Application Of Phototherapy Research Articles

Clinical Protocol Effects With LED Photobiomodulation for Reducing Adipose Tissue in the Abdomen Region.

Reverse the fat accumulation and to improve body contouring with more safely than invasive procedures has become a necessary therapeutic approach, but little detailed when using LED photobiomodulation. To evaluate an application protocol with two different wavelengths (red and infrared LED) consecutively in the abdomen region alone or associated with the dermocosmetics application with lipolytic properties. Ninety patients with a significant amount of adipose tissue in the abdomen region were selected and randomized into three groups: Sham (SG), in which patients received a simulation of the treatment; LED (LG), in which participants received the application with LED; LED with dermocosmetic (LDG), in which the participants underwent a combination of LED and dermocosmetic treatment. The following assessments were carried out: anthropometric data (weight, height, perimetry, and adipometry); ultrasound examination to adipose layer; patient satisfaction questionnaire; histology of a donated a tissue sample. The main findings were a decrease in umbilical perimetry, a significant decrease in the body fat layer determined by ultrasound and significant histological changes that indicated an improvement in the appearance of the skin and an increase in the amount of macrophages in the subcutaneous layer. Histological data also showed an improvement in the appearance of the skin with an increase in collagen deposition and an increase in macrophages in the subcutaneous layer. The LED phototherapy application protocol, both alone and in association with the dermocosmetic, with the emission of two consecutive wavelengths, was effective in reducing the fat tissue in the abdomen region.

Dimerized Pentamethine Cyanines for Synergistically Boosting Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy

ABSTRACTPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have emerged promising applications in both fundamental research and clinical trials. However, it remains challenging to develop ideal photosensitizers (PSs) that concurrently integrate high photostability, large near‐infrared absorptivity, and efficient therapeutic capabilities. Herein, we reported a sample engineering strategy to afford a benzene‐fused Cy5 dimer (Cy‐D‐5) for synergistically boosting PDT/PTT applications. Intriguingly, Cy‐D‐5 exhibits a tendency to form both J‐aggregates and H‐aggregates in phosphate‐buffered saline, which show a long‐wavelength absorption band bathochromically shifted to 810 nm and a short‐wavelength absorption band hypsochromically shifted to 745 nm, respectively, when compared to its behavior in ethanol (778 nm). Density‐functional theory calculations combined with time‐resolved transient optical spectroscopy analysis reveal that the fused dimer Cy‐D‐5 exhibits a low ΔEST (0.51 eV) and efficient non‐radiative transition rates (12.6 times greater than that of the clinically approved PS‐indocyanine green [PS‐ICG]). Furthermore, the Cy‐D‐5 demonstrates a higher photosensitizing ability to produce 1O2, stronger photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 64.4%), and higher photostability compared with ICG. These combined properties enable Cy‐D‐5 to achieve complete tumor ablation upon 808 nm laser irradiation, highlighting its potential as a powerful and dual‐function phototherapeutic agent. This work may offer a practical strategy for engineering other existing dyes to a red‐shifted spectral range for various phototherapy applications.

Does adjunctive phototherapy have better outcomes than adjunctive antibiotic therapy for the management of peri-implantitis?

