Photosensitized Charge Separation Research Articles

L-Tyrosine Ester-Mediated Photosensitized Charge Separation - Length Effects of Alkyl Side Chains in Polymers and Alkyl Groups inL-Tyrosine Esters

The ruthenium(II) complex- and viologen-containing partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)s with a butyl (C4RuVQPIm), an octyl (C8RuVQPIm), a dodecyl (C12RuVQPIm), and hexadecyl (C16RuVQPIm) as alkyl side chains have been prepared. The length-effects of the alkyl side chain in the polymers and the alkyl groups in the L-tyrosine esters on the L-tyrosine-ester-mediated intra-polymer photosensitized charge-separation reactions have been investigated in methanol. The L-tyrosine esters with a hexyl (C6Tyr), an octyl (C8Tyr), and a dodecyl (C12Tyr) group were used. The luminescence intensities decreased with the addition of the L-tyrosine esters, and they significantly depended on the length of the alkyl side chains on the polymers, C12RuVQPIm showed the smallest luminescence intensity. In contrast, the luminescence intensity of C4RuVQPIm depended on the length of the alkyl groups in the L-tyrosine esters, but not for CnRuVQPIms (n ≥ 8). These results were explained by a difference in the microdomain structure formed by the polymer structure between C4RuVQPIm and other polymers. During the photosensitized charge separation, the reaction proceeded through a mediated process, using L-tyrosine esters, and a direct process (without L-tyrosine esters). The initial rate of the viologen radical formation was influenced by both the alkyl side chains on the polymers and alkyl groups in the L-tyrosine esters, particularly; particularly influenced was the back reaction in the mediated process.

Enhancement effects of l-tyrosine esters on photosensitized charge separation using ruthenium(II) complex- and viologen-containing polymers

Ruthenium(II) complex- and viologen-containing polymers, which consist of the bis(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) complex coordinated with imidazolyl residues on poly(1-vinylimidazole) (RuVPIm) and partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) (RuVQPIm) and viologen covalently linking these polymers through a hexylene spacer, have been synthesized. These polymers have two kinds of ruthenium(II) complex residues, the 557Ru(II) complex compartmentalized by the viologen residues and polymer backbone and a 640Ru(II) complex exposed to the bulk solution, which show emission maxima at 557 and 640 nm, respectively. The influence of l-tyrosine esters with hexyl (C 6Tyr), octyl (C 8Tyr), and dodecyl (C 12Tyr) groups on the luminescence properties and photosensitized charge separation has been investigated in methanol. The luminescence intensities of these polymers decreased with the addition of the l-tyrosine esters, indicating that the quenching of the ruthenium(II) complex residues increased. The initial rates of the viologen radical formation was enhanced by the addition of the l-tyrosine esters. These results were attributed to a mediated effect of the l-tyrosine esters which acted as a mediator for photoinduced electron transfer from the photoexcited ruthenium(II) complex to viologen residue. Furthermore, the l-tyrosine esters undergoing interaction with a solvophobic domain where 557Ru(II) complex residues were compartmentalized acted as the mediator for only the quenching reaction, while they undergo an interaction with the polymer backbone mediating both the quenching reaction and the back reaction in the photosensitized charge separation.

Zeolite-Based Organized Molecular Assemblies. Photophysical Characterization and Documentation of Donor Oxidation upon Photosensitized Charge Separation

An organized molecular assembly composed of two ruthenium polypyridine complexes, Ru(bpy)(2)(bpz)(2+) and Ru(bpy)(2)(H(2)O)(2)(2+) (where bpy = 2, 2'-bipyridine and bpz = 2, 2'-bipyrazine), has been prepared in adjacent supercages of Y-zeolite. This material has been characterized by diffuse reflectance, electronic absorption, electronic emission, and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy, as well as lifetime measurements. The spectral results confirm the identity of the entrapped complexes and resonance Raman measurements show that the relative concentrations of the two complexes within the zeolite particles are identical. A dramatic decrease in emission intensity observed for the adjacent cage assembly, relative to that observed for an appropriate reference material composed of a mixture of zeolite particles containing the separated complexes, indicates strong interaction between the adjacent complexes which provides an additional nonradiative decay pathway. The excited state lifetime measurements implicate a very short-lived component, dominating the decay curve at early times, which is most reasonably attributed to excited-state electron-transfer quenching of the adjacent cage pair. More importantly, analysis of diffuse reflectance spectra acquired during selective (sensitizer) irradiation of a sample of this material, wherein the remaining cages are filled with a suitable acceptor (MV(2+)), provides direct evidence for oxidation of the Ru(bpy)(2)(H(2)O)(2)(2+) donor complex, confirming the targeted synergy of the adjacent cage assembly.

