Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Research Articles

A Simple Structure of High Sensitivity of Plasmonic Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors with Minimal Air Hole Density in Fiber Cladding

A Simple Structure of High Sensitivity of Plasmonic Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors with Minimal Air Hole Density in Fiber Cladding

A comprehensive review of blood component detection utilizing One-Dimensional, Two-Dimensional, and photonic crystal fiber biosensors

This comprehensive review investigates the diverse landscape of blood component detection through the one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and photonic crystal fiber biosensors. Each biosensor, dedicated to specific blood components, is scrutinized in detail, with a focus on key parameters such as Quality Factor (Q) coefficient Loss, Figure of Merit (FOM), and Detection Limit (DL). The study discerns notable advancements in sensitivity and confinement loss within the realm of photonic crystal fiber sensors, attributing these improvements to recent structural modifications. The findings contribute valuable insights into the state-of-the-art techniques employed in blood component detection, paving the way for enhanced biosensor technologies in biomedical applications.

A PCF Sensor Design Using Biocompatible PDMS for Biosensing.

A novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor for refractive index detection based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is presented in this research, as well as designs for single-channel and dual-channel structures for this PDMS-PCF sensor. The proposed structures can be used to develop sensors with biocompatible polymers. The performance of the single-channel PDMS-PCF sensor was studied, and it was found that adjusting parameters such as pore diameter, lattice constant, distance between the D-shaped structure and the fiber core, and the radius of gold nanoparticles can optimize the sensor's performance. The findings indicate that the detection range of the single-channel photonic crystal is 1.21-1.27. The maximum wavelength sensitivity is 10,000 nm/RIU with a resolution of 1×10-5 RIU, which is gained when the refractive index is set to 1.27. Based on the results of the single-channel PCF, a dual-channel PDMS-PCF sensor is designed. The refractive index detection range of the proposed sensor is 1.2-1.28. The proposed sensor has a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 13,000 nm/RIU and a maximum resolution of 7.69×10-6 RIU at a refractive index of 1.28. The designed PDMS-PCF holds tremendous potential for applications in the analysis and detection of substances in the human body in the future.

Nano-Engineered HfO2-Au photonic sensor for ultra-sensitive refractive index detection

In this study, we introduce a novel hafnium dioxide (HfO2) and thin gold layer based photonic crystal fiber (HfAu-PCF) sensor for refractive index measurement and optimize in the spectrum of 1.3 µm to 1.6 µm. The proposed sensor incorporates a D-shaped geometry for enhanced light-matter interaction, and the core of the fiber is surrounded by periodic air holes to facilitate efficient coupling of the guided mode with surface plasmons. The proposed HfAu-PCF sensor is geometrically optimized using finite element method (FEM) by fine-tuning air hole diameter, core size, layer thickness dimensions of the fiber to achieve performance stability. Leveraging the unique optical properties of HfO2 and Au, the sensor demonstrates superior performance metrics, achieving confinement loss (<10−6 dB/m), propagation constant (β) ∼ 6 × 106, V-Parameter < 2.3, a peak relative sensitivity of 99.05 % across the tested wavelength of 1.3 µm to 1.6 µm. Our findings reveal that choosing suitable parameters could lead to further enhancements in sensitivity, making the sensor for applications in bio-sensing, environmental monitoring, and chemical analysis, etc.

Design of double V-groove shape-based PCF sensor for cancer detection using RI technique

After COVID-19 healthcare shareholders are more attentive to the different solutions. One of the critical illnesses cancer becomes more changeling after this situation. There are different techniques are suggested as well as developed for detection of the cancer. People of still looking for low-cost solutions for cancer detection. The Photonic crystal fiber is a versatile device utilized for various bio-sensor applications. The double V-groove design proposed in this research offers significant advantages, including enhanced sensitivity, accurate detection capabilities, and easy fabrication. The surface plasmon resonance-based PCF sensor, with its unique V-shaped structure, not only addresses the limitations of conventional prism-based SPR sensors but also opens new possibilities for remote sensing applications. The proposed article is based on the double V-groove photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based sensor for cancer detection. The Q factor is 155 and the figure of merit (FOM) is 6000RIU−1and sensitivity of the proposed sensor is 60μmRIU−1has obtained. This sensor provides a wide range of detection based on the refractive index (RI) profile of the infected blood.