Elsevier's Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed through Medline identified 431 articles, which were reduced to 206 when duplicates were removed. 8 articles were screened, and 1 excluded after reading the full-text, leaving 7 studies. 6 of these were randomised controlled trials, and 1 a non-randomised controlled clinical trial. Studies selected were either blinded, double-blinded, split-mouth clinical studies, comparative or controlled clinical studies, or randomised controlled trials in humans. There were no limitations on year of publication or language of studies. Most studies had a control of mechanical debridement (MD) with adjuvant antibiotics; 1 was surgical therapy. The test group was MD with adjuvant phototherapy. Exclusions were in vitro reports, animal studies, treatment with sole laser therapy, treatment with no additional antimicrobial therapy alongside MD. Pre-prints, reviews, abstracts, opinion articles, editorials, case reports and case series were also excluded. Data were extracted electronically by a single author and a senior librarian from the 3 databases. Titles and abstracts of articles were screened by the author if they contained Medical Subject Headings either in free terms or with Boolean operators. Full text studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. Data were also searched manually in 6 journals. For missing or conflicting information, the author of the article was contacted for clarification. Data extracted were country of origin of article, study design, sample size, research groups, diagnostic criteria, frequency of intervention, follow-up visits, and outcome of parameters which included clinically: plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and radiographically: crestal bone loss (CBL). Additional data on lasers were also collected, although not all studies had complete data on this. RevMan was used for statistical analysis. Inconsistencies were evaluated using I2 value > 50% and Cochrane's Q test, with a P value < 0.05 considered. Standard Mean Differences (SMD) were calculated and Confidence Interval was set at 95%. A random effects model was used for each meta-analysis. PI had no statistical difference, with high heterogeneity. PD had no statistical difference, with no heterogeneity. BOP had a statistically significant difference and a high level of heterogeneity, favouring adjunctive phototherapy. MBL had statistically non-significant differences between control and test groups, and no heterogeneity. The findings from the systematic review differed from the meta-analysis, suggesting that application of adjuvant phototherapy was equally as effective as adjunctive antibiotic therapy in outcomes such as PI, PD, BOP and MBL. The meta-analysis found that implants treated with adjuvant phototherapy had superior outcomes in relation to BOP only.

Study of Photoselectivity in Linear Conjugated Chromophores Using the XMS-CASPT2 Method.

Photoisomerization, the structural alteration of molecules upon absorption of light, is crucial for the function of biological chromophores such as retinal in opsins, proteins vital for vision and other light-sensitive processes. The intrinsic selectivity of this isomerization process (i.e., which double bond in the chromophore is isomerized) is governed by both the inherent properties of the chromophore and its surrounding environment. In this study, we employ the extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (XMS-CASPT2) method to investigate photoisomerization selectivity in linear conjugated chromophores, focusing on two simple molecular models resembling retinal. By analyzing electronic energies, intramolecular charge separation, and conical intersection topographies in the gas phase, we show that the photoproduct formed by rotation around the double bond near the Schiff base is energetically favored. The topographic differences at the conical intersections leading to different photoproducts reveal differences in photodynamics. In multiphoton excitation, the primary photoproduct typically reverts to the initial configuration rather than rotating around a different double bond. Our study offers new insights into the photodynamics of photoisomerizing double bonds in π-conjugated chromophores. We anticipate that our findings will provide valuable perspectives for advancing the understanding of biological chromophores and for designing efficient photochemical switches with applications in molecular electronics and phototherapy.

Nanomedicine in Bladder Cancer Therapy.

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms of the genitourinary system. Traditional BC therapies include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, limitations such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multidrug resistance pose serious challenges to the benefits of BC therapies. Consequently, current studies focus on the search for new therapeutic solutions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using nanotechnology in the treatment of both non-invasive (NMIBC) and invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Nanotechnology is based on the use of both organic molecules (chitosan, liposomes) and inorganic molecules (superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles) as carriers of active substances. The main aim of such molecules is the targeted transport and prolonged retention of the drug in the target tissue, which increases the therapeutic efficacy of the active substance. This review discusses the numerous types of nanoparticles (including chitosan, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and protein nanoparticles), targeting mechanisms, and approved nanotherapeutics with oncological implications in cancer treatment. We also present nanoformulation applications in phototherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Moreover, we summarise the current perspectives, advantages, and challenges in clinical translation.

An innovative design and metrological testing to evaluate the performance of UV phototherapy devices

Narrowband UVB is the main type of light used to treat various dermatological conditions by administering appropriate doses. In this study, a new design was developed for an open-plan phototherapy device and assessed whether this could improve uniformity and deliver a higher dose, thus reducing treatment times. On the other hand, the uniformity and irradiation dose of a current model of (UV) phototherapy device were investigated. A simulation software was used to present the comparison of the simulated irradiation measurements and uniformity estimation for both the present device and the proposed device. In comparison to a present model of UV therapy device measurements, the results showed that the suggested (UV) phototherapy design device increased the irradiation dose value by 10%, improved the uniformity by 9.3%, and consequently reducing the exposure time by 13%. On the other hand, for both the current (UV) phototherapy equipment and the suggested design device, the irradiation loss value resulting from any UV lamp inefficiency was also calculated. The current model device’s loss value percentage was 15%, however, the loss value of the suggested design for the UV phototherapy device was between 3 and 4%. Based on the results discussed throughout the paper, the findings indicate that the suggested design is promising for UV phototherapy applications.