Effects ofL-tyrosine esters on quenching and photosensitized charge separation using polymers containing ruthenium(II) complex

A series of ruthenium(II) complex-containing partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)s with various alkyl side chains such as hexyl (C6RuQPIm), dodecyl (C12RuQPIm), and hexadecyl (C16RuQPIm) were synthesized. The effects of L-tyrosine esters with hexyl (C6Tyr), octyl (C8Tyr), and dodecyl (C12Tyr) on the quenching with methylviologen and photosensitized charge separation reactions were investigated using these metallopolymers as polymer photosensitizers. The quenching reaction took place through both a dynamic quenching process and a static quenching one mediated by the L-tyrosine esters. The kinetic parameters for these processes were obtained from a computed curve fitting using a Stern–Volmer equation derived from a combination of dynamic quenching and static quenching. The parameters had a significant dependence on the lengths of the alkyl groups in the L-tyrosine esters and the alkyl side chains on these metallopolymers. During photosensitized charge separation, the reaction proceeded through these quenching processes, referred to as direct and mediated processes. The initial rates of methylviologen radical formation also depended on these lengths; they increased when the lengths of the alkyl side chain on these metallopolymers and alkyl groups in the L-tyrosine esters were long. Such a dependence was caused by a change in the balance of some effects such as the electrostatic and steric effects. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4360–4367, 1999

Effects of L‐tyrosine esters on quenching and photosensitized charge separation using polymers containing ruthenium(II) complex

A series of ruthenium(II) complex-containing partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)s with various alkyl side chains such as hexyl (C6RuQPIm), dodecyl (C12RuQPIm), and hexadecyl (C16RuQPIm) were synthesized. The effects of L-tyrosine esters with hexyl (C6Tyr), octyl (C8Tyr), and dodecyl (C12Tyr) on the quenching with methylviologen and photosensitized charge separation reactions were investigated using these metallopolymers as polymer photosensitizers. The quenching reaction took place through both a dynamic quenching process and a static quenching one mediated by the L-tyrosine esters. The kinetic parameters for these processes were obtained from a computed curve fitting using a Stern–Volmer equation derived from a combination of dynamic quenching and static quenching. The parameters had a significant dependence on the lengths of the alkyl groups in the L-tyrosine esters and the alkyl side chains on these metallopolymers. During photosensitized charge separation, the reaction proceeded through these quenching processes, referred to as direct and mediated processes. The initial rates of methylviologen radical formation also depended on these lengths; they increased when the lengths of the alkyl side chain on these metallopolymers and alkyl groups in the L-tyrosine esters were long. Such a dependence was caused by a change in the balance of some effects such as the electrostatic and steric effects. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4360–4367, 1999

Photosensitized charge separation using ruthenium(II) complex and viologen-containing polymers — effects of quaternization and length of alkyl side-chain

A series of the ruthenium(II) complex and viologen-containing partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)s with various degrees of quaternization (RuVQPIms) and various lengths of the alkyl side-chains [CnRuVQPIms: n=4(butyl),8(octyl),12(dodecyl),16(hexadecyl)] have been synthesized and characterized using UV–Vis absorption and luminescence spectroscopies. The effects of quaternization and length of the alkyl side-chains on the photosensitized charge separation using these metallopolymers have been investigated in methanol. The photosensitized charge separation reaction took place through an intrapolymer process for all systems. In the cases of the RuVQPIms having a low degree of quaternization and short alkyl side-chain, the initial rate of the viologen radical formation linearly depended on the polymer concentration with two stages, while the RuVQPIm having a high degree of quaternization and long alkyl side-chain showed only one-tage dependence. Further, the rate of the second stage was larger than that of the first stage. The dependence with two stages would be caused by aggregation at a high polymer concentration through the interpolymer van der Waals interaction. The stronger interaction induced by increases in the number and length of the alkyl side-chains on the polymer backbone decreased the flexibility of the viologen residues; consequently, the enhancement of the rate in the second stage was not observed.

