5000 cycles in aqueous electrolyte, respectively. • CuPcTs doped PANI carbon felt electrode was developed for supercapacitor applications. • 3.2 V wide operating voltage supercapacitor with 3.0 M KCI electrolyte. • A high specific capacitance of 982.2 F g −1 at 5 mV s −1 and excellent rate capability at charge-discharge tests. • A -maximum energy density of 764.4 Wh kg −1 and ultra-high power density of 12800 W kg −1 can be obtained for device.

Fabrication of a novel solar cell using copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt / graphene oxide

Fabrication of a novel solar cell using copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt / graphene oxide

Facile membrane preparation from colloidally stable metal-organic framework-polymer nanoparticles

UiO-MOFs are based on zirconium cluster and carboxylic acid linkers. They have excellent chemical and thermal stability, tolerance to linkers of different length and functionalities, making them good candidates for a broad range of applications. However, difficulties of processing the polycrystalline powder of MOFs limit their application. Here, we report for the first time the synthesis of the UiO-66 in the presence of a well-defined poly (methacrylic acid)-b-poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMAA-b-PMMA) nanoparticles (NPs) prepared via Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain-transfer Polymerization controlled Polymerization Induced Self-Assembly (RAFT-PISA). The PMAA-b-PMMA NPs with multi carboxylic acid groups on their surface, well defined in shape and size, act as multivalent connecting agent for the synthesis of the UiO-66. The resulting colloidally stable UiO-polymer NPs are crystalline, porous, and with an improved processability as was demonstrated by the preparation of a thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane. This membrane was applied in the filtration of Nickel (II) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt aqueous solution obtaining a water permeability circa 20 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 with a rejection of more than 90%. This unprecedented facile synthesis approach could be universally applied to other MOFs, expanding their application in different fields due to their enhanced processability.

Sulfonated Phthalocyanine Redox Flow Cell for Electrochemical Water Desalination

A reliable clean water supply is now one important and challenging issue for the human society. With the facts that only 0.4% of the water on earth is readily drinkable and 98% of the water is saltwater, water desalination for clean water production has become a key strategic solution to satisfy the increasing global water demand. Over the years, different saltwater desalination technologies were researched and developed, including reverse osmosis membrane desalination (RO), electrodialysis (ED), capacitive desalination (CDI) and multi-effect distillation (MED). However, some inherent technical issues, like high operation cost, large capital cost and/or low desalination capacity, associate with these existing technologies that lead to a high clean water production cost and limit their applications. Thus, there is a need of new water desalination technology that can purify saltwater with low cost and high efficiency.In this work we report a new water-soluble nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiPcTATS)-based redox flow desalination battery (RFDB) for safe, effective and efficient water-salt separation. The fabricated RFDB cell exhibited a high desalination rate at 3.4 gNaCl/(molNiPcTATS∙hr) even with a low 0.5 V cell voltage and required as low as 11.5 kJ/mol salt in energy consumption. The cell showed excellent reversibility and durability for long-term operation, benefiting from the fast-redox kinetics and chemical stability of the redox couple. With no consumption of the redox couple and energy recovery during the salination process, this new method provides a continuous desalination capability with unlimited salt removal capacity. We also demonstrated the use of simple solar panel for effectively driving the RFDB cell, proving it a promising and practical technology for clean water production in remote places like islands and ships.

Sulfonated Phthalocyanine Redox Flow Cell for High-Performance Electrochemical Water Desalination

A reliable clean water supply is now one important and challenging issue for the human society. With the facts that only 0.4% of the water on earth is readily drinkable and 98% of the water is saltwater, water desalination for clean water production has become a key strategic solution to satisfy the increasing global water demand. Over the years, different saltwater desalination technologies were researched and developed, including reverse osmosis membrane desalination (RO), electrodialysis (ED), capacitive desalination (CDI) and multi-effect distillation (MED). However, some inherent technical issues, like high operation cost, large capital cost and/or low desalination capacity, associate with these existing technologies that lead to a high clean water production cost and limit their applications. Thus, there is a need of new water desalination technology that can purify saltwater with low cost and high efficiency.In this work we report a new water-soluble nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiPcTATS)-based redox flow desalination battery (RFDB) for safe, effective and efficient water-salt separation. The fabricated RFDB cell exhibited a high desalination rate at 3.4 gNaCl/(molNiPcTATS∙hr) even with a low 0.5 V cell voltage and required as low as 11.5 kJ/mol salt in energy consumption. The cell showed excellent reversibility and durability for long-term operation, benefiting from the fast-redox kinetics and chemical stability of the redox couple. With no consumption of the redox couple and energy recovery during the salination process, this new method provides a continuous desalination capability with unlimited salt removal capacity. We also demonstrated the use of simple solar panel for effectively driving the RFDB cell, proving it a promising and practical technology for clean water production in remote places like islands and ships.

