Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Research Articles

Chloroform-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber with high-temperature sensitivity.

The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measurement instrument, and its performance directly determines the temperature measurement accuracy. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is a new type of temperature sensor with extremely high potential. In this paper, we propose a high-performance, structurally simple, liquid-filled PCF temperature sensor, which is based on a SMF-PCF-SMF (single mode fiber, SMF) sandwich structure. By adjusting the structural parameters of the the PCF, it is possible to obtain optical properties that are superior to those of ordinary optical fibers. This allows for more obvious responsive changes of the fiber transmission mode under small external temperature changes. By optimizing the basic structure parameters, a new PCF structure with a central air hole is designed, and its temperature sensitivity is -0.04696 nm/°C. When filling the air holes of PCFs with temperature-sensitive liquid materials, the response of the optical field against the temperature fluctuations can be effectively enhanced. The Chloroform solution is used to selectively infiltrate the resulting PCF owing to its large thermo-optical coefficient. After comparing various filling schemes, the calculation results show that the highest temperature sensitivity of -15.8 nm/°C is finally realized. The designed PCF sensor has a simple structure, high-temperature sensitivity, and good linearity showing great application potential.

A highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on Sagnac interferometer with full liquid filling

A highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on Sagnac interferometer with full liquid filling

Quad core gold coated photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on surface plasmon resonance

This paper shows a simple quad core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) temperature sensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) which has very high sensitivity and sensor resolution. For evaluating the sensing performance Finite Element Method (FEM) is used. In this design, gold is used as plasmonic material and the outer layer of the designed PCF has to be filled by it for making the fabrication easier than any other model. Besides, the Chloroform is used as the temperature sensitive liquid (analyte). The designed temperature sensor has the maximum wavelength sensitivities which are 7.5 nm/°C and 10.5 nm/°C for x and y-polarization respectively. The sensor shows the resolution of 13.33 × 10−3 RIU for x-polarization and 9.52 × 10−3 RIU for y-polarization. Core diameter, radius of air hole, thickness of gold and pitch are the structural parameters which are adjusted to their optimized value for getting higher sensitivity. Easy fabrication and simplicity are the major aspects of this proposed model which makes it applicable to various applications such as medical science, power plant, engineering sector, environment monitoring etc.

Deep Learning Based Data Augmentation and Behavior Prediction of Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure which offers exceptional research prospects to design sensors is eccentrically found applicable in wide variety of fields and thus have prompted a lot of interest among researchers. However, intending to determine PCF design configuration producing desired optical response for worthwhile application forcefully necessitates investigating vast search space with suitable topological structure variants. Moreover, the existing Finite Element Method (FEM) based numerical simulation software demands intensively long computation time for each set of design parameters with quite several repetitions and is a challenging task with reduced computational complexity. In this regard, use of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) paves way to predict the outcome in less time. One of the most significant challenges encountered while training a neural network is to generate an extensive data set. With the motive of compensating for the same issue, we propose the use of Autoencoder (AE) network to achieve data augmentation. In this research, a pioneering approach to predict optical parameters of PCF based temperature sensor using AE and DNN is presented. The proposed model is designed to make appropriate predictions of optical properties even for unknown design space parameters. The comparative metric analysis explores the efficient performance of the model with high values of R-squared ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$r^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) score and less computation time in contrast to simulation run-time of FEM. Moreover, the proposed DNN model along with AE is proved to show very low collective mean squared error (MSE) in contrast to DNN without AE.

Dual-core photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on vernier effect

Dual-core photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on vernier effect

Seven-core photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor

Seven-core photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor

Highly sensitive temperature sensor based on sagnac interferometer using photonic crystal fiber with circular layout

A temperature sensor based on Sagnac interferometer (SI) using photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with circular layout is proposed. Temperature measurement can be realized by filling the temperature sensitive liquid with high thermo-optic coefficient into the air holes. Considering the convenience of the experimental operation, three easy-to-operate liquid filling methods (FMs) were used to investigate the optical transmission characteristics of this sensor by the finite element method (FEM), the results show that two of which exhibit respective detection advantages in different aspects. One of the feasible methods is that all air holes are filled with temperature sensitive liquid. A single sensing interference dip with high detection sensitivity can be achieved, its average sensitivity reaches to 18.27 nm/°C. Another method is that only the large size air holes are filled with the temperature sensitive liquid. Two sensing interference dips with good linearity can be realized simultaneously. The linearity R2 are up to 0.99947 and 0.99877, corresponding average sensitivities are 9.47 and 8.57 nm/°C, respectively. Besides, these two proposed FMs are easier to be completed than FMs of some reported works. The proposed PCF temperature sensor with excellent detection performances, simple FMs and structural design has great application prospects to detect environmental temperature.