Photosensitized charge separation using partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complex and viologen

Photosensitized charge separation using metallopolymers with both a photosensitizer and an electron acceptor on the same polymer backbone has been investigated in methanol. These metallopolymers consist of the bis(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complex as the photosensitizer and alkylviologen as the electron acceptor linked covalently to the imidazolyl residues on partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) through a hexylene spacer (RuQPImC 6VC 16) or a butylene spacer (RuQPImC 4VC 16). The viscosity and luminescence studies showed that these polymers, having two luminescence maxima at 560 and 650 nm, underwent interpolymer interaction between alkyl side chains through van der Waals interaction with increasing concentration of the polymer. The interpolymer interaction was weak at low concentration of the ruthenium(II) complex ([Ru(II)]<ca. 2.0×10 mol dm −3), which hardly affected the luminescence properties, while at high concentration, it became strong, which led to acceleration of the quenching of ruthenium(II) complex residue with the viologen residue. For both the RuQPImC 4VC 16 and RuQPImC 6VC 16, the rates of viologen radical formation increased with increasing concentration of the ruthenium(II) complex residue in two stages. Such a unique dependence can be explained by the interpolymer van der Waals interaction. Furthermore, it was found that the interpolymer van der Waals interaction depended significantly on length of the alkylene spacer.

NMF effect on photosensitized charge separation using partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complexes

The solvent effects on the photosensitized charge separation using partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complexes (RuQPIm), in which bis(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes are coordinated to the imidazolyl residues on the poly(1-vinylimidazole) partially quaternized by 1-bromohexadecane and the degree of quaternization is 19 (RuQPIm-19) and 44 (RuQPIm-44) molar percentage, have been investigated in methanol and methanol–NMF (NMF: N-methylformamide). These systems consist of RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44 as photosensitizers, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dication (MV 2+) and 1,1′-didodecyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dication (C 12V 2+) as electron acceptors, and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial donor. The addition of NMF mainly affect the forward and back reactions in the charge separation reactions. In RuQPIm-19 systems, the reaction proceeds through an interactive process, which is through the viologen having π–π interaction for MV 2+ and van der Waals interaction for C 12V 2+. In contrast, the reaction proceeds through a direct process by MV 2+ having no interaction and through an interactive process by C 12V 2+ undergoing van der Waals interaction with the polymer for RuQPIm-44 systems. For MV 2+, the rates of MV ·+ formation increased, although the quenching efficiency decreased with increasing NMF content for RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44. These results are attributed to stabilization of MV ·+ species by π–π interaction for RuQPIm-19 and steric repulsion between MV ·+ species and RuQPIm-44; namely, the restriction of the back reactions by these effects. In contrast, for C 12V 2+, the rates of C 12V ·+ formation decreased and the quenching efficiency increased with the addition of NMF. These are attributed to that the addition of NMF increases the van der Waals interaction of the C 12V 2+ with these polymers and the diffusion of the C 12V ·+ species into the bulk solution; namely, the back reaction is accelerated. Furthermore, it is suggested that the conformational changes in these polymers contribute to the charge separation reaction.