Sulfonated nickel phthalocyanine redox flow cell for high-performance electrochemical water desalination

With clean water availability raising a great technological and social challenge, saltwater desalination has become a key strategic solution. Herein, we report a nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiPcTATS)-based redox flow desalination cell (RFDC) that allows safe, efficient and continuous water-salt separation. With the new, water-soluble NiPcTATS/NiPcTATS+ redox couple as electrolyte, the RFDC effectively desalinates saltwater and achieves a high average salt removal rate of 3.11 gNaCl/(molNiPcTATS·h) and a low energy consumption of 15.0 kJ/molNaCl at 0.5 V cell voltage. The cell exhibits excellent reversibility and durability for long-term operation, benefiting from the fast-redox kinetics and chemical stability of the redox couple. Efficient solar-driven RFDC for water desalination is demonstrated by powering the cell with a solar panel. This RFDC method provides a low-cost, efficient and safe strategy to purify saltwater, and the findings with NiPcTATS-based redox couple offer new opportunities of utilizing metal phthalocyanines and derivatives in water desalination research.

Novel Integration of Nickel Phthalocyanine/Nickel Oxide-Based Photocathodes and Copper-Encapsulated Carbon-Dot-Cosensitized Photoanodes in Tandem for a Highly Efficient Solar Cell

A notable strategy to achieve a dramatically high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.76% for a tandem photovoltaic device has been implemented by the use of a nickel phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiPcTs) dye-sensitized p-type nickel oxide (NiO) semiconductor-based photocathode supported over carbon (C)-fabric paired with a photoanode scaffold comprising luminescent and conducting core/shell copper@carbon dots (Cu@C-dots) anchored to cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots tethered to n-type titanium oxide (TiO2). The PCE yielded for the n-type quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (n-QDSC) or photoanode-based half-cell (TiO2/CdS/Cu@C-dots-nS2-/Sn2-C-fabric) is 6.82% with a significant contribution from the light-harvesting capability of the plasmonic Cu core encased within the C-dot shell. In spite of the long-wavelength light-harvesting NiPcTs enabling easier reduction of the polysulfide electrolyte because of the additional photoexcited charge transfer, the p-type solar cell (p-SC) or photocathode-based half-cell (NiO/NiPcTs-nS2-/Sn2-C-fabric) delivers a relatively lower PCE of 0.039%, but on coassembling the p- and n-half solar cells in a tandem design (TiO2/CdS/Cu@C-dots-nS2-/Sn2-NiPcTs/NiO/C-fabric) the cell efficiency gets an immense boost under 1 sun illumination in consequence of the maximized range of light absorption afforded by CdS-Cu@C-dots on one side and NiPcTs on the other. This work rationalizes the synergism between the photoanode and photocathode elaborately to obtain a hitherto unmatched solar energy conversion in tandem solar cells.

Heterojunction Solar cell(NiPcTs/CdS)organic/inorganic

In the present study, thin films of organic semiconductors Nickel PhthalocyanineTetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt (NiPcTs) and inorganic semiconductor (CdS) prepared from the mixing of liquids for thesetwomaterials with different size ratios by the spin coating method on pre-patterned (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide) FTO coated glass substrates and then the manufacture of solar cells. The properties of solar cells the study through the optical properties (absorption spectra, absorption coefficient, power gap) and electrical characteristics (continuous onductivity, Hall Effect and cell efficiency measurements) and Was obtainedThe efficiency of a multiple solar cell ranging from (0.16-13.2 %)

EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE ON THE STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NiTsPc THIN FILMS

Nickel(II) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiTsPc) thin films were deposited on glass substrates at different substrate temperatures ([Formula: see text]) by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique. The substrate temperature varied from 110∘C to 310∘C in 50∘C steps. The substrate surface temperature is the main parameter that determines the film morphology and properties of the thin films. The structural properties of the deposited NiTsPc thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and from the obtained results, it was shown that depositing thin films using 210∘C as [Formula: see text] results in higher crystallinity. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to obtain the surface topography and to calculate the roughness and grain size. The smoothest thin film surface was obtained when using at 160∘C, while the highest roughness was obtained at 310∘C. The optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer. From the absorption spectra recorded in the wavelength range 190–1100[Formula: see text]nm, two absorption bands were observed, which are known as Soret and Q-band. By observing the absorption spectrum, it can be concluded that the deposited thin films at 110∘C–310∘C have direct energy gap. From Tauc plot relation, the energy gap ([Formula: see text]) was calculated. The values of the energy gap were between 3.05 and 3.14[Formula: see text]eV. It was observed that different [Formula: see text] highly affects the structural and optical properties of the deposited thin films. The crystallinity, grain size, roughness and the optical properties were strongly affected by the different substrate temperatures.

