Photovoltaic Thermal Efficiency Research Articles

CURRENT TRENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL (PVT) SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS

This systematic review explores advancements and challenges in photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems, focusing on efficiency improvements, cooling mechanisms, material innovations, Internet of Things (IoT) integration, and cost and environmental considerations. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 45 articles were analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of current trends and future directions in PVT technology. Findings reveal that cooling mechanisms, particularly liquid-based and nanofluid-based systems, are essential for maintaining high PVT efficiency under diverse environmental conditions. Material advancements, including phase change materials (PCMs) and nanotechnology, have enhanced thermal management and energy storage capabilities, yet their high costs and environmental impacts remain significant barriers to broader adoption. IoT and smart grid integration have transformed PVT system functionality by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and energy flow adjustments within connected energy networks. However, persistent challenges—including high initial investment costs, environmental concerns related to materials, and the need for adaptable designs—highlight areas for future research. Advancements in adaptive materials, sustainable cooling solutions, and digital automation are essential for developing cost-effective, resilient PVT systems that contribute to global renewable energy goals. This review provides a foundation for future research to address the identified challenges and maximize the potential of PVT systems in sustainable energy production.

An experimental assessment of a solar PVT-PCM thermal management system in severe climatic conditions

Solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors incorporating phase change material (PCM) as an active-passive cooling approach represent a promising solution for thermally managing PV panels. This needs to be experimentally evaluated in harsh outdoor conditions. Therefore, this study examined the electrical and thermal performance of solar PVT systems in comparison to a reference PV panel during six distinct summer days in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A thermal camera was utilized to precisely capture the difference in temperature variations between the two PV panels over the study periods and to examine different options for the PVT collector. On Day 3, near noon, the highest solar irradiance of 1019 W/m2 led to the highest power of the PVT, with an increase of 5.75 % over the reference panel. The highest ambient temperature of 47.69 °C was recorded on Day 1 with 901.4 W/m2 irradiance, providing 10.58 % electrical efficiency of the PVT, an increase of 5.9 %. On Day 6, the PVT module was equipped with eight rectangular metal conduits that were filled with PCM with a transition temperature range of 41–48 °C. This simple-to-implement design added additional passive cooling for the system through the exterior surface of the metal conduits, along with the PCM contribution. The PTV-PCM option led to the best performance, with an 8.05 % improvement in electrical power and efficiency over the reference PV and 71.16 % and 81.50 % thermal and combined PVT efficiencies, respectively. The importance of cooling the PV panel in such challenging circumstances was illustrated by the 2 %–3.24 % increase in electrical output for every 1 °C decrease in the temperature of the cells.

Analisis Tenaga Pesentakan Jet Aliran Pekeliling Terbalik (PJAPT) Ke Atas Pengumpul Fotovolta Terma Suria (PVT) Modul Dwimuka

Although photovoltaic thermal (PVT) offers ascertain of benefits, it also has its own limitations. The efficiency of PVT is diminished due to heat gain experienced by its photovoltaic module when subjected to solar radiation. Jet impingement has been recognised as a highly successful technique for the purpose of cooling solar modules, particularly in the context of bifacial module applications. An energy analysis of a reversed circular flow jet impingement on a bifacial PVT collector was perform through an indoor experiment utilizing a solar simulator. The jet plate outlet was varied into four different configurations: one hole (1h), three holes (3h), four holes (4h) and five holes (5h) to identify the jet plate outlet configuration that contributes to the best energy efficiency. The experiment was carried out using a constant solar irradiance of 900 W/m2 and mass flow rate between 0.01 kg/s to 0.14 kg/s. The study’s findings indicate that configuration 1h exhibited the best photovoltaic efficiency of 11.09%. Additionally, the highest thermal efficiency recorded was 63.2%. In summary, it can be concluded that configuration 1h exhibits an overall photovoltaic thermal efficiency of 74.28% when subjected to a mass flow rate of 0.14 kg/s. This configuration outperforms other jet plate outlet configuration in terms of energy performance.