UV Light-Driven Nitric Oxide Release from Porous Nitrogen Heterocyclic Polymers.

In this study, porous polymers with nitrogen heterocyclic core structures are synthesized through the condensation of enaminonitrile and terephthalaldehyde monomers. These polymers are used as a platform to store bioactive nitric oxide (NO) and control its release. NO loading is achieved by nitrosating the polymers with acidified nitrite, a process that also imparts photoresponsivity to the polymers. Polymer composition and porosity affect NO storage and release. It is observed that under UV light at 365nm in a PBS solution, the polymers (NO@DHP-POP) can release NO in a manner fully controlled by UV lighting. Under experimental conditions, these porous polymers release NO at a rate of ≈10.0-50.0µmol g-1 over 60 min. These findings demonstrate the potential of these polymers for integrating NO delivery into phototherapy applications.

The effect of phototherapy treatment on serum melatonin levels in term newborns.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phototherapy treatment on serum melatonin levels in term newborn infants. This study was planned as a single-center, prospective, observational, case-control study. Term infants (gestation week ≥37 weeks) who received at least 6 h of phototherapy due to jaundice constitute the phototherapy group, while the term infants without jaundice and who were exclusively breastfed constitute the control group. Melatonin levels were examined by taking blood samples from babies in both groups at 02:00 at night. Melatonin values were compared between groups. The effect of phototherapy on serum melatonin levels was investigated. The relationship between the duration of phototherapy and maximum serum bilirubin values on melatonin values was investigated. Seventy term infants (64.3% girls) were included in the study. Mean gestational week was 38.3 ± 1.1 weeks, mean birth weight was 3295 ± 434 g. There was no statistically significant difference between the phototherapy group and the control group in terms of sex, type of delivery, gestational week, birth weight, height, and head circumference (all p > 0.05). Serum melatonin level was 20.3 ± 5.9 pg/mL (range: 8.7-36.6 pg/mL) in the phototherapy group and 19.9 ± 4.38 pg/mL (range: 9.9-26.3 pg/mL) in the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of serum melatonin levels (p = 0.155). The mean total bilirubin value was 17.65 ± 1.48 mg/dL, and the average duration of phototherapy application was 13.94 ± 7.64 h in the babies in the phototherapy group. No correlation was found between the duration of phototherapy application and serum melatonin levels (p = 0.791). It was determined that there was no significant difference in serum melatonin levels in term newborn babies who received phototherapy for at least 6 h due to jaundice. No correlation was found between the duration of phototherapy application and the serum melatonin level of the maximum bilirubin values.

Clinical Applications of Phototherapy in Treating Skin Disorders

Introduction and Purpose: Phototherapy, involving the therapeutic use of ultraviolet and visible light, has been a cornerstone in dermatology for treating various skin disorders. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of phototherapy, with a focus on enhancing understanding among clinicians and researchers.State of Knowledge: Phototherapy is particularly effective for chronic conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and atopic dermatitis, where traditional therapies might not suffice. The mechanism involves modulation of immune response and inhibition of cellular proliferation, achieved through various wavelengths, including UVA and UVB. Recent advancements have introduced narrow-band UVB, which offers targeted therapy with fewer side effects compared to broad-band UVB. Moreover, the review explores innovations such as LED-based therapies and photodynamic therapy, expanding the spectrum of phototherapeutic options.Summary: Phototherapy remains a vital and evolving treatment modality in dermatology, offering safe and effective management for multiple skin disorders. Its success hinges on precise application and adherence to treatment protocols. Future research should aim to optimize treatment regimens, reduce side effects, and enhance patient compliance to improve outcomes. By advancing our understanding and application of phototherapy, we can better tailor treatments to meet individual patient needs, thereby improving the quality of life for those afflicted with chronic skin conditions.