Machine learning-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based photonic crystal fiber sensor

This study introduces what we believe to be a novel photonic crystal fiber sensor utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR), incorporating four gold nanowires to enhance sensing capabilities. The research employs machine learning, specifically artificial neural networks (ANN), to predict confinement loss and sensitivity, achieving high accuracy without needing the imaginary part of the effective refractive index. The machine learning technique is applied in three different scenarios, resulting in mean squared errors of 0.084, 0.002, and 0.003, highlighting the reliability of the ANN models in predicting sensor outputs. Additionally, the sensor demonstrates impressive wavelength sensitivities of 2000-18000 nm/RIU (nanometers per refractive index unit) for refractive indices of 1.31-1.4 within the 720-1280 nm wavelength range, and a notable maximum amplitude sensitivity of 889.89 RIU-1. This integration of SPR, photonic crystal fiber, and machine learning not only optimizes sensor performance but also offers an efficient methodology for prediction, showcasing the potential of machine learning in advancing optical sensor design.

Illegal food chemicals sensing with photonic crystal fiber sensor in the terahertz spectrum

The method by which a photonic crystal is manufactured fiber is detailed throughout the subsequent undertaking, containing a hexahedron core and hazardous dietary additives using a hexagonal cladding. Saccharine, sorbitol, and butyl acetate are used as analytes for sensing purposes. The sensor contains five tiers of circular ventilation holes within the hexagonal framework, as well as two tiers of hexahedron circles in the central area. FEM (Finite Element Method) is implemented in the sensor design of COMSOL software version 4.2. We noticed the response of the PCF sensor to the specific substances. We examined key optical metrics encompassing specifications including V-parameter, Relational sensitivity, effective refractive index, and power fraction to assess the suitability of the sensor for precisely and effectively detecting various food additives. The revised model attains sensitivity values of 90.10%, 91.30%, and 86.60%, respectively, at a frequency of 1 THz, the identification of saccharine (1.550 in the index of refraction), sorbitol (1.375 in the index of refraction), and butyl acetate (1.394 in the index of refraction) is performed. Furthermore, the compositions of saccharine (1.550 in the index of refraction), sorbitol (1.375 in the index of refraction), and butyl acetate (1.394 in the index of refraction) demonstrate losses from confinement of 6.15 × 10−8 dB/m, 7.25 × 10−8 dB/m, and 6.35 × 10−8 dB/m, which are comparatively minimal, and 0.0235 cm−1 is an insignificant effective material loss. These structures are studied at the terahertz frequency spectrum. Owing to its superior wave-guiding properties, this proposed sensor can be used for polarization-preserving terahertz wave applications and detecting dangerous food additives. Besides, because of simple fabrication, high sensitivity, and low confinement loss, we strongly believe this optimized geometrical structure will contribute to real-life applications that lead to safer food and support a circular economy in developing countries.

Photonic crystal fiber sensors to excite surface plasmon resonance based on elliptical detection channels are used for highly sensitive magnetic sensing

To improve the detection performance of fiber optic magnetic field sensors a new photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was designed and investigated. The designed sensor uses an elliptical detection channel, and the modal transmission characteristics and magnetic field sensing characteristics of this fiber optic sensor are analyzed using the full vector finite element method (FVFEM). In addition, the effect of the detection channel on the detection accuracy at different curvatures was investigated. Compared with previous optical fiber magnetic field (MF) sensors, the designed sensor meets the requirements of both refractive index (RI) and MF measurements, and the MF sensitivity, RI sensitivity, and amplitude sensitivity (AS) of the sensor reach 0.739 nm/Oe, 12043.8 nm/RIU, and 754.88RIU−1, respectively. The designed sensor expands the application range of optical fiber sensors and reduces the cost. It has great potential for application in complex environments.