Simulation Approach of Photovoltaic Thermal Based on Water Collector with Rectangular Model

The advancement of PVT technology in the contemporary era is experiencing an upward trend. This phenomenon can be attributed to the growing societal demand for energy, particularly renewable energy derived from solar sources. The present study investigates the rectangular configuration of a water-based heat absorber within a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system. The rectangular model PVT system was simulated using nine different mass flow rate of water variations within the rectangular model channel. The dataset has nine mass flow rate of water variants ranging from 0.001 kg/s to 0.009 kg/s, as well as six solar radiation variations: 500 W/m2, 600 W/m2, 700 W/m2, 800 W/m2, 900 W/m2, and 1000 W/m2. The maximum average outlet temperature achieved under 1000 W/m2 solar radiation is 50.53%, given a 0.001 kg/s fluid mass flow rate. The maximum average photovoltaic (PV) efficiency is 11.93% when exposed to 500 W/m2 solar radiation intensity. The maximum average photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) efficiency is 76.23% when exposed to 500 W/m2 solar radiation intensity. Therefore, utilizing rectangular collectors in water-based photovoltaic-thermal systems potentially substantially enhanced the average thermal efficiency and overall PVT efficiency. Consequently, it is advisable to consider incorporating rectangular collectors in the future improvements of PVT technology.

Nanofluid-based photovoltaic thermal solar collector with nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material (Nano-PCM) and twisted absorber tubes

Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors convert solar energy into thermal and photovoltaic energy. The thermal performance of a PVT collector with a twisted absorber tube and nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material (Nano-PCM) was evaluated. The experiments were aimed to evaluate the photovoltaic, thermal and combination photovoltaic thermal efficiencies using an indoor solar simulator. Circular and twisted absorber tubes with Nano-PCM were evaluated in two designs. The working fluid was water with 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6% volume fractions of SiC nanofluids. The highest photovoltaic, thermal, and combined photovoltaic thermal efficiencies for the PVT-PCM with twisted tube and 0.6% nanofluids were 9.57, 84.74, and 94.31, respectively. The use of twisted absorber tubes with Nano-PCM increased the efficiency of the PVT collector.

Experimental analysis of photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT) with nano PCM and micro-fins tube counterclockwise twisted tape nanofluid

A hybrid PVT (photovoltaic thermal system) nanofluid circulation system was tested, which included a micro-fin tube (inner grooved) and twisted tape with nano PCM (phase change material). The use of nanoparticles allowed the nano PCM and nanofluid to have higher thermal conductivities, improving their performance. Experiments were carried out within a controlled environment by utilizing an indoor solar simulator with a solar irradiance level of 800W/m2. The PVT system used water/SiC (0.6, 0.3) vol% nanofluid as a working fluid. The nanoPCM comprises 1% SiC nanoparticles, which enhance thermal, electrical (photovoltaic), and photovoltaic thermal efficiency (total efficiency). The mass flow rate range is 0.008–0.058 kg/s. The energy analysis showed that the PVT had an electrical efficiency of 10.8%. The system's maximum thermal efficacy was 83.3% for the PVT with the T (twisted tape), MF (micro-fins), NF (nanofluids), and NPCM (Nano PCM). The percentage of improved electrical power compared between the bare PV and the PVT NF T NF NPCM was 44.5%. The micro fin tube with twisted tape improved the heat transfer properties for enhanced thermal performance.

Applying regression techniques to determine mathematical equations of exergy, electricity, and energy values of photovoltaic thermal collector

The highlight of this study is to produce mathematical equations that can calculate the electricity, energy, and exergy efficiency values of an air-type photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) solar collector with the help of a regression-based artificial intelligence method. Contrary to classical predictive artificial intelligence models, the Elastic.Net regression method, which can produce a linear equation for the modeled parameter, was used. Six different data sets were obtained, with the trials carried out in two months for the PV-T efficiency values. The Elastic Net algorithm produced energy, electrical, and exergy efficiency equations with the first, third, and fifth datasets. Comparisons were made between experimental thermal efficiency ratings and the output of efficiency formulas. The other three data sets were then subjected to efficiency equations, and the results were contrasted with the experimental values. The thermal efficiency equations predicted the experimental data in the data sets 1, 3, 5 and, 2, 4, 6 with mean MAPEs of 2.9% and 4.16%, respectively. The experimental values in both group data sets have been said to be comparable to the efficiency values discovered using the equations. As a result, it is anticipated that the efficiency equations developed can be used in various experimental configurations or flat solar collectors. Additionally, prediction models were created utilizing datasets 1, 3, and 5 using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. The best ANN network structure was obtained using different network types, training algorithms, transfer functions, and layer-neuron numbers in ANN models.

