Photoelectric Generator Research Articles

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of a Photoelectric-Thermoelectric Integrated Power Generator Filled by Al Layer

This article presents the theoretical and experimental investigations of a novel integrated power generator. A solar cell and a thermoelectric generator (TEG) are integrated in a single chip. The fabrication process of the integrated power generator is compatible with the CMOS process and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. Hence, the TEG and the solar cell can collect luminous energy and thermal energy at the same time. The TEG consists of n-type and p-type thermal legs, which are connected in squares and can supply a dc voltage. By experimental measurements, when the TEG is covered by an aluminum layer, its voltage factor and power factor are 0.149 V/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K and 3.03 nW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively. The performance is better than the chip filled by thermal grease. In addition, the solar cell consists of several p-n junctions, which are formed by doping on the silicon substrate. Both the top and back of the solar cell can receive light. When light is incident on the top and bottom surfaces of the chip, the conversion efficiencies of the photoelectric generator are 4.45% and 0.682%, respectively.

Modeling of the Photoelectric–Thermoelectric Integrated Micropower Generator

Modeling of the photoelectric and thermoelectric integrated micropower generator is proposed in this article. This generator consists of a photoelectric generator and a microthermoelectric generator that can harvest optical and thermal energy at the same time. Photoelectric generator in this design is composed of several parallel p-n junctions on silicon substrate with Poly-Si electrodes above to receive light from both the top and the bottom sides of the chip. In order to take the advantage of CMOS process and integrate with the photoelectric generator, the microthermoelectric generator is designed to be hybrid and composed of series-wound thermocouples. The proposed model is based on the photovoltaic effect and the Seebeck effect. According to the results of the experiments, when light is received from the top side of the chip, the efficiency of the photoelectric generator is 4.11% and it is 0.5% when the bottom side is chosen to receive light. Geometry of the thermocouples dominates the performance of the microthermoelectric generator in this design. When the length and the width of the thermal legs are 75 and 20 μm, respectively, the microthermoelectric generator has the experimental output voltage factor of 0.316 Vcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . The measured maximum output power factor of the microthermoelectric generator is 6.34×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> μWcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> .

Intramolecular Photoelectrochemical System Using Tyrosine-Modified Antibody-Targeted Peptide as Electron Donor for Detection of Biomarkers.

An intramolecular photoelectrochemical (PEC) system is designed from the novel electron donor YYYHWRGWV (Y3-H) peptide ligand for the first time. The bifunctional nonapeptide cannot only rely on the HWRGWV sequence as a site-oriented immobilizer to recognize the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domains of the antibody but also acts as electron donors for PEC generation via three tyrosine (Y) of the N-terminal. The Bi2WO6/AgInS2 heterojunction with a significant visible-light absorption is utilized as a photoelectric generator, and the motivation is ascribed to a proven proposition, namely, that short-wavelength illuminant radiates proteins, causing a decline in bioactivity of immune protein. An innovative biosensor is fabricated using the above strategies for the detection of CYFRA21-1, a biomarker of squamous cell lung carcinoma. This sort of PEC-based sensing platform shows convincing experimental data and could be an effective candidate for clinical application in the future due to their extremely skillful conception.

Control of the photoelectric generator for used in feeding of the independent wind turbine system

In this paper, a hybrid power system is proposed to eliminate any interruption caused to absence of power supply network by the Fusion between the wind source and the photovoltaic source to create a hybrid system with internal power supply autonomy. The hybrid power system includes a solar and wind source whose wind energy conversion system is based on a doubly fed induction generator. The photovoltaic conversion system extracts the maximum power from the sun. A part of this power is used to supply the rotor of a doubly fed induction generator; the rest is injected in the grid. The connection between the two conversion systems is made by means of static converters (chopper/inverter). In the photovoltaic conversion chain, a controller for tracking the maximum power point is designed using the direct search approach the Perturb and observe method. The wind energy conversion system contains a doubly fed asynchronous generator with a control system of generated powers by the technique of the fuzzy logic. The simulation was done to prove the validity of the strategy and of the control method used for the control of the power generated by the hybrid system.

PID Temperature Control Systems of Greenhouse Based on FSM Methodology

PID Temperature Control Systems of Greenhouse Based on FSM (finite state machines) Methodology is used in variable-temperature-controlled greenhouse. This system cored with an advanced 16 bit RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) MPU MSP430F149 with low power. The sensors employ a higher accuracy Pt1000 Resistance Temperature sensor and Silicon Photoelectric Generator. In software design, it used the thinking of FSM programming increment style PID Control algorithm. The Flexible Application of FSM can make the program clear and more effectively to management. The increment style PID Control algorithm avoids paranormal value when setting temperature is changed and temperature control more accurately. The cite operation shows that this controller has the advantages such as high reliability and good control effect.

Fast stages of photoelectric processes in biological membranes. II. Visual rhodopsin.

The functioning of visual rhodopsin as a photoelectric generator has been demonstrated with a direct method. Photoreceptor discs were incorporated into a phospholipid-impregnated collodion film. Illumination of the resulting system with continuous light was found to induce formation of an electric potential (the disc-free side positive) that was measured with two electrodes separated by the film. A photopotential exceeding 40 mV was shown. It dissipated before the light source was switched off. A 15 ns 530-nm laser flash induced the formation of a photopotential of up to 35 mV whose appearance was preceded with a small oppositely directed electrogenic phase. This "negative" photoresponse took less than 200 ns. The "positive" photoresponse was composed of at least two phases (t 1/2 about 500 microseconds and several milliseconds). The latter was shown to correlate with formation of metarhodopsin II. A 347-nm laser flash added after a 530-nm flash resulted in a photoelectric effect similar to that initiated by 530-nm flash but of opposite direction. The 347-nm response was completely abolished by hydroxylamine preventing the accumulation of metarhodopsin II. The response at 530 nm proved to be hydroxylamine-resistant. Both the amplitude and the decay time of the flash-induced potential were maximal in the response to the first flash, each subsequent flash being less effective than the preceding one. Flashes were found to cause acceleration of the photopotential decay. The latter effect proved to be due to a increase of membrane conductance that developed faster than in 50 ms. Addition of 11-cis retinal after illumination improved the amplitude of the photoresponse but not the conductance. The light-induced increase in conductance was insensitive to hydroxylamine. It is suggested that a function of visual rhodopsin consists of generating a potential difference across the photoreceptor disc membrane which responds with a increase in membrane permeability to a rise of the membrane potential. A possible role of an electric break-down of the membrane, induced by the rhodopsin-generated local or partially delocalized electric field has been discussed.

Products of limited proteolysis of bacteriorhodopsin generate a membrane potential

In recent years, one of the most interesting events in biochemistry was the discovery of a new type of photosynthesis mediated by bacteriorhodopsin, a light-dependent proton pump in the membrane of halophilic bacteria. The goal of the present work was to elucidate whether the water-exposed sites of the polypeptide chain of bacteriorhodopsin are involved in the generation of a transmembrane electric potential difference. We have studied the products of partial proteolysis of bacteriorhodopsin by papain and thermolysin. The experiments revealed that the products of hydrolysis of bacteriorhodopsin that retain the AsTO,, max are still competent in generating a transmembrane electric potential difference if illuminated with continuous light or with a flash inducing a single bacteriorhodopsin turnover. The kinetic parameters of bacteriorhodopsin as a photoelectric generator do not deteriorate in spite of removal of 17 amino acids from the C-end, 3 amino acids from the N-end and 5 amino acids from the middle part of the polypeptide chain.

1149. Photoelectric generator: Westinghouse Electrical Corp, German Patent 1,233,509, Patent Abstr, 7 (10) part C, 15th March 1967, 8

1149. Photoelectric generator: Westinghouse Electrical Corp, German Patent 1,233,509, Patent Abstr, 7 (10) part C, 15th March 1967, 8

Servo-operated respiratory waveform simulator

An apparatus for the generation of typical respiratory patterns is described. Two pistons are driven by a half horse-power servomotor operated by a Velodyne speed control system. The desired waveform is produced by means of a cam or photoelectric function generator.

Control and Power Supply Problems of Instrumented Satellites

Schemes for an attitude control system and for electric power supplies for an unmanned satellite of a few hundred pounds total weight are presented. The attitude of the satellite with respect to the earth's center is controlled within ±10 degrees by utilizing the shadowing effect of the earth on the isotropic cosmic radiation. A number of Geiger counters are arranged so that they sense the location of the shadow cone of the earth. Signals resulting from the counting rates of the counters control fly wheels that cause the satellite to rotate around its center of gravity. Three sources for electric power are described, each of which delivers an average of about 100 watts. The first converts the sun's radiating energy with a silicon junction photoelectric generator. A sun-seeking device keeps the generator oriented toward the sun during daytime. In the second system, the sun's radiation is directed toward a pile of thermocouples made of ZnSb and constantan. Thermocouples have been built of these materials which convert solar energy into electric energy with an efficiency of 5.6%. The third method uses a radioactive, isotope, strontium 90, and its daughter product, yttrium 90, as heating element for a pile of thermocouples. The half life of strontium 90 is 20 years. Each of these three sources has a specific power production of the order of 0.4 to 0.7 watts per pound of weight. The attitude control system and the methods of power supply described are applicable also to larger satellites.

Control and Power Supply Problems of Instrumented Satellites

Schemes for an attitude control system and for electric power supplies for an unmanned satellite of a few hundred pounds total weight are presented. The attitude of the satellite with respect to the earth's center is controlled within ±10 degrees by utilizing the shadowing effect of the earth on the isotropic cosmic radiation. A number of Geiger counters are arranged so that they sense the location of the shadow cone of the earth. Signals resulting from the counting rates of the counters control fly wheels that cause the satellite to rotate around its center of gravity. Three sources for electric power are described, each of which delivers an average of about 100 watts. The first converts the sun's radiating energy with a silicon junction photoelectric generator. A sun-seeking device keeps the generator oriented toward the sun during daytime. In the second system, the sun's radiation is directed toward a pile of thermocouples made of ZnSb and constantan. Thermocouples have been built of these materials which convert solar energy into electric energy with an efficiency of 5.6%. The third method uses a radioactive, isotope, strontium 90, and its daughter product, yttrium 90, as heating element for a pile of thermocouples. The half life of strontium 90 is 20 years. Each of these three sources has a specific power production of the order of 0.4 to 0.7 watts per pound of weight. The attitude control system and the methods of power supply described are applicable also to larger satellites.