Reversible color changes induced by photosensitized charge separation in partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complex and viologen films

The partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complex and viologen films (RuQPImC n VC 16 films: n=4 and 6) have been prepared, and the reversible color change reaction in these films has been investigated. The metallopolymers consist of bis(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complex coordinated with two imidazolyl residues and the viologen having a long alkyl group linked covalently to the imidazolyl residue through the alkyl spacer on the partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole). Upon visible light irradiation ( λ>440 nm) of these metallopolymer films in air, the color changed from orange to blue, and reverted back to orange upon standing in the dark. The color change reaction was reversible with the responses being more rapid from the orange to blue relative to the opposite cycle. UV–vis absorption spectra showed that the blue color arose from the viologen radicals, and the absorption spectra of the ruthenium(II) complex residue did not change during light irradiation, indicating that the viologen radicals were generated through the photosensitized charge separation reaction. FTIR and UV spectra suggested that the adsorbed water in these polymer films through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction acted as an electron donor for the ruthenium(III) complex residue, and the quaternized imidazolium residues acted as the scavenger molecules for one-electron oxidized water.

Intra-polymer photosensitized charge separation using a series of ruthenium(II) complex and viologen-containing polymers

Spectroscopic and thermal properties of a series of ruthenium(II) complex and viologen-containing polymers based on poly( 1-vinylimidazole) and partially quaternized poly( 1-vinylimidazole) and photosensitized charge separation using these polymers have been investigated. These polymers have the structures in which bis(2,2-bipyridine)rutneuium(II) complexes are coordinated with the imidazolyl residues and the alkyl viologen is covalently linked to the imidazolyl residue through a hexylene spacer on the same polymer backbone. These polymers have two maximum wavelengths in the luminescence spectra. 560 nm and 65() nm, which correspond to emissions of the ruthenium( II) complex residue compartmentalized by viologen residues and the alkyl side chains exposed to the bulk solution, respectively. The luminescence intensity at 560 nm decreases with decreasing viologen content. For photosensitized charge separation, the rates of viologen radical formation depend linearly on the initial concentration of the ruthenium(II) complex and viologen residue, indicating that the reactions proceed through an intra-polymer process.

Intra-polymer photosensitized charge separation using a series of ruthenium(II) complex and viologen-containing polymers

Intra-polymer photosensitized charge separation using a series of ruthenium(II) complex and viologen-containing polymers

Acetonitrile effects on quenching and photosensitized charge separation using partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complexes

The acetonitrile effects on the quenching and photosensitized charge separation using two partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complexes, RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44, wherein the numbers represent the degree of quaternization in molar percentage, have been investigated. The systems consist of RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44 as photosensitizers, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (MV2+) and 1,1′-didodecyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (C12V2+) dications as electron acceptors (quenchers), and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial electron donor. The photosensitized charge separation reaction proceeds through two processes, an interactive process and a direct process, i.e., the viologen is undergoing an interaction with these polymers and no interaction, respectively. The charge separation through the interactive process is less effective than that through the direct process, because the reaction through the interactive process is effective for both the forward and the back reactions. With the addition of acetonitrile, the rates of viologen radical formation decrease for RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44, while the quenching efficiency decreases for RuQPIm-19 and increases for RuQPIm-44. In MV2+, the acetonitrile effect contributes to the interactive and direct processes for RuQPIm-19, while it contributes to only the direct process for RuQPIm-44, particularly the forward reaction for RuQPIm-19 and the back reaction for RuQPIm-44. In C12V2+, the interactive process through which the C12V2+ increases, leading to a decrease in the rates for viologen radical formation. Furthermore, these results indicate that the conformational changes in these polymers play an important role in the charge separation reactions.

Acetonitrile effects on quenching and photosensitized charge separation using partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complexes

The acetonitrile effects on the quenching and photosensitized charge separation using two partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)-bound ruthenium(II) complexes, RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44, wherein the numbers represent the degree of quaternization in molar percentage, have been investigated. The systems consist of RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44 as photosensitizers, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (MV2+) and 1,1′-didodecyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (C12V2+) dications as electron acceptors (quenchers), and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial electron donor. The photosensitized charge separation reaction proceeds through two processes, an interactive process and a direct process, i.e., the viologen is undergoing an interaction with these polymers and no interaction, respectively. The charge separation through the interactive process is less effective than that through the direct process, because the reaction through the interactive process is effective for both the forward and the back reactions. With the addition of acetonitrile, the rates of viologen radical formation decrease for RuQPIm-19 and RuQPIm-44, while the quenching efficiency decreases for RuQPIm-19 and increases for RuQPIm-44. In MV2+, the acetonitrile effect contributes to the interactive and direct processes for RuQPIm-19, while it contributes to only the direct process for RuQPIm-44, particularly the forward reaction for RuQPIm-19 and the back reaction for RuQPIm-44. In C12V2+, the interactive process through which the C12V2+ increases, leading to a decrease in the rates for viologen radical formation. Furthermore, these results indicate that the conformational changes in these polymers play an important role in the charge separation reactions.