Highly sensitive capacitive cell based on a novel CuTsPc-TiO2 nanocomposite electrolytic solution for low-temperature sensing applications

This work demonstrates a highly efficient electrochemical cell based on the hybrid nanofluid of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles dispersed in a water-based copper (II) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuTsPc) solution. A chemical cell of ITO/nanofluid/ITO has been fabricated to study the effect of temperature variations towards its capacitance and resistance. The resultant device showed capacitive sensing mechanism, and the synergistic hybridization of the two different sensing elements lead to the superior performance as compared to the single CuTsPc based device. The hybrid device outperformed the pristine CuTsPc based device in terms of sensitivity, stability, linearity, response/recovery and possessed narrow hysteresis loop.

Temperature effect on optical properties of nickel (ii) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiPcTs) organic thin films

This study describe the effect of temperature on the opticalproperties of nickel(ii) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodiumsalt (NiPcTs) organic thin films which are prepared by spin coatingon indium tin oxide (ITO-glass). The optical absorption spectra ofthese thin films are measured. Present studies reveal that the opticalband gap energies of NiPcTs thin films are dependent on theannealing temperatures. The optical band gap decreases with increasein annealing temperature, then increased when the temperature risingto 473K. To enhance the results of Uv-Vis measurements and getmore accurate values of optical energy gaps; the Photoluminescencespectra of as-deposited and annealed NiPcTs thin films was studied.FTIR measurements for NiPcTs thin films also carried out in thiswork and gave good information about the NiPcTs bonds and itslocations as a compared with H2Pc as a reference.

Novel composite Nafion membranes modified with copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt for fuel cell application

In this paper, Nafion membrane was firstly modified by copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuTSPc) to prepare the Nafion/CuTSPc-x composite membranes. FTIR, XRD and SEM results revealed the successful incorporation of CuTSPc into Nafion and good compatibility between the two composites. The proton conductivities of the Nafion/CuTSPc-x composite membranes were evidently higher than pure cast Nafion membrane, and increased with CuTSPc contents. Among them, the Nafion/CuTSPc-6% membrane with the highest ion exchange capacity (1.14 mequiv•g−1) exhibited the highest proton conductivity of 0.084 S cm−1 at 30 °C and 0.131 S cm−1 at 80 °C, respectively. When fabricated of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), the Nafion/CuTSPc-4.5% membrane displayed an initial fuel cell performance with a power density of 43.3 mW cm−2 at room temperature, close to that for pure cast Nafion membrane. Benefiting from the compact structure, high proton conductivity and outstanding stability, the Nafion/CuTSPc-x composite membranes show promising potentials for fuel cell applications.

The structure and optical properties of organic semiconductor bulk hetrojunction blend (NiPcTs/Alq3) thin films

The effect of heat treatment on the optical properties of the bulk heterojunction blend nickel (II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt and Tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) Aluminum (NiPcTs/Alq3) thin films which prepared by spin coating was described in this study. The films coated on a glass substrate with speed of 1500 rpm for 1.5 min and treated with different annealing temperature (373, 423 and 473) K. The samples characterized using UV-Vis, X ray diffraction and Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, XRD patterns indicated the presence of amorphous and polycrystalline blend (NiPcTs/Alq3). The results of UV visible shows that the band gap increase with increasing the annealing temperature up to 373 K and decreases with increase the annealing temperature to (423, 473)K respectively.

Investigation of pH and concentration influence on layer-by-layer self-assembly for nickel(II)phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt coatings

Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are widely studied molecules for various functional applications. Researchers have investigated these photoactive compounds for electrochemical, sensor, semiconductor and photodynamic therapy purposes. Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly is preferred for its simple, environmentally-friendly and water-based features compared to other coating techniques in the literature. Coating thickness can be controlled on the order of nanometers by LbL mechanism. Multilayer thin film formation of diverse phthalocyanine-based molecules is examined in terms of molecular orientation and temperature dependency by the LbL method. However, as well as concentration and temperature, the pH of the coating medium is another challenging parameter in the LbL approach. Film thickness and layer distribution are influenced by pH value, changing ionic density and hence the strength of electrostatic interactions during LbL assembly. In this study, layer-by-layer deposition of branched poly(ethyleneimine)/nickel(II)phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiPcTS) coating pair is studied. Impact of pH and concentration of NiPcTS on thin film properties are tested for four different pH conditions. Corresponding analysis is made by UV-vis spectroscopy, surface profiler and quartz-crystal microbalance. LbL deposition of NiPcTS is homogeneously controlled and 98 nm thick films are obtained in the presence of acidic media.