Liquid-Filled Highly Asymmetric Photonic Crystal Fiber Sagnac Interferometer Temperature Sensor

In this paper, we theoretically designed and numerically studied a high-resolution and ultrasensitive photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor by selective filling of a liquid with high thermo-optic coefficient in one of the airholes of the fiber. The finite element method was utilized to study the propagation characteristics and the modal birefringence of the fiber under different ambient temperatures. A large base birefringence value of 7.7 × 10−4 as well as a large birefringence sensitivity of almost 29% to a 10 °C temperature variation was achieved for the optimized fiber design with liquid chloroform between 15 °C and 35 °C. We also studied the performance of the proposed optical fiber in a temperature sensing Sagnac interferometer. An average linear temperature sensitivity of 17.53 nm/°C with an average resolution of 5.7 × 10−4 °C was achieved over a temperature range of 20 °C (15 °C to 35 °C).

High sensitivity property of dual-core photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on surface plasmon resonance

In this paper, we design and simulate a dual core photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) temperature sensor in terms of wavelength sensitivity. The dual core design of the PCF makes it possible to deposit the gold (plasmonic material) layer and analyte (high temperature coefficient liquid) outside the PCF thus makes the fabrication easier. The sensor performance is demonstrated with the help of Matlab environment as well as the finite element method (FEM). Different loss spectra with the variation of temperature has been analyzed. The computational result shows that a wide range of temperature from 0 °C to 60 °C can be detected to investigate the sensor performance. The designed sensor exhibits flat wavelength sensitivity of 2.25 nm/°C with a sensor resolution of 4.44 × 10−2 for y-polarized light. In order to achieve high sensitivity, the structural parameters such as air hole diameter, pitch, gold thickness and core diameter are optimized. In view of wide detection range of temperature and flat sensitivity, this DC-PCF temperature sensor can be a promising candidate for various applications such as for the real time detection of the temperature of manufacturing industry, medical environment, electric vehicle, transformer oil etc.

Theoretical Investigation of an Alcohol-Filled Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing.

For this study, a temperature sensor utilizing a novel tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is designed. In order to improve the sensor sensitivity, alcohol is filled in the air holes of the tellurite PCF. Based on the degenerate four-wave mixing theory, temperature sensing in the mid-infrared region (MIR) can be achieved by detecting the wavelength shift of signal waves and idler waves during variations in temperature. Simulation results show that at a pump wavelength of 3550 nm, the temperature sensitivity of this proposed sensor can be as high as 0.70 nm/°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to propose temperature sensing in the MIR by drawing on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a non-silica PCF.

Design and Computational Analysis of Dual Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

Design and Computational Analysis of Dual Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

Square-lattice alcohol-filled photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on a Sagnac interferometer.

A square-lattice alcohol-filled photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on a Sagnac interferometer (SI) is designed and analyzed by the finite element method. Alcohol is filled in all air holes in the cladding. The temperature-sensing properties of the proposed fiber sensor are investigated. Simulation results exhibit the transmission spectrums of the fiber SI will shift with the change of temperature, because the birefringence of the alcohol-filled fiber will change under different temperatures. The temperature sensitivity is obtained from the fitting line of the temperature and resonant wavelength. The average sensitivity can reach to 16.55nm/°C in the range from 45°C to 75°C. This designed fiber temperature sensor has advantages in simple structure and high sensitivity. It can be used to detect temperature in complex environments.

Wavelength multiplexing of four-wave mixing based fiber temperature sensor with oil-filled photonic crystal fiber.