A novel water-soluble quinoxalino[2,3-a] phenazine-based organic NIR photothermal agent for cancer phototherapy application

A novel water-soluble quinoxalino[2,3-a] phenazine-based organic NIR photothermal agent for cancer phototherapy application

Azulene and Its Derivatives as Potential Compounds in the Therapy of Dermatological and Anticancer Diseases: New Perspectives against the Backdrop of Current Research.

The scientific article focuses on the role of azulene and its derivatives in the therapy of dermatological diseases, presenting the latest laboratory and clinical research as well as prospects for further studies. In a synthetic literature review, various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Database of Polish Scientific Journals were queried to select relevant articles concerning azulene. The conclusions drawn from the thematic analysis of the studies emphasize the multifaceted pharmacological actions of azulene and its derivatives including their anti-inflammatory properties, potential anticancer effects, photoprotective abilities, alleviation of itching, management of atopic dermatitis, and treatment of erectile dysfunction. However, there are certain limitations associated with the application of unmodified azulene on the skin, particularly related to photodecomposition and the generation of reactive oxygen species under UV radiation. These effects, in turn, necessitate further research on the safety of azulene and azulene-derived substances, especially regarding their long-term use and potential application in phototherapy. The authors of this work emphasize the necessity of conducting further preclinical and clinical studies to fully understand the mechanisms of action. Incorporating azulene and its derivatives into the therapy of dermatological disorders may represent an innovative approach, thereby opening new treatment avenues for patients.

Selective antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of chlorinated hemicyanine against gram-positive bacteria

Antibiotic-free therapies are highly needed due to the limited success of conventional approaches especially against biofilm related infections. In this direction, antimicrobial phototherapy, either in the form of antimicrobial photothermal therapy (aPTT) or antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), have appeared to be highly promising candidates in recent years. These are local and promising approaches for antibiotic resistant bacterial infections and biofilms. Organic small photosensitizers (PSs) are extensively preferred in antimicrobial phototherapy applications as they offer a great opportunity to combine therapeutic action (aPTT, aPDT or both) with fluorescence imaging on a single molecule. In this study, the bactericidal effect of cationic chlorinated hemicyanine (Cl-Hem)-based type I PS, which can function as a dual aPDT/aPTT agent, was investigated on both planktonic cells and biofilms of different gram-positive (E. faecalis and S. epidermidis) and gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae) with and without 640 nm laser irradiation. Cl-Hem was shown to induce a selective phototheranostic activity against gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis and S. epidermidis). Cl-Hem exhibited both dose and laser irradiation time dependent bactericidal effect on planktonic and biofilms of S. epidermidis. These results clearly showed that highly potent Cl-Hem can treat resistant microbial infections, while allowing fluorescence detection at the same time. High biofilm reduction observed with combined aPDT/aPTT action of Cl-Hem together with its non-cytotoxic nature points out that Cl-Hem is a promising PS for antibacterial and antibiofilm treatments.

Self-Assembled Matrine-PROTAC Encapsulating Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine with GSH-Depletion-Enhanced ROS Generation for Cancer Therapy.

The integration of a multidimensional treatment dominated by active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including enhanced chemotherapy and synergistically amplification of oxidative damage, into a nanoplatform would be of great significance for furthering accurate and effective cancer treatment with the active ingredients of TCM. Herein, in this study, we designed and synthesized four matrine-proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) (depending on different lengths of the chains named LST-1, LST-2, LST-3, and LST-4) based on PROTAC technology to overcome the limitations of matrine. LST-4, with better anti-tumor activity than matrine, still degrades p-Erk and p-Akt proteins. Moreover, LST-4 NPs formed via LST-4 self-assembly with stronger anti-tumor activity and glutathione (GSH) depletion ability could be enriched in lysosomes through their outstanding enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Then, we synthesized LST-4@ZnPc NPs with a low-pH-triggered drug release property that could release zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) in tumor sites. LST-4@ZnPc NPs combine the application of chemotherapy and phototherapy, including both enhanced chemotherapy from LST-4 NPs and the synergistic amplification of oxidative damage, through increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by photodynamic therapy (PDT), causing an GSH decrease via LST-4 mediation to effectively kill tumor cells. Therefore, multifunctional LST-4@ZnPc NPs are a promising method for killing cancer cells, which also provides a new paradigm for using natural products to kill tumors.