Nickel (II) Phthalocyanine-Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt as a High-Performance Organic Anode for Ion Battery

Nickel (II) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt, with super chemically stability and high electrochemical capacity, is proposed as novel organic anodes. Ex situ FTIR patterns evidence the bonding effects between positively charged Li ions and negatively charged Pc molecules, which greatly benefits the stable reversibility and real capacity of TsNiPc. To conquer the poor conductivity of the organic molecular, graphene oxide/TsNiPc composites have been fabricated through a facile hydrothermal freeze-drying method. The capacity of TsNiPc@GO was maintained at 455 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, when the capacity of 99.8 mAh g−1 from carbon was subtracted, the true capacity of TsNiPc was 335.2 mAh g−1, which was superior to many organic anodes.

The Effect of Heat Treatment on Optical Properties of Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt (CuPcTs) Organic Thin Films

Copper (II) phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt (CuPcTs) thin films have been prepared using a simple spin coating method on glass substrates. Thin films (100 ± 5 nm thickness) annealed at temperatures of (100, 150 and 200) ∘C for one hour. The optical properties of thin CuPcTs films have been investigated in the spectral range of (300-900) nm by using the (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The annealed film at 100 ∘C shows the highest absorbance whereas, the lowest was at the room temperature. All films have identical absorption coefficient patterns, α in the absorption region revealed direct transition. Analysis of α as well as the dielectric constants ei and er reveal two absorption peaks in mentioned spectral region. The results showed that the optical band gaps depended on the temperature. The film annealed at 100 ∘C has the lowest optical energy gap. FTIR measurements were tested in the infrared range of (400-4000) cm− 1to evaluate the position and bonds of CuPcTs as a comparison with H2Pc as a reference. Photoluminescence spectroscopy was applied to improve the results of (UV-Vis) measurements and get more exact value of optical energy gap. The energy band gaps have been estimated as (1.83 ± 0.05) and (3.18 ± 0.04) eV for Q and B bands respectively. In this work, the Capacitive-Resistive temperature sensor has been fabricated. The sensor shows response to variation of temperature in the range of (RT-200) ∘C and the response time of ≈ 20 ± 5 Sec. For two electrodes (Aluminum and silver), our results have shown that the aluminum electrode has a higher capacitance and resistance than silver electrode depending on the different frequency values. While the silver electrode has the shortest response time.

Toxic Heavy Metal Ions and Metal-Complex Dyes Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using an Ion Exchanger and Titanium Dioxide

The aim of the study was to compare the removal efficiency of toxic heavy metal ions: chromium(VI), nickel(II) and copper(II) as well as metal-complex dyes from aqueous solution using Lewatite VPOC 1065 and AdsorbsiaTM As500. The point of zero charge (pHPZC) of both sorbents and the influence of the initial concentration on the sorption process of Ni(II), Cu(II), Cr(VI), C.I. Acid Red 183 (AR183), C.I. Reactive Blue 21 (RB21) and nickel(II) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (NiPc-TSATSS) were studied to determine the maximum sorption capacity. Kinetic studies were also carried out for the most effective sorbent-sorbate systems. The concentration effect of both hydrochloric acid and auxiliaries on the removal yield was also taken into account. As was found, Lewatit VPOC 1065 can be successfully applied for the treatment of textile wastewaters containing metal complex dyes and heavy metal ions. The highest sorption capacity, qe = 816.1 mg/g, was found for C.I. Acid Red 183.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide Nano-Sheets for Effective Removal of Copper Phthalocyanine from Aqueous Media

Graphene Oxide (GO) nano sheets was synthesized from graphite by Hummers method. The nature and morphology of the GO were characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, SEM and XRD analysis. Batch sorption experiments were carried out to remove copper (ii) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt [Cu(tsPc)-4.4Na+] from its aqueous solutions using GO as an adsorbent. Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of contact time, initial dye concentration, ionic strength, and temperature on the adsorption performance. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models have been applied and the Freundlich model was found to be fit with the equilibrium isotherm data. The kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The adsorption kinetics matched well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The experiments showed that GO is very good adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for [Cu(tsPc)-4.4Na+] dye and the main reason for this good affinity of dye onto GO can be π-π stacking interactions between the polycyclic aromatic structure of (CuTSPc) and unsaturated bonds on the surface of graphene oxide.