Experimental and numerical study of the PVT design impact on the electrical and thermal performances

In terms of energy efficiency, photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems have great potential to produce simultaneously heat and electricity. PVT solar air collectors are often used in various applications due to their simple structure and low installation cost. While the overall performance of PVT is closely correlated with its design. In this paper, one proposes to design a novel prototype of PVT air collector, in order to improve the electrical and thermal performances. The presented numerical and Experimental studies are carried out to evaluate the impact of the designed prototype on the PVT efficiency. The essential goal of this work is to identify the optimal geometrical and operational PVT air collector parameters with square tube channel. To achieve this goal, numerical simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics is combined with experimental validation of the PVT system. The objective of the optimization consists on improving the output temperature suitable for drying applications firstly, and cooling PV modules by reducing their temperature in order to improve the electrical characteristics such as power and voltage and thereby the efficiency of the photovoltaic modules. Therfore, the PV panel temperature dropped from 53.37 °C to 42.5 °C when the design varies from PVT-1 to PVT-6. Nevertheless, PVT-5 was retained because it has the most appropriate design which gives the best overall efficiency 58.48%. Finally, it should be remembered that the tests were carried out under the same operating conditions namely, the mass flow rate Qm = 0.0235 kg/s at the inlet of the PVT, the inlet temperature (Tint), the ambient temperature (Ta) and the solar irradiation (G).

Experimental analysis for the photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT) with nano PCM and micro-fins tube nanofluid

The efficiency of the photovoltaic cell ultimately decreases as its temperature rises. A hybrid PVT (photovoltaic thermal system) is one of the innovative techniques employed to increase that efficiency. This study utilized a cooling nanofluid circulation system with a micro fin tube (inner grooved) encapsulated with nano PCM (Phase Change Material). The utilization of nanoparticles allowed nano PCM and Nanofluid to have higher thermal conductivities increasing efficiencies. Experiments were conducted in a controlled environment using an indoor solar simulator. Water and nanofluid with 0.6 vol% SiC were used as working fluids in the PVT system. The nano PCM contains 1% SiC nanoparticles, which improves electrical (photovoltaic), thermal, and photovoltaic thermal efficiencies (total efficiencies). The mass flow rate ranges from (0.008–0.058 kg/s. The energy analysis indicated that the PVT had an electrical efficiency of 9.6%. The system’s highest thermal efficiency was 77.5% for the PVT M.F.N.F.N.PCM where the M.F (micro-fins), N.F (nanofluids), and N.PCM (nanoPCM).

Multi-objective optimization of a photovoltaic thermal system with different water based nanofluids using Taguchi approach

In this study, the effect of different nanofluids on the electrical and thermal efficiencies of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems was investigated experimentally and the variables affecting the efficiency were optimized by the Taguchi method. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions on the PVT system presently developed. In this study, a novel partitioned cooler block in the form of a rectangular prism was designed and used. Thus, the contact between the cooler block and the back surface of the PV panel and the associated PVT efficiency were increased. The following physical characteristics have been identified as the independent variables for the experiments carried out: SiO2/Water, Al2O3/Water and CuO/Water as different types of nanofluid, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 as volumetric concentration, 0.55, 1.1 and 1.65 lpm as volumetric flow rate and 300, 600 and 900 W/m2 as irradiance level. The reliability of the measurements made during the experiments was ascertained through the uncertainty analysis performed. The maximum electrical efficiencies of the PVT system for SiO2/Water, Al2O3/Water, and CuO/Water nanofluids were found to be 20.69 %, 21.18 %, and 20.77 %, and the maximum thermal efficiencies to be 57.06 %, 63.01 %, and 66.49 %, respectively. As the optimization method for determining the most optimum combination of variables, Taguchi analysis has been employed. As a result of this analysis, it has been shown that the most effective variables on the electrical efficiency of the PVT system are the irradiance, flow rate, volumetric concentration, and nanofluid type, respectively. On the other hand, regarding the thermal efficiency of the PVT system, the most effective variables are the irradiance, flow rate, nanofluid type, and volumetric concentration, respectively.