Spatially tuned photonic crystal fiber sensor mimics visible and near-infrared regimes for wide-range multi-analyte detection

In this study, we report a novel dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor designed to mimic visible (VIS) and near-infrared (n-IR) regimes through the utilization of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The sensor design aims to achieve wide refractive index (IR) sensing capabilities and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. The PCF design features two concentric rings forming the cladding in a circular lattice configuration, strategically omitting air holes on both sides adjacent to the metal layer to enhance coupling effects. To induce plasmon resonance, a chemically inert thin layer of gold (Au) is applied to the half-ellipse-shaped sensing channel. Utilizing the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics, we systematically explore the optical characteristics of the proposed SPR-based PCF. Operating within the VIS band, the sensor demonstrates the ability to simultaneously detect multiple analytes within the range of 1.35–1.44. Furthermore, it exhibits a wider RI sensing range from 1.15 to 1.44 in the n-IR band. The sensor showcases a wavelength sensitivity of ∼ 1840 nm/RIU and an amplitude sensitivity of ∼ 168.13 RIU−1 with a resolution of 6.71 × 10−5 RIU in the n-IR band. Conversely, in the VIS band, the sensor demonstrates higher sensitivity, reaching up to 4520 nm/RIU, and an amplitude sensitivity of ∼ 1093.29 RIU−1 with a resolution of 5.43 × 10–5 RIU. These findings underscore the potential of the dual-core SPR-based PCF sensor for versatile and high-performance applications in RI sensing and multi-analyte detection for VIS and n-IR spectroscopy.

Highly sensitive gamma ray dosimeter based on dual-core photonic crystal fiber

This paper introduces the application of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor to be used as a gamma ray dosimeter. This paper proposes an efficient analysis of a highly sensitive surface Plasmon resonance for gamma ray dose detection in nuclear research reactors. The proposed structure makes use of a Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) polymer, which has high sensitivity to an external electric field and gamma rays making it suitable for nuclear reactor applications. At resonance frequency, the peak of spectral loss for dosimeter sensors refers to gamma irradiation dose values. Therefore, study the different geometrical parameters for the proposed PCF sensor is of significant importance to achieve high sensitivity with low spectral losses. The full-vectorial finite-element method has been used for analysis with the plane wave expansion method. The sensitivity of the suggested sensor achieves up to 0.006 µm per gamma-ray dose unit (μm/Gy) with low losses.

Dual D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Three-Parameter Sensing Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

Dual D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Three-Parameter Sensing Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

High FOM PCF-SPR refractive index sensor based on MgF2-Au double-layer films.

A simple twin-core D-shape photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is designed for the measurement of refractive indices (RI). The twin-core D-shape structure enhances the SPR effect, and the M g F 2-Au dual-layer film narrows the linewidth in the loss spectrum, consequently improving both the sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM). The properties of the sensor are analyzed by the finite element method. In the RI range of 1.32-1.42, the maximum wavelength sensitivity, FOM, and resolution are 62,000nm/RIU, 1281R I U -1, and 1.61×10-6, respectively.

Design of pseudo brain nano gold layer photonic crystal fiber sensor and investigation of fabrication accuracy

In this research, a new photonic crystal fiber sensor is proposed based on human brain scan images. As the human brain analyzes information in the cerebellum to make decisions, the use of this design and placement of air holes in the shape of human brain is the main reason of more electromagnetic field limitation in the center of the fiber or pseudo-cerebellum. Finite element method based on mode solver (FEM) is used to analyze this sensor. The size of the air holes and the thickness of the plasmonic layer are proposed in this design based on the Nelder-Mead optimization algorithm. The possible errors caused by the sensor fabrication are investigated and a unique equation is presented to estimate the effect of the size of the air holes on the sensor confinement loss. Numerical inference show that this brain shape sensor has an amazing maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 7208 RIU−1 and appropriate maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 10000 nm/RIU. Therefore, the proposed sensor has great prospects for medical, chemical and pharmaceutical measurements and diagnostic applications because of its high sensitivity, powerful detection and easy fabrication.

Development of an Optical Crystal Fiber Sensor for Early Detection of Tuberculosis

To this day, tuberculosis remains one of the most severe threats to public health on a global scale, which is why there is a pressing need for the development of diagnostic techniques that combine high levels of precision, speed in producing findings, mobility, and risk reduction. This work's planned scope is constructing a photonic crystal fiber sensor with a susceptible non-complex core intended to detect tuberculosis at wavelengths ranging from 1 µm to 2.2 µm. This study introduces an innovative biomedical photonic crystal fiber sensor capable of accurately detecting tuberculosis bacteria across all four strains and effectively distinguishing between them. To carry out numerical studies, the proposed structure uses a technique known the full-vector finite element method (FV-FEM). Compared to earlier biomedical sensors based on photonic crystal fiber, the sensor that has been developed demonstrates an exceptionally high relative sensitivity in detecting various kinds while also displaying a deficient level of loss. The proposed sensor has an effective size of 38 µm2, a sensitivity of 99.9%, and a low confinement loss of 10-11 dB/m. To validate the usefulness of the proposed layout and establish its integrity, a detailed analysis is performed by contrasting the results of this study with the most current research published on photonic crystal fiber.

(Invited paper) PCF-based plasmonic sensor for the detection of cervical and skin cancer cell

In this article, Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed for detecting cancerous cells like Hela for cervical cancer and Basal for skin cancer. The numerical analysis and simulation of the designed biosensor is carried out using the finite element method in conjunction with a layer that is perfectly matched. The PCF sensor based on SPR has a gold layer for the plasmonic effect and a nanolayer of TiO2 to form an adhesion layer in between the gold and silica. The sensor can detect an analyte's refractive index (RI) between 1.360 and 1.392 for two distinct cancerous cell types (Hela and Basal). The proposed biosensor's performance is evaluated using amplitude and wavelength investigation techniques. This study achieves the wavelength sensitivity of 6250 nm/RIU, 5000 nm/RIU, and the amplitude sensitivity of 909.05 RIU−1, 505.53 RIU−1 for Hela and Basal cells, respectively. The results show that the proposed sensor is suitable for real-time biosensing applications.

Design and analysis of arc-shaped single core photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance

The selection of a suitable plasmonic material is crucial for achieving high-performance photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensors. However, most numerical investigations have been limited to PCF-SPR sensors with conventional circularly coated plasmonic metals due to their availability and rigid properties. In this work, a single-core arc-shaped PCF is designed and studied with sensing ingredients coated outside the fiber. The simulation and numerical analyses are performed using the full-vector finite element method to examine the effects of using gold as an active metal and also the deposition of Ta2O5 on gold. The results show that the arc-shaped sensor with gold film can obtain the maximum wavelength interrogation sensitivity (WIS) of 9500 nm/RIU within the refractive index (RI) range of 1.25–1.39 while the maximum amplitude interrogation sensitivity (AIS) reaches 579.26 RIU−1 at 1.39 and resolution is 1.05 × 10−5. However, depositing Ta2O5 on the gold gives an improved maximum WIS and AIS of 22,000 nm/RIU and 1209.21 RIU−1, respectively. With the coating of Ta2O5, the resolution improves to 4.55 × 10−6, making the proposed sensor design undoubtedly effective in detecting food chemicals such as butyl acetate and hydrocarbons along with different bio-analyte samples with a wide range of RI.

Design and simulation of photonic crystal fibre sensor for harmful chemicals detection in polycarbonate plastics

Design and simulation of photonic crystal fibre sensor for harmful chemicals detection in polycarbonate plastics

Numerical Analysis of a Photonic Crystal Fiber‐Based Biosensor for the Detection of Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli Bacteria in the THz Regime

To ensure good water quality, microbiological contamination in water must be detected. This process is made easier and more distinctive using a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), which offers outstanding optical sensing capabilities. Herein, a PCF sensor model is proposed for detecting two types of waterborne bacteria, namely, Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli bacteria. The core region of the proposed PCF sensor is made up of a single rectangle and the cladding region has 32 rectangular air holes that have the same height and width as the core rectangle. Zeonex is employed as the fiber material. Using Comsol 5.6 which is based on the finite‐element method, the model is numerically analyzed and structured. The simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed PCF to detect the analyte samples. Numerous performance indicators are calculated at an operating 2.8 THz. Simulation results show that the proposed PCF sensor is promising. Extremely high relative sensitivity (97.996%), lower effective area (6.3575 × 104 μm2), higher numerical aperture (0.23319), lower effective material loss (0.0034 cm−1), and lower confinement loss (0.1 × 10−14) are obtained which indicate an efficient PCF sensor. Additionally, the simplicity of the PCF design ensures the fabrication possibilities of the proposed sensor.

Human body cholesterol detection based on a photonic crystal fiber sensor within a hollow octagonal core configuration

Human body cholesterol detection based on a photonic crystal fiber sensor within a hollow octagonal core configuration

A Dual-Core Two-Parameter of RI and Temperature Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Based on the SPR Effect

A Dual-Core Two-Parameter of RI and Temperature Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Based on the SPR Effect