Photoinduced hydrogen generation using polymer photosensitizers

Photoinduced hydrogen generation using polymer photosensitizers, in which ruthenium(II) complexes are coordinated to imidazolyl residues on partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) (RuQPIm), were investigated in a methanol/water mixture (9:1 v/v). This system consists of photosensitizers RUQPIms having various degrees of quaternization, electron relays (acceptors) such as methylviologen (MV 2+ ) and laurylviologen (C 12 V 2+ ), triethanolamine as sacrificial donor (TEOA), and the platinum complex bis(2,2'-bipyridine)platinum(II) ([Pt(bpy) 2 ] 2+ ). Hydrogen generation was observed with light irradiation (λ > 440 nm) in argon atmosphere. The maximum volume of generated hydrogen decreased with increasing degree of quaternization. This was attributed to that the rate of formation of viologen radical species, corresponding to the efficiency of charge separation, is decreased by the increase in the electrostatic repulsion between the viologen species and the polymer backbone and steric hindrance of alkyl side chains. On the other hand, the volume of generated hydrogen for C 12 V 2+ systems is less than that for the MV 2+ systems, although the efficiency of photosensitized charge separation for C 12 V 2+ systems is larger than that for MV 2+ systems. This is the reason why the C 12 V 2+ species have a weak van der Waals interaction between the alkyl side chains on the polymer backbone and alkyl group in the viologen. These results indicated that the diffusion of viologen radicals which are formed by electron transfer from the photoexcited ruthenium(II) complex to viologen in the polymer domain into the bulk solution is an important factor.

Photoinduced hydrogen generation from water-insoluble polymer photosensitizer films

Photoinduced hydrogen generation from functional polymer films with photosensitizing ability, in which ruthenium(II) complexes are coordinated to imidazolyl residues on partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) (RuQPIm), have been investigated in aqueous solution. This system consists of RuQPIm free-standing films having various degrees of quaternization, electron relays such as 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (MV 2+) and 1,1′-dioctyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (C 8V 2+) dications, the sacrificial donor triethanolamine (TEOA), and bis(2,2′-bipyridine)platinum(II) ([Pt(pby) 2] 2+) as a catalyst. In MV 2+, hydrogen generation was observed with light irradiation (λ > 440 nm) under an argon atmosphere. The maximum volume of hydrogen generated decreased with increasing degree of quaternization. This was attributed to a decrease in the efficiency of photosensitized charge separation induced by increasing electrostatic repulsion, being supported by the fact that the volume of hydrogen generated was increased by the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl). For C 8V 2+ the volume of hydrogen generated was smaller than that for MV 2+, although the efficiency of charge separation was highly larger than that for MV 2+. Since the C 8V 2+ species interacted with the polymer film through hydrophobic interaction, the C 8V + species formed by electron transfer from the photoexcited ruthenium(II) complex to C 8V 2+ hardly diffused into the bulk, leading to inhibition of the reaction between C 8V + and the positively charged platinum catalyst. Therefore, it was clear that the diffusion of viologen radical species into the bulk is an important factor for the hydrogen generation reaction. Further, it was found that these polymer films have excellent stability for the present reaction.