Experimental studies of different operating parameters on the photovoltaic thermal system using a flattened geometrical structure.

The efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) cell reduces with an increase in solar irradiation. The reduction in the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) cell can be attributed to the increase in cell temperature. A novel design of a thermal absorber fabricated by a flat spiral tube is used to remove heat and decrease the cell temperature, thus forming the photovoltaic thermal system (PVTS). Water and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanofluid (NF) with a concentration ratio of 0.1% are used as the working fluid in the PVTS. The study has been carried out for the mass flow rates (mf) of 0.05, 0.066, and 0.083kg/s. The reduction in the cell temperature is obtained to be 5.7 and 11.2°C due to the cooling effect of water and TiO2 NF, respectively. The percentage increase in electrical efficiency is 2.93 and 5.28% by cooling using water and TiO2 NF, respectively. The hourly variation of the performance of the PVTS shows that TiO2 NF at 0.083kg/s shows the highest photovoltaic thermal efficiency of 69.2% and thermal and electrical efficiency of 56.45 and 12.75%, respectively. The best coefficient of energy for TiO2 NF is 1.27 for a mf of 0.083kg/s.

Performance improvement of a photovoltaic-thermal system using a wavy-strip insert with and without nanofluid

The influence of the wavy-strip insert on photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system performance was studied. To this end, computational fluid dynamics were used to model the 3-D PVT system and wavy-strip insert. The effect of the wavy-strip insert in a given total mass flow rate was examined on different numbers of the tube (N), which is in the range of 5–25. A rise in N has a direct correlation by an increase in PVT efficiencies; meanwhile, for N > 16 based on the ASHRAE method, heat removal factor and the overall heat-loss coefficient tend to be almost constant. Moreover, the effect of the wavy-strip insert is more pronounced in a lower number of tubes, so that for N = 5, the heat removal factor improved by 18%, and the overall heat-loss coefficient reduced by 3.5%. The PV plate temperature distribution is a crucial issue that can lead to serious thermal stress and lifetime degradation. A detailed study on the PV plate temperature distribution demonstrates that using the wavy-strip insert considerably reduces the temperature gradient. For N = 16, the optimum performance of the PVT module was obtained, and hence the effect of different Reynolds numbers ranging from 600 to 1600 was examined for it. It has been found that the use of insert in considered Reynolds number range will cause the thermal and electrical efficiencies to improve by 6.92–8.64% and 2.01–2.45% compared to a typical PVT system, respectively. In entire cases, the pump power consumption compared to the PV cells’ electrical output power is negligible. A comparative study on the performance improvement of this method and other commonly used methods was carried out. It has shown that this method can become competitive with other methods to improve the PVT performance; meanwhile, it can tackle with substantial problems of previous common methods. Lastly, for optimum configuration of the studied PVT system, further improvement is achieved by dispersing Al2O3 nanoparticles into the working fluid. The results elucidate that the integrated PVT system/Al2O3-water based nanofluid with a wavy-strip compared to the typical PVT system leads to improve electrical and thermal efficiencies by 3.5% and 12.06%, respectively.

Efficiency and energy modelling for PVT air collector with extended heat transfer area: a review

Solar energy is renewable and environment friendly and has been widely used in electricity generation and thermal energy through photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system. This system is beneficial in terms of maximum energy generation and cost of usage. The growing concern on energy sources and their usage has increased the significance and demand for PVT collectors. A PVT air collector consists of a PV panel and a thermal collector system. In PVT air collector, electricity and thermal energy are generated simultaneously. This review focuses on efficiency and energy modelling for PVT air collector with extended heat transfer area. Findings of this review indicated that PVT air collector with extended heat transfer area produced PVT efficiency higher than conventional PVT air collector. The thermal efficiency of PVT air collector for with and without extended heat transfer area are 21-83% and 12-70%, respectively, which the improvement of thermal efficiency is 15.7-42.8%.

Development and experiment on the performance of polymeric hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) collector with halogen solar simulator

The aim of our study is to see the performance of polymeric hybrid PVT collectors, which will be used to analyze the effects of Joule heating on the thermal performance of hybrid PVT collectors, especially for indoor experiments. Polymeric material has been used in hybrid PVT collectors and even longer used on flat plate collectors, generally for solar energy applications. We have developed a hybrid PVT collector with an absorber made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) combined with copper sheet. We use PMMA because it is easier to make and assemble into a hybrid PVT. In addition, PMMA also has excellent properties in optical transmittance, ultraviolet resistance, and referred absorbtance. In order to understand the details of the thermal and electrical performance of this polymeric PVT collector, we have conducted a series of four experiments by varying the mass flow rate, irradiance, and inlet water temperature. The results showed that PMMA as a thermal absorber with a copper sheet on a PVT collector can provide a beneficial cooling effect of around 80% thermal efficiency and a 0.03%/oC decrease in electrical efficiency. A steady state was reached about 30 min from the start of the experiment with a deviation of less than 4%, giving the optimum PVT efficiency at Tpvof 40–45 oC. Overall, PMMA can be used as an excellent alternative absorber for T-part in hybrid PVT collectors and is suitable for low-temperature applications.

Modelling and Performance Analysis of a New PVT System, with Two Semi-Transparent PV Panels

The photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector system is a relatively mature technology to harvest energy from the sun and convert to electrical and thermal energy. Recent developments in this field have shown that the PVT system can yield electrical, thermal and combined PVT efficiencies of 13.8%, 54.6% and 68.4% respectively. This introduces the application of a semi-transparent PV to a photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT) system. A new design is proposed with two semi-transparent PVs (STPVs) to enhance the PVT performance. The semi-transparent PV (STPV) will replace the conventional glass cover, and hence will permit a certain percentage of solar radiation to pass through it. The performance of the new PVT configuration with double and single glazing was analysed, where in the double glazing, the STPV replaces the lower glazing. The thermal and electrical efficiencies of the new design configuration were investigated under different climatic conditions at Malaysia, Sudan and UK. The simulation results reveal that the new PVT system could achieve electrical, thermal and combined PVT efficiencies of 20.76%, 65.7% and 86.5% respectively, enhancing the electrical efficiency due to the use of two semi-transparent PV panels and thus improving the energy harvested per unit area, putting a positive step toward the application of a multilayer semi-transparent mono-crystalline silicon PV. However, the PVT glazing is more effective in locations with relatively low ambient temperature, while it is found not feasible in locations with considerably higher temperature. Moreover, the study indicates that the PVT system is not effective for sites with low solar radiation and ambient temperature.

Photovoltaic thermal solar water collector designed with a jet collision system

A photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar collector with water jet collision of water was designed, fabricated and evaluated in this study. An indoor testing system with solar simulator was developed as the test rig. The different solar radiation levels were changed from 500 to 1000 W/m2 in the indoor test. The mass flow rate of water changed from 0.033 to 0.16 kg/s at each solar radiation level. The thermal, PV and combined PVT efficiencies were subsequently determined. A high heat transfer coefficient was achieved between the PV panel and the water by using impinging jets of water. The maximum thermal, PV and PVT efficiencies of the PVT collector with jet collision were 72%, 11.35% and 81% at the solar radiation level of 1000 W/m2, respectively. On the other hand, a mathematical model of PVT solar water collector with jet collision is developed. The results from the mathematical model are consistent with the experimental result with accuracy of 95.8% and 99.6% for PV efficiency and thermal efficiency, respectively.

Experimental investigation of jet array nanofluids impingement in photovoltaic/thermal collector

The effect of nanoparticles (SiC, TiO2 and SiO2) with water as its base fluid on the electrical and thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector equipped with jet impingement have been investigated. A PVT collector was tested indoor at set levels of solar irradiances and mass flow rates. The system consists of four parallel tubes and 36 nozzles that directly injects the fluid to the back of the PVT collector. The electrical performance of the PVT collector was determined based on the mean temperature of the PVT absorber plate. The SiC/water nanofluid system reported the highest electrical and thermal efficiency. The electrical, thermal, and combined photovoltaic thermal efficiencies were 12.75%, 85%, and 97.75%, respectively, at a solar irradiance of 1000W/m2 and flow rate of 0.167kg/s and ambient temperature of about 30°C. Moreover, the Pmax of PVT with SiC nanofluid increased by 62.5% compared to the conventional PV module.

Performance analysis of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collectors

The electrical and thermal performances of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collectors were determined under 500–800W/m2 solar radiation levels. At each solar radiation level, mass flow rates ranging from 0.011kg/s to 0.041kg/s were introduced. The PVT collectors were tested with respect to PV efficiency, thermal efficiency, and a combination of both (PVT efficiency). The results show that the spiral flow absorber exhibited the highest performance at a solar radiation level of 800W/m2 and mass flow rate of 0.041kg/s. This absorber produced a PVT efficiency of 68.4%, a PV efficiency of 13.8%, and a thermal efficiency of 54.6%. It also produced a primary-energy saving efficiency ranging from 79% to 91% at a mass flow rate of 0.011–0.041kg/s.

Predicting the performance of amorphous and crystalline silicon based photovoltaic solar thermal collectors

BIPVT is an application where solar PV/T modules are integrated into the building structure. System design parameters such as thermal conductivity and fin efficiency, type of cells, type of coolant and operating conditions are factors which influence the performance of BIPVT. Attempts have been made to improve the efficiency of building-integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT). A new design concept of water-based PVT collector for building-integrated applications has been designed and evaluated. The results of simulation study of amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV/T and crystalline silicon (c-Si) module types are based on the metrological condition of Malaysia for a typical day in March. At a flow rate of 0.02 kg/s, solar radiation level between 700 and 900 W/m 2 and ambient temperature between 22 and 32 °C, the electrical, thermal and combined photovoltaic thermal efficiencies for the PV/T (a-Si) were 4.9%, 72% and 77%, respectively. Moreover, the electrical, thermal and combined photovoltaic thermal efficiencies of the PV/T (c-Si) were 11.6%, 51% and 63%.

Evaluation of Single-Pass Photovoltaic-Thermal Air Collector with Rectangle Tunnel Absorber

Problem statement: Photovoltaic solar cell generate electric by receiving sun light or solar irradiance. But solar cell received heat from solar irradiance as well and this will reduced the efficiency of the solar cell. The heat trap at the solar photovoltaic panel become waste energy. Approach: The solution for this was by adding a cooling system to the photovoltaic panel. The purpose of this study was to cool the solar cell in order to increase its electrical efficiency and also to produce heat energy in the form of hot air. Hot air can be used for drying applications. A single pass PVT with rectangle tunnel absorber has been developed. The rectangle tunnel acted as an absorber and was located at the back side of a standard photovoltaic panel. The dimension of the photovoltaic panel was 120×53 cm. The size of the rectangle tunnel was 27 units of tunnel bar with the size of 1.2×2.5×120 cm (width×tall×length) and 12 units with 1.2×2.5×105.3 cm (width×tall×length). The rectangle tunnel was connected in parallel. The PVT collector has been tested using a solar simulator. Results: Electrical efficiency increased when the solar cell was cool by air flow. Solar photovoltaic thermal collector with rectangle tunnel absorber has better electrical and thermal efficiency compared to solar collector without rectangle tunnel absorber. Photovoltaic, thermal and combined photovoltaic thermal efficiency of 10.02, 54.70 and 64.72% at solar irradiance of 817.4 W m-2, mass flow rate of 0.0287 kg sec-1 at ambiant temperature of 25°C respectively has been obtained. Conclusion: The hybrid photovoltaic and thermal with rectangle tunnel as heat absorber shows higher performance compared to conventional PV/T system.