Complex transmission matrix retrieval for a highly scattering medium via regional phase differentiation

Accurately measuring the complex transmission matrix (CTM) of the scattering medium (SM) holds critical significance for applications in anti-scattering optical imaging, phototherapy, and optical neural networks. Non-interferometric approaches, utilizing phase retrieval algorithms, can robustly extract the CTM from the speckle patterns formed by multiple probing fields traversing the SM. However, in cases where an amplitude-type spatial light modulator is employed for probing field modulation, the absence of phase control frequently results in the convergence towards a local optimum, undermining the measurement accuracy. Here, we propose a high-accuracy CTM retrieval (CTMR) approach based on regional phase differentiation (RPD). It incorporates a sequence of additional phase masks into the probing fields, imposing a priori constraints on the phase retrieval algorithms. By distinguishing the variance of speckle patterns produced by different phase masks, the RPD-CTMR can effectively direct the algorithm towards a solution that closely approximates the CTM of the SM. We built a prototype of a digital micromirror device modulated RPD-CTMR. By accurately measuring the CTM of diffusers, we achieved an enhancement in the peak-to-background ratio of anti-scattering focusing by a factor of 3.6, alongside a reduction in the bit error rate of anti-scattering image transmission by a factor of 24. Our proposed approach aims to facilitate precise modulation of scattered optical fields, thereby fostering advancements in diverse fields including high-resolution microscopy, biomedical optical imaging, and optical communications.

Programming Intracellular Clustering of Spiky Nanoparticles via Liposome Encapsulation.

The intracellular clustering of anisotropic nanoparticles is crucial to the improvement of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for phototherapy applications. Herein, we programmed the intracellular clustering process of spiky nanoparticles (SNPs) by encapsulating them into an anionic liposome via a frame-guided self-assembly approach. The liposome-encapsulated SNPs (lipo-SNPs) exhibited distinct and enhanced lysosome-triggered aggregation behavior while maintaining excellent monodispersity, even in acidic or protein-rich environments. We explored the enhancement of the photothermal therapy performance for SNPs as a proof of concept. The photothermal conversion efficiency of lipo-SNPs clusters significantly increased 15 times compared to that of single lipo-SNPs. Upon accumulation in lysosomes with a 2.4-fold increase in clustering, lipo-SNPs resulted in an increase in cell-killing efficiency to 45% from 12% at 24 μg/mL. These findings indicated that liposome encapsulation provides a promising approach to programing nanoparticle clustering at the target site, which facilitates advances in the development of smart nanomedicine with programmable enhancement in LSPR.

Illuminating Progress: A Comprehensive Review of the Evolution of Phototherapy for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia.

This comprehensive review thoroughly examines the historical evolution, physiological foundations, and contemporary advancements in the application of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, a common condition resulting from the immature hepatic processes in newborns, poses potential risks, including neurotoxicity, if left untreated. The review traces the historical progression from early recognition of neonatal jaundice to the development of various phototherapy modalities, showcasing the dynamic landscape of neonatal care. Emphasizing the physiological intricacies of bilirubin metabolism in neonates, the study underscores the vulnerability of newborns to hyperbilirubinemia due to delayed hepatic maturation. Phototherapy is a cornerstone in managing hyperbilirubinemia, demonstrating consistent efficacy in reducing unconjugated bilirubin levels. The implications for clinical practice are significant, offering healthcare professionals insights into tailoring treatment strategies based on individual neonatal characteristics and the severity of jaundice. Integrating advanced monitoring and control systems enhances the precision and safety of phototherapy. Recommendations for future research emphasize the need to investigate long-term outcomes, explore adjunctive therapies, and address resource limitations to ensure global access to effective neonatal care. Overall, this review contributes to the ongoing refinement of neonatal care practices, offering a comprehensive understanding of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and its evolving treatment landscape.

LED light therapy: the evidence behind the efficacy

The plethora of modalities available to improve skin health and appearance is greater than ever, with one of these options being LED light therapy. Various LED-based devices for dermatological and cosmetic usage have become widely available, but the average consumer or aesthetic practitioner may not be confident in their efficacy or safety. Francesca Ramadan summarises the latest evidence-based applications of LED phototherapy and the research supporting its benefit to the aesthetic practitioner's toolkit.

Photoactivation Inducing Multifunctional Coupling of Fluorophore for Efficient Tumor Therapy In Situ.

Photoactivatable molecules, with high-precision spatialtemporal control, have largely promoted bioimaging and phototherapy applications of fluorescent dyes. Here, the first photoactivatable sensor (BI) is described that can be triggered by broad excitation light (405-660 nm), which further undergoes intersystem crossing and H-atom transfer processes to forming superoxide anion radicals (O2 -• ) and carbon radicals. Particularly, the photoinduced gain of carbon-centered radicals (BI•) allows for radical-radical coupling to afford the combined crosslink product (BI─BI), which would be oxidized in the presence of O2 -• to produce an extended conjugate system with near infrared emission (820 nm). Besides, the photochemically generated product (Cy─BI) possesses ultra-high photothermal conversion efficiency up to 90.9%, which optimized phototherapy potential. What's more, Western Blot assay reveals that both BI and the photoproduct Cy─BI can efficiently inhibit the expression of CHK1, and the irradiation of BI and Cy─BI further induces apoptosis and ultimately enhances the phototherapeutic effects. Thus, the combination of cell cycle block inducing apoptosis, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy treatments significantly suppress solid tumor in vivo antitumor efficacy explorations. This is a novel finding in developing photoactivatable molecules, as well as the broad applicability of photoimaging and phototherapy in tumor-related areas.

Benzobisthiadiazole-Based Small Molecular Near-Infrared-II Fluorophores: From Molecular Engineering to Nanophototheranostics.

Organic fluorescent molecules with emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biological window have aroused increasing investigation in cancer phototheranostics. Among these studies, Benzobisthiadiazole (BBT), with high electron affinity, is widely utilized as the electron acceptor in constructing donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structured fluorophores with intensive near-infrared (NIR) absorption and NIR-II fluorescence. Until now, numerous BBT-based NIR-II dyes have been employed in tumor phototheranostics due to their exceptional structure tunability, biocompatibility, and photophysical properties. This review systematically overviews the research progress of BBT-based small molecular NIR-II dyes and focuses on molecule design and bioapplications. First, the molecular engineering strategies to fine-tune the photophysical properties in constructing the high-performance BBT-based NIR-II fluorophores are discussed in detail. Then, their biological applications in optical imaging and phototherapy are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of BBT-based NIR-II fluorescent dyes are also summarized. This review is believed to significantly promote the further progress of BBT-derived NIR-II fluorophores for cancer phototheranostics.

Progress of cell membrane-derived biomimetic nanovesicles for cancer phototherapy.

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to phototherapy, including photothermal and photodynamic therapy to kill tumor cells by producing heat or reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has the high merits of noninvasiveness and limited drug resistance. To fully utilize this therapy, an extraordinary nanovehicle is required to target phototherapeutic agents in the tumor cells. Nanovesicles embody an ideal strategy for drug delivery applications. Cell membrane-derived biomimetic nanovesicles represent a developing type of nanocarrier. Combining this technique with cancer phototherapy could enable a novel strategy. Herein, efforts are made to describe a comprehensive overview of cell membrane-derived biomimetic nanovesicles for cancer phototherapy. The description in this review is mainly based on representative examples of exosome-derived biomimetic nanomedicine research, ranging from their comparison with traditional nanocarriers to extensive applications in cancer phototherapy. Additionally, the challenges and future prospectives for translating these for clinical application are discussed.