Photosensitized charge separation using water-insoluble polymer-bound ruthenium(II) complex films

Water-insoluble ruthenium(II) complex-containing polymer films, in which bis(2,2′-bipyridine) complexes are coordinated with the imidazolyl residues on partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) (RuQPIm), have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and thermal measurements. The photosensitized charge separation in the sacrificial system, consisting of RuQPIm film, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (MV2+) or 1,1′-dioctyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (C8V2+) dications, and triethanolamine (TEOA) has been investigated in aqueous solution. Here, RuQPIm film, MV2+ and C8V2+, and TEOA act as a solid polymer photosensitizer, electron acceptors, and a sacrificial donor, respectively. The formation of viologen radical (MV+ or C8V+) was observed on light irradiation (λ > 440 nm) of the aqueous solution. With MV2+ as an acceptor, the rate of MV+ formation decreased with increasing degree of quaternization. This suggested that the rate was controlled by at least three factors: (1) electrostatic repulsion, (2) π–π interaction between the heteroaromatic moieties of polymer and MV2+ and (3) steric hindrance of the alkyl side chain. On the other hand, the rate of C8V+ formation was large, and dependence of the rate on the degree of quaternization differed significantly from that of the MV2+ system. This indicated that the C8V2+ species had a further interaction in addition to the three described above, e.g. a hydrophobic interaction between alkyl chains in the C8V2+ and the polymer. Further, the results obtained from the photosensitized charge separation in aqueous solution containing 1 M NaCl and in CH3CN–H2O suggested that the surface morphology of the polymer film was also a very important factor.

Photosensitized charge separation using ruthenium(II) complex-containing polymers in MeOH

Ruthenium(II) complex-containing polymers, in which bis(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complex species are coordinated with imidazolyl residues on partially quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole)(RuQPIm), have been prepared and characterized by means of FTIR, UV–VIS absorption, luminescence spectroscopies and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The photosensitized charge separation in the system which consisted of RuQPIm, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dication (MV2+) as well as 1,1′-didodecyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium dication (C12V2+) and triethanolamine (TEOA) was investigated in MeOH. Here, RuQPIm, MV2+ as well as C12V2+ and TEOA work as a photosensitizer, electron acceptors and a sacrificial donor. The quenching studies showed that the quenching constant for RuQPIm–MV2+ decreased with increasing degree of quaternization, but not with alkyl chain length in the quaternized imidazolium residue. In photosensitized charge separation, the initial rate for viologen radical formation increased with increasing alkyl chain length in the quaternized imidazolium residue, and decreased with increasing degree of quaternization and length of the alkyl group in viologen. This result suggested that the diffusion of viologen radical was an important factor for charge separation, and was significantly affected by the alkyl chain length in the quaternized imidazolium residue, the degree of quaternization and the length of alkyl group in viologen.

Dihexadecyl phosphate, vesicle-stabilized and in situ generated mixed cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide semiconductor particles: preparation and utilization for photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generation

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDihexadecyl phosphate, vesicle-stabilized and in situ generated mixed cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide semiconductor particles: preparation and utilization for photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generationHyeong Chan Youn, Subhash Baral, and Janos H. FendlerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 22, 6320–6327Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/j100333a029RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1000Altmetric-Citations223LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts

Colloid-catalyst-coated semiconductors in surfactant vesicles. In situ generation of rhodium-coated cadmium sulfide particles in dimethyldioctadecylammonium halide surfactant vesicles and their utilization in photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generation

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTColloid-catalyst-coated semiconductors in surfactant vesicles. In situ generation of rhodium-coated cadmium sulfide particles in dimethyldioctadecylammonium halide surfactant vesicles and their utilization in photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generationRafael Rafaeloff, Yves M. Tricot, Faruk Nome, and Janos H. FendlerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 3, 533–537Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/j100249a033RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (627 KB) Get e-Alerts

Colloidal catalyst-coated semiconductors in surfactant vesicles: in situ generation of rhodium-coated cadmium sulfide particles in dihexadecyl phosphate vesicles and their utilization for photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generation

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTColloidal catalyst-coated semiconductors in surfactant vesicles: in situ generation of rhodium-coated cadmium sulfide particles in dihexadecyl phosphate vesicles and their utilization for photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen generationYves M. Tricot and Janos H. FendlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 24, 7359–7366Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00336a011RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views228Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts