Photographic Film Research Articles

Optimization of Bromelain extraction from green papaya (Carica papaya) peel waste and its application in the recovery of silver from waste of X-ray photographic films.

As bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme present in many fruits, this study utilises the bromelain content present in unripe papaya (Carica papaya L.) by extraction and characterisation of bromelain extract from the unripe papaya peel waste. The extracted bromelain was utilised in the recovery of silver from waste of X-ray films, since the toxicity of silver directly impacts on the environment to treat and recover silver bromelain enzyme was used as a biocatalyst in this study. Response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design was used to optimise both the parameters included in the recovery of bromelain from papaya waste and silver from X-ray waste. Parameters involved in the recovery of bromelain include incubation time, pH of solution, temperature of solution and concentration of solution; for silver recovery along with the parameters selected for bromelain, recovery weight of X-rays is also considered in the study. Characterisation techniques like XRD, SEM, TGA, BET, FTIR and GC/MS were performed for the samples of bromelain and recovered silver from X-rays. At 30min of incubation time, pH of 8, with 15mL of bromelain solution maintained at 80 ℃ with 0.6g of X-rays gives optimum silver recovery. The optimum recovery of silver was observed to be 96.6%.

Natural convection and variable fluid properties of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow with Cattaneo-Christov theories and heat generation

The main aim behind this work is that we have to determine the enhancement that happens in thermal conductivity by using the Buongiorno model of nanofluid when the nanofluid particles are added to the tangent hyperbolic base fluid moving above the stretched surface. The viscosity of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid is assumed to be temperature-dependent. The modified form of the Fourier law of heat conduction motivated us; therefore, the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux model is considered to observe its significance for heat and mass transport. The chemical reaction and heat generation are also considered to determine their influence on temperature and concentration gradients. This study is crucial because of its application in industrial manufacturing processes such as the coating of wire, the thinning of copper, the production of paper, photographic films, hot rolling, and the purification of crude oil. In electronic cooling systems, the efficient dissipation of heat in smartphones, computers, and data centers is critical to preventing overheating. Nanofluids, with their enhanced thermal properties, can significantly improve heat transfer rates, ensuring better performance, stability, and energy savings. The partial governing equations arising from fluid flow, mass, and heat transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations via appropriate similarity variables. The obtained ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method in the MATLAB software. The effects of the emerging parameters are represented through graphs. According to the results, the velocity profile upsurges due to the natural convection parameters and curvature parameter, while the power law index declines the velocity profile. As the Brownian motion coefficient rises, the concentration profile diminishes while the temperature profile increases. Both the concentration and temperature profiles increase for larger values of the thermophoresis parameter. The concentration profile declines for larger values of chemical reaction parameters, and enhancement happens in the temperature region.

Characterization of a CMOS camera based film digitization platform for gated x-ray imaging diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility.

Hardened gated x-ray detectors use photographic film as the data recording medium due to its low sensitivity to the high-yield neutron environments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The photographic film is digitized with a Photometric Data Systems (PDS) microdensitometer, which measures the film's optical density. The PDS scanner is able to measure a dynamic range of 0-5 OD; however, raster scanning the film is time consuming and maintenance of the instrument is challenging due to legacy technology. Since film usage at NIF is expected to continue in the foreseeable future, a digitization platform that is faster and more maintainable would benefit the NIF's current and future operations. This work presents the characterization of the digital transitions (DT) atom, a CMOS camera-based digitization platform that records film data in a single image capture very quickly and has widely available user support. The preliminary results suggest that the DT atom is able to reconstruct exposures accurately enough to be a competitive alternative to the PDS Scanner.