A fiber temperature sensor based on four-wave mixing (FWM) with an oil-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed in this study, and a multipoint measurement based on the wavelength multiplexing of such sensors is constructed for the first time. The sensing performance and signal spectral characteristics of the temperature sensor are theoretically and experimentally studied. The maximum temperature sensitivity of the signal light of 0.207 nm/°C is achieved using a FWM sensing fiber with a length of 10 cm. The signal wavelength response to excitation power is also explored in this experiment. Results showed that the temperature sensor is relatively insensitive to the fluctuation of power change. The wavelength multiplexing of a FWM-based PCF temperature sensor also presents the possibility of multiplexing measurement and multipoint sensing, and high multiplexed capability is theoretically predicted to be obtainable with optimized sensitivity and splicing loss.

Photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity based on surface plasmon resonance

Abstract A high sensitivity photonic crystal fiber (PCF) temperature sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed and evaluated using the finite element method. Besides, the coupling phenomenon is studied. The gold layer deposited on the polishing surface of D-shape PCF is used as the metal to stimulate surface plasma, which can improves the sensitivity. Through exquisite design, the birefringence of the fiber is improved, which makes the loss of y-polarization far greater than the loss of x-polarization. The D-shape fiber avoids filling metal and liquid into the air-holes, which can contact with fluid directly to feel temperature. When the phase matching condition is satisfied, the core mode will couple with the surface plasma mode. The resonance position of y-polarization is very sensitive to the temperature change. The simulation shows that the PCF has high sensitivity of 36.86 nm/°C in y-polarization and wide detection that from 10 °C to 85 °C.

液体填充的光子晶体光纤的温度传感特性研究

液体填充的光子晶体光纤的温度传感特性研究

基于氮化钛薄膜表面等离子体共振特性的双芯光子晶体光纤温度传感器

基于氮化钛薄膜表面等离子体共振特性的双芯光子晶体光纤温度传感器

High-sensitivity plasmonic temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber coated with nanoscale gold film

We demonstrate a photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on surface plasmon resonance and evaluate it using the finite element method. A temperature-sensitive material is injected into the central air hole of the photonic crystal fiber. The air hole is coated with nanoscale gold film. Six cores are formed by removing air holes in the second layer, which supports the core mode. The coupling between the core mode and the surface plasmon polariton mode occurs as the phase matching condition is satisfied. The average sensitivity and linearity become −2.15 nm/°C and 0.99991, respectively. The length of this fiber is only 1 mm. Our temperature sensor is competitive within the temperature sensor field.

Compact and Ultrasensitive Temperature Sensor With a Fully Liquid-Filled Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

We propose a compact and ultrasensitive all-fiber temperature sensor based on an in-line fully liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). It consists of a small piece of index-guiding PCF fully infiltrated by fluid and two standard single-mode fibers offset spliced with PCF. Two core modes LP01 and LP11 are conveniently used as optical arms to form the in-line MZI-type interferometer. Experimental and theoretical investigations of its response to temperature confirm that high temperature sensitivity up to -1.83 nm/°C could be realized with such a compact interferometeric PCF temperature sensor.

A Reflective Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Probe Based on Infiltration with Liquid Mixtures

In this paper, a reflective photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor probe for temperature measurement has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. The performance of the device depends on the intensity modulation of the optical signal by liquid mixtures infiltrated into the air holes of commercial LMA-8 PCFs. The effective mode field area and the confinement loss of the probe are both proved highly temperature-dependent based on the finite element method (FEM). The experimental results show that the reflected power exhibits a linear response with a temperature sensitivity of about 1 dB/°C. The sensor probe presents a tunable temperature sensitive range due to the concentration of the mixture components. Further research illustrates that with appropriate mixtures of liquids, the probe could be developed as a cryogenic temperature sensor. The temperature sensitivity is about 0.75 dB/°C. Such a configuration is promising for a portable, low-power and all-in-fiber device for temperature or refractive index monitoring in chemical or biosensing applications.

Some features of the photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor with liquid ethanol filling

We introduce a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) temperature sensor that is based on intensity modulation and liquid ethanol filling of air holes with index-guiding PCF. The mode field, the effective refractive index and the confinement loss of PCF were all found to become highly temperature-dependent when the thermo-optic coefficient of the liquid ethanol used is higher than that of silicon dioxide and this temperature dependence is an increasing function of the d/Lambda ratio and the input wavelength. All the experiments and simulations are discussed in this paper and the temperature sensitivity of transmission power was experimentally determined to be 0.315 dB/ degrees C for a 10-cm long PCF.