Competency Reorientation: From Photographic Films to Cosmetics at Fujifilm, 1985-2018

Competency Reorientation: From Photographic Films to Cosmetics at Fujifilm, 1985-2018

Impacts of operating variables in forward roll coating process of viscous hybrid nanofluid

Abstract Roll coating plays a significant role in various coating industries such as magnetic records, wallpapers, wrapping, adhesive tapes, books and magazines, photographic and plastic films. The thin layer coating of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) viscous hybrid nanofluid by passing through the space between two co-rotating rolls has been studied in an isothermal and incompressible analysis. The governing equation of mass and momentum are obtained then dimensionless using lubrication approximation theory (LAT). The velocity, pressure gradient, and pressure distribution are determined by the exact solution. Using Simpson’s (3/8) rule for numerical integration, the complex integral is examined. Important engineering parameters including power and roll separating force delivered by the rolls to the fluid are also estimated numerically. Raising the volume fraction of nanoparticles raises the pressure distribution and pressure gradient while having little effect on the velocity profile. It seems that the magnetic field and hybrid nanofluid, both seem very advantageous for the efficient roll coating process, controlling the separation force, power input, and distance between the attachment and separation point.

Non‐isothermal flow dynamics during reverse roll coating phenomena of non‐Newtonian polymer

AbstractRoll coating plays a major role in industrial coating, including wallpapers, plastic and photographic films, sticky tapes, magnetic recordings, wrapping magazines and books, and so on. The current study proposes a mathematical model for a non‐isothermal, incompressible Sutterby fluid flowing through a narrow gap between two heated, counterrotating rollers. Lubrication approximation theory is used to simplify nondimensional expressions. The perturbation technique provides exact results for velocity profile, temperature, flow rate, and pressure gradient, whereas the numerical technique (Simpson rule) is used to compute the pressure profile and flow rate, respectively. The effects of the involved parameters on various physical characteristics like pressure, flow rate, temperature, pressure gradient, force, and power input are depicted in graphs and tabular form. A mechanism for controlling the coating thickness, power input, flow rate, separation force, and pressure distribution is provided by the material properties involved. With variations to a Sutterby fluid parameter and the velocity ratio K, both the pressure gradient and pressure decrease. It is significant to note that the temperature distribution is controlled by the velocities ratio and Brinkman number. Moreover, the separation point is shifted towards the nip area and the coating thickness on the web reduces with increasing velocities ratio K.

Reconstruction of Z-pinch emission spectra in the wavelength range of less than 10Å using a crystal X-ray spectrograph.

This work is devoted to the reconstruction of Z-pinch plasma emission spectra in the wavelength range of less than 10Å recorded by using a crystal x-ray spectrograph at the Angara 5-1 mega-ampere facility. The spectrograph JA-1 used in experiments has a cylindrical mica crystal with dimensions of 50 × 40mm2 and radius of curvature of 100mm. Registration of spectra is performed on the photographic film UF-4 with dimensions of 30 × 10mm2. To reconstruct the spectra, the previously developed method based on iterative approximation of a true spectrum shape while minimizing a residual between experimental and calculated spectrograms is used. The calculated spectrogram was obtained taking into account the instrumental function of the spectrograph. To define the instrumental function a virtual Monte-Carlo model in the Geant4 toolkit has been developed. This model takes into account the interaction of radiation with the mica crystal using dynamical theory of diffraction. A true spectrum of Z-pinch plasma radiation is reconstructed for a 16mm high load made of two nested cylindrical wire liners. External liner with a diameter of 12mm has 40 Al wires with a diameter of 18 μm. The internal liner with a diameter of 5mm has 4W wires with a diameter of 6 μm. The W wires have a sputtered layer of Rethat is 0.5 μm thick.

Mitigation strategies for time-resolved x-ray diagnostic data degradation due to high neutron yield of ICF experiments at the NIF.

Inertial confinement fusion experiments taking place at the National Ignition Facility are generating ever increasing amounts of fusion energy, with the deuterium tritium fusion neutron yield growing a hundredfold over the past ten years. Strategies must be developed to mitigate this harsh environment's deleterious effects on the operation and the performance of the time-resolved x-ray imagers deployed in the National Ignition Facility target bay to record the dynamics of the implosions. We review the evolution of these imagers in recent years and detail some of the past and present efforts undertaken to maintain or improve the quality of the experimental data collected on high neutron yield experiments. These include the use of a dump-and-read electronic backend, the selection of photographic film with a low background sensitivity, and the optical filtering of Cherenkov radiation.

Numerical investigation of mixed convective flow of micropolar Casson fluid with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model on an inclined vertical stretching surface

Abstract It is vitally critical to understand the dynamics of the non-Newtonian fluids model from an engineering and industrial perspective. Many industrial and technical activities, such as the extrusion of polymer sheets, the manufacturing of paper, and the development of photographic films, require non-Newtonian fluids. Energy transportation has numerous industrial applications, and classical heat and mass transfer laws do not accurately anticipate thermal and solute relaxation times. This study applies the modified Ohm law to heat and mass transport, utilizing Fick’s and generalized Fourier concepts. And the primary purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of heat and mass transport in the magnetohydrodynamics-mixed convective flow involving a micropolar Casson fluid across the vertically inclined starching surface with multiple slip effects. Moreover, the study considers additional factors like thermal radiation, heat generation, chemical reactions, and the influence of thermophoretic to analyze both energy and nanoparticle concentration aspects comprehensively. To simplify the flow analysis, the original flow model is transformed into a couple of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing relevant similarity transformations. These ODEs establish a system that is solved numerically by using the Bvp4c solver through MATLAB. It is worth noticing that a more substantial estimation of the thermal and concentration relaxation parameters decays the fluid temperature and nanoparticle concentration, respectively, and the growth of the material parameter reduces the drag force, which consequently augmenting the fluid velocity. Furthermore, the enhancement occurs in the skin friction due to greater estimation of the micropolar parameter, while the Casson fluid parameter causes the opposite trend.

Protolytic properties of methyl yellow both in water-ethanol medium and in hardened gelatin gel with the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate and tetrabutylammonium chloride

This paper presents the results of studying the acid-base properties of the indicator dye methyl yellow in water–ethanol solutions with a volume fraction of alcohol of 10 % and 50 %. The influence of the addition of NaCl salts and tetrabutylammonium chloride, as well as the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) on the acidity constant of the indicator, was evaluated. Under the chosen conditions, ethanol additives have a more significant effect on the pKa value. For the first time, using the dynamic light scattering method, the particle sizes, polydispersity index, and ζ-potential of colloidal particles in pure aqueous and mixed water–ethanol solutions of methyl yellow (φalcohol from 0.2 % to 50 %) in the presence of NaCl and SDS were estimated. In solutions with φalcohol = 50 % colloidal particles were not found. It has been shown that the hardened gelatin gel of photographic film can be used as a convenient sorbent for methyl yellow. In the process of dye extraction into a gelatin film from water-alcohol solutions containing SDS and NaCl, the acid-base properties of the methyl yellow remained almost unchanged. The difference between the pKa values obtained for the indicator both in solution and in the film did not exceed the measurement error.

Research and Practice on International Talent Cultivation Mode of Film and Television Photography and Production in Undergraduate Colleges and Universities

With the acceleration of globalization, the status and influence of the film and television industry in the international market are increasing. The close connection between the domestic and international film and television markets has prompted the need for universities to cultivate film and television photography and production professionals with an international outlook, innovative ability, and practical skills. However, domestic universities still face many challenges in international talent training. Therefore, it is particularly important to study and build an international talent cultivation model for film and television photography and production majors that is suitable for China's national conditions. The purpose of this paper is to explore how to improve the educational quality and international competitiveness of film and television photography and production majors in China's undergraduate colleges and universities by building an international talent cultivation model. The study will propose a set of scientific, reasonable, and operable international talent cultivation programs through the comparative analysis of the existing education modes of domestic and foreign colleges and universities and carry out practical tests. By studying and practicing the international talent cultivation model for film and television photography and production majors, it can effectively improve the education level of Chinese universities in this field, cultivate film and television talents with international vision and competitiveness, and contribute to the international development of the country's cultural industry.

A Study on Talent Cultivation Strategies for Film and Television Photography and Production Professionals Oriented to Sports Specialty Students in an Interdisciplinary Context

With the rapid development of the film and television industry and the increasing prosperity of the sports industry, interdisciplinary education plays an increasingly important role in talent training. The purpose of this paper is to explore how to develop an effective talent cultivation strategy for film and television photography and production majors in the interdisciplinary context, combined with the characteristics of sports speciality students. Through in-depth analysis of the advantages and shortcomings of sports special students, combined with the actual needs of film and television photography and production majors, this paper puts forward a series of cultivation strategies, with a view to cultivating composite talents with sports literacy and film and television technology dual capabilities. Sports speciality students have good physical quality and teamwork ability, and these qualities are especially important in the process of film and television production. However, they may have deficiencies in artistic expression and technical operation. Therefore, to address this situation, this paper suggests increasing the proportion of artistic aesthetics and technical practice in the curriculum, and enhancing students' comprehensive quality through project practice and interdisciplinary cooperation. Emphasis on the combination of sports and film and television. By offering special courses such as filming of sports events and production of sports documentaries, students can gain an in-depth understanding of the operation and filming techniques of sports events while learning film and television technology. In addition, through the introduction of industry experts and off-campus practical training, students' practical operation ability and industry adaptability are enhanced. Focus on cultivating students' innovative thinking and cross-border co-operation ability. Students are encouraged to participate in interdisciplinary projects to develop their ability to solve complex problems and their sense of innovation, so as to better adapt to the development needs of the film and television industry. Through the above strategies, this paper expects to provide a more comprehensive education for sports speciality students majoring in film and television photography and production, and to cultivate high-quality composite talents with both sports literacy and proficiency in film and television technology.

Magnetized effects of double diffusion model on mixed convective Casson nanofluid subject to generalized perspective of Fourier and Fick’s laws

Understanding the flow behavior of non-Newtonian fluids from an industrial standpoint is crucial. Many industrial and technical activities, such as the extrusion of polymer sheets, the manufacturing of paper, and the development of photographic films, require non-Newtonian fluids. Heat and mass transport have various manufacturing uses. However, classical heat and mass transfer theories (Fourier and Fick laws) cannot anticipate thermal and solute relaxation time occurrences. The purpose of this investigation is to apply the modified Ohm law to the heat and mass transportation systems, which are established by generalized Fourier and Fick’s equations, respectively. A three-dimensional Darcy–Forchheimer flow through a porous medium integrating Hall and ion slip effects is studied for a non-Newtonian fluid known as a “Casson nanofluid” with mixed convection across a stretched surface. To investigate heat transfer augmentation, the modified Buongiorno model for nanofluids is used. It covers practical nanofluid properties as well as the mechanics of random motion and thermo-migration in nanoparticles. These groups of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) that represent the mathematical model are combined with the proper similarity transformations to create an ordinary differential equations system, which is then resolved using the power of the Lobatto IIIA method. Examples of numerical and graphical data are given to show how various physical constraints affect the variation for velocities, temperatures, mass transfer, dimensionless shear stress, as well as Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It turns out that lowering the Casson fluid parameters’ values reduces the velocity in the spatial coordinates (x, y). A rise in the Hall parameter's values ultimately leads to an improvement in the fluid. This paper sheds light on useful applications including power generation, conservation of energy, friction elimination, and nanofluidics. Nonetheless, the work highlights an important point: by carefully adjusting the Casson parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Brownian motion parameter, the flow of a Casson fluid, including nanoparticles, may be controlled.

Oregano, thyme, and lemongrass essential oils as antimicrobial agents in gelatin for photographic films

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of selected essential oils as more environmentally friendly, sustainable antimicrobial agents in photographic films for long‐term data storage. For this purpose, essential oils of oregano, thyme, and lemongrass were added in concentrations ranging from 0.4% to 4% to the gelatin comprising a protective layer for photographic microfilms. The emulsions were analyzed via UV‐Vis for their optical transparency, then tested for their antimicrobial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thin coatings generated by spreading and drying the emulsions onto photographic film substrates were then characterized morphologically via SEM before and after standardized artificial aging procedures. It was found that oregano oil at a concentration of 0.4% maintained the optical and physical properties of the emulsion and proved highly effective against all tested bacteria. Thyme and lemongrass oil also exhibited some antimicrobial activity, however, were not able to inhibit the bacterial growth completely. At higher concentrations of the oils, the gelatin coatings cracked after artificial aging, which makes them unsuitable for the application. To conclude, selected essential oils like oregano oil can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent without compromising the quality of the photographic films.Practical Applications: The results of our research can be applied directly to the manufacturing of photographic films, specifically ones intended for long‐term data storage. Furthermore, many applications of gelatin or related materials which require antimicrobial activity, such as food packaging, could be enhanced by the addition of essential oils.

Consumer Work and Agency in the Analog Revival

Abstract Why do consumers choose difficult analog technologies over their labor-saving digital counterparts? Through ethnographic investigations of three once defunct analog technologies that have experienced a resurgence (vinyl music, film photography, and analog synthesizers), we explore how the act of consumer work enables consumers to experience shifting dimensions of agency. We utilize the theoretical lens of serious leisure to introduce a four-stage work process (novice, apprentice, craft, and design) in which the experience of agency is dependent on the shifting relations between user, object, and context. The four stages are cumulative and conjunctive, representing the development of skills toward mastery while also being connected via three transition mechanisms (contextualization, schematization, and hypothesization) that address agency–alienation tensions. The transition through these mechanisms is necessary to sustain emotional engagement in consumer work. Our contribution lies in demonstrating the myriad of ways in which consumer work as serious leisure generates different experiences of agency and alienation and the ways in which consumers can sustain engagement in their work.

Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes model of Casson fluid employing non-Fourier double diffusion theories with ion slip and Hall effects

It is vitally important to comprehend non-Newtonian fluids flow behaviour from an industrial perspective. Non-Newtonian fluids are needed for a number of industrial and technical processes, including the production of paper, photographic films, and polymer sheet extrusion. There are several industrial applications for heat and mass transfer. However, thermal and solute relaxation time phenomena can't be predicted by classical heat and mass transfer laws (Fourier and Fick laws). This work aims to apply the modified Ohm law to thermal and mass transfer which are based on Fick's and generalized Fourier principles, respectively. The current study examines the three-dimensional Darcy-Forchheimer flow of non-Newtonian fluid “Casson fluid” via porous medium with ion slip and Hall effects across a stretched sheet. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion aspects are also considered. The diffusion phenomena are modelled using the Boungrino model. The modified Buongiorno model (MBM) for nanofluids is used to investigate the enhancement of heat transport. Together with practical nanofluid properties, it covers the mechanics of thermo-migration and random motion of nanoparticles. By adding the appropriate similarity transformations, this collection of (PDEs) that reflect the mathematical model is transformed into an (ODEs) system, which it is subsequently resolved utilizing the Lobatto IIIA technique's powerful computing capabilities via Matlab software. Data visualisations and numerical examples are presented considering many physical restrictions affect the fluctuation of velocities, temperatures, concentration, dimensionless shear stress, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. According to certain findings, the existence of Hall and ion slip effects, and other factors contribute to an increase in horizontal velocity distribution. Furthermore, Fourier's law produces a wider temperature distribution than the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model.

Analysis of Knowledge of Professional Dentist Students Regarding Dentistry Radiation In Pediatric

Backgroud: Radiation that often used in dentistry was the X-ray radiation. X-rays were used as a means of supporting the diagnosis because of its physical properties that can recorded the tissue image in its path on photographic film. Besides beneficial, X- rays can cause damage in the form of tissue damage due to its biological properties that can damaged deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and triggerred the formation of free radicals. The Professional (Koas) dental students in the University of Syiah Kuala (USK) of Oral and Dental Hospital (RSGM) Banda Aceh often used X-rays for diagnosis and treatment of teeth, so that they should had knowledge of radiation on children. Objective: of this study was to determined the level of knowledge of clinical dental students about radiation dentistry for children in the University of Syiah Kuala Oral and Dental Hospital Banda Aceh. Methods: of this research was a descriptive survey. The study involved 205 clinical dental students who met the inclusion criteria. Research subjects were asked to completed a questionnaire in the form of questions about radiation dentistry for children. Results: The study indicated the level of knowledge of clinical dental students about radiation dentistry for children amounted to 51.2% including moderate category, followed by 31,7% of good category and 17,1% poor category. Conclusion:The level of knowledge of clinical dental students about radiation dentistry for children mostly in the moderate category.

Digital archival spectral data for Seyfert galaxies and their use in conjunction with modern FAI spectral data

The paper presents a methodology for the digitization and processing of our own spectral data archive and the results of comparing the obtained data with those of modern observations. An Epson Perfection V850 Pro scanner with optional SilverFast8 software was used to scan photographic films. More than 2,000 archive spectra of Seyfert galaxies obtained in 1970–1990 with the AZT-8 telescope have been scanned to date (resolution 2400 dpi). The work describes the reduction of distortion for the scanned spectra using the program code, created in Python. Our code has been registered on the web service “GitHub” and a link to the code is given in the work. The results of digitization and subsequent spectra processing are presented in the example of the Seyfert galaxy Mrk 3. For the absolute calibration of the early spectra (Jan. 25, 1976) the radiation fluxes in the emission lines of [SII] were used. The lines were measured on the modern spectrogram obtained in 2023 on telescope AZT-8 (Mar. 14, 2023)

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of triphenyl phosphate on root tip cells of Allium cepa L.

Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a tri-ester of phosphoric acid and phenol. It is used in products such as polyvinyl chloride, hydraulic fluids, polymers, photographic films and printed circuit cards as a flame retardant. It is also widely used in consumer products like electric and electronic devices, textiles and building necessaries. TPhP can diffuse into its surrounding environment easily, because it does not form a chemical bond with polymeric materials. Therefore, bio-monitoring of such compounds is needed for possible environmental and human health effects. In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TPhP on Allium cepa on the cells of root tips. A 10 mg/mL stock solution of TPhP was dissolved in DMSO and dilutions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/mL was made in distilled water. Onion bulbs, rooted in test tubes, were exposed to these concentrations of TPhP for 24 h. Distilled water was used as a negative control, 0.7% hydrogen peroxide was used as positive control, and 0.5% DMSO was used as solvent control. Significant inhibition of onion root growth was observed following treatment with the 6, 8 and 10 mg/mL TPhP ranges in comparison with the negative and solvent control groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the TPhP treatment groups, total chromosome aberration ratios were significantly high in comparison with the controls (p < 0.05). These results suggest that TPhP have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa root tips.

A colorimetric sensor array based on transparent photographic film (triacetyl cellulose polymer) as a smart label for naked eye detection of chicken meat spoilage

A new transparent colorimetric sensor array is presented for naked eye monitoring of the chicken meat freshness. This sensor array consists of four sensors fabricated by using pH indicators, immobilized on triacetyl cellulose (TAC) membrane. The sensor array represented obvious color change when it was exposed to the volatile organic compounds emitted from the chicken meat after 20 h keeping at room temperature or after four days of storage in the refrigerator. Therefore, it could easily identify spoiled meat from the fresh one assisted by chemometrics data analysis. Also, the color change of sensors due to the spoilage was sharp enough that could be read even by untrained people, providing naked eye monitoring the chicken meat freshness. The TAC polymer represented high physical stability for industrial scale-up. In addition, the immobilized indicators represented good stability against color change in humid condition. This offered the potential for continuous monitoring of the meat spoilage as smart labeling in the markets.