Photoelectric Counter Research Articles

PENGARUH VARIASI PUTARAN SPINDEL TERHADAP GAYA POTONG PADA PROSES PEMESINAN

The turning process is one of the most important machining processes in the industrial world. In this process, a change in shape is carried out by removing some of the material in the form of industrial machine tools. Inappropriate selection of the shape/type of tool, workpiece material, and cutting conditions will affect the characteristics of the tool. In the study, it was found that the rotational speed was 90,110,155,190 rpm, with a depth of cut of 0.3 mm at a feed rate of 0.023 mm / rev against different specimens, namely Dural Aluminum (Al 2024), Pure Aluminum (Al 1100) using a chisel insert type DCGT 070204K. -10 and DCMT 070202 M-20 with conventional lathe type Emco Maximat V - 13 IP 54. Data retrieval uses three sensors, namely a load cell sensor for cutting force, and the photoelectric counter module for rotation (rpm). The results showed that each specimen tested had a different value in each test experiment, such as testing on Pure Aluminum (Al 1100) specimens with a cut depth of 0.3 mm and rotation variations of 90, 110, 155, and 190. rpm can be seen in DCMT tool that the cutting force is greater than the DCGT tool. The cutting force produced on the DCMT tool blade is 9.91 N with a rotation of 110 rpm and at 190 rpm the DCMT tool gets a force of 6.83 N. It can be concluded that at low rotation the cutting force that occurs will be greater because of the vibrations that occur bigger.

Aerosol characteristics over the Arctic seas of Eurasia: results of measurements in 2018 and average spatial distribution in the summer-autumn periods of 2007–2018

In August-September 2018, on the route of the expedition “Arctic-2018” (R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov”) in the Arctic Ocean we carried out the following cycle of measurements of aerosol characteristics: aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere in the wavelength range of 0.34–2.14 μm, number concentrations of particles with diameters of 0.4–10 μm, and mass concentration of absorbing substance (black carbon) in the near-ground layer. The optical and microphysical characteristics of aerosol were measured using portable sun photometer SPM, photoelectric particle counter AZ-10, and aethalometer MDA. Analysis of the measurements showed that aerosol and black carbon concentrations are maximal in the atmosphere of the Barents Sea and especially in its southern part, subject to outflows of fine aerosol from the north of Europe. The average aerosol characteristics near Kola Peninsula had been 7.2 cm–3 for aerosol concentration, 167 ng/m3 for black carbon concentration, and 0.16 for AOD (0.5 μm). To estimate the specific features of the spatial variations in aerosol over the Arctic seas of Russia, we generalized the measurements in nine (2007–2018) expeditions. All aerosol characteristics are found to decrease from west toward east in the average spatial distribution. The average concentrations of aerosol are 3.5 cm–3, black carbon concentrations are 41.2 ng/m3, and AOD (0.5 μm) values are 0.080 over the Barents Sea; and they decrease to 1.96 cm–3, 24.3 ng/m3, and 0.039 respectively over the East Siberian Sea. The decreasing tendency in the northeastern direction is noted in more detailed latitude-longitude distributions of aerosol characteristics in the atmosphere over the Barents and Kara Seas.

Excipient-free isoniazid aerosol administration in mice: Evaporation-nucleation particle generation, pulmonary delivery and body distribution

Excipient-free isoniazid aerosol formation and pulmonary delivery in mice are studied. An evaporation-nucleation route is used for the generation of isoniazid aerosol. Particle diameters and number concentrations are measured with an aerosol spectrometer consisting of a diffusion battery, condensation chamber, and photoelectric counter. The pulmonary delivery of isoniazid particles is studied in both nose-only (NO) and whole-body (WB) inhalation chambers for the particle mean diameter and number concentration to be 600 nm and 6 × 106 cm−3, respectively. It is found that the rate of drug systemic absorption in the WB chamber is 27% higher than that for the NO one because of an additional consumption of drug orally from the fur in the WB chamber. The particle deposition efficiency ε in the mouse respiratory tract is measured as a function of mean diameter. The quantity ε is equal to 0.7 for the particle diameter d = 10 nm and decreases to 0.2 with the diameter increasing to 300 nm, and then, at d > 300 nm the deposition efficiency increases with diameter to 0.5 at d = 2000 nm. The bioavailability of the aerosol form of isoniazid (72 ± 10%) is very close to that for the per-oral form (61 ± 10%).

Four-Channel Photoelectric Counter of Saltating Sand Particles

A four-channel photoelectric counter has been designed and manufactured for the measurements of saltating sand concentration fluctuations and size distribution function of particles with diameters >30 μm over desertified areas. The measurement results are given. It is shown that the vertical profile of the saltating sand concentration does not change on average in the altitude range from 3 to 7 cm over a desertified area in the neighborhood of the Volga. The distribution function of saltating sand particles over the desertified area is approximated with satisfactory accuracy by the lognormal distribution near the distribution maximum. Noticeable distinctions between the abovementioned distributions for large and small sand particles are observed.

A single-element interferometer for measuring parallelism and uniformity of transparent plate

The transparent plates (such as organic glass, plastic plate) are widely used in the construction industry, high-tech products and scientific research applications, and its parallelism and uniformity measurement in the manufacture and quality control become more and more inevitable. Interferometer is a label-free, high-precision, and high-efficient device that can be used in many fields. According to a single-element interferometer, we demonstrate a measurement for the parallelism and uniformity of transparent medium. Beam-splitter cube is a key component. Half of plane wave laser source passes through the measured medium and the remaining half directly passes through the air, then these two halves with different optical paths meet in the beam-splitter cube. The parallelism or uniformity is determined by calculating interference fringe shift number during rotating the measured sample. The coherent beam is divided into two parts by a beam-splitter, one passes through the lens and then arrives at a photoelectric counter, and the other arrives at the observation plane of the charge-coupled device. The photoelectric counter is used to count the integer part of fringe shift number during rotating the sample; and the decimal part can be detected by calculating the phase difference of the two interferograms captured before and after rotation. The measurement principle of the proposed device is analyzed in detail, and the numerical simulations of the fringe shift number and the gray level changing with the sample rotation angle, the thickness and the refractive index of the sample are carried out. The simulation results show that the bigger the rotation angle, thickness and refractive index of the sample, the greater the fringe shift number will be. Therefore, the measurement accuracy can be improved by increasing the rotation angle and the thickness of the sample. In addition, we also simulate the measurement processes of two kinds of samples, which are unparallel and inhomogeneous transparent plates. The simulation results prove the feasibility and high accuracy of the proposed method. Finally, the optical experiment is conducted to demonstrate the practicability of the present device. The parallelism of a cuvette used for more than one year, is tested by our device. The results show that the difference in thickness between the cuvettes is on a micron scale, the peak-valley (PV) value is 9.92 m, and the root mean square (RMS) value is 2.2 m. And the difference between the contrast test results and the results from the proposed method is very small, the PV value is 0.569 m, and the RMS value is 0.131 m. The stability and repeatability of the proposed setup are tested in the experimental condition. The mean value and standard deviation of the fringe shift number during 30 min are 0.0012 and 0.0008, respectively. These results further testify the high accuracy and stability of our method. In conclusion, the performance of our measurement method is demonstrated with numerical simulation and optical experiment.

Accounting for the dependence of the size boundaries of photoelectric counters on the complex refractive index of the material of aerosol particles

Accounting for the dependence of the size boundaries of photoelectric counters on the complex refractive index of the material of aerosol particles

基于硬币分拣包装机的DSP控制系统设计

本文以硬币分拣装置的控制为研究对象，重点讨论了基于DSP的硬币整理机器的控制系统设计，主要阐述了电涡流传感器的硬币检伪、光电计数器的硬币计数检测、步进电机的细分控制等模块的研究。通过各个模块的协调配合实现了混杂硬币的分拣、检伪、包装等功能。 The research aim of this passage is the control system of the coin sorting apparatus. The passage mainly discusses the design of coin sorting machine’s control system based on DSP, meanwhile, mainly explains the design of the seizure of counterfeit coins with eddy current sensor, the coin counting with photoelectric counter and the stepper motor micro-step control system, etc. By the coordination of every module, we achieve the functions of sorting, packaging, and picking out the fake from a pile of mixed coins.

Medium-size surface aerosols during winter-spring transitions

The variability of medium-size surface aerosol particles with radii of 0.3–0.6 μm during winter-spring transitions is studied in the experiments carried out at the Aerosol monitoring station of the Laboratory of Aerosol Optics of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences in 2009–2013. Time variations in the aerosol extinction coefficient in the spectral range 0.50–3.9 μm measured along a surface horizontal path is analyzed, as well as the size distribution function in the range 0.2–5.0 μm measured using a PKGTA photoelectric counter at one end of the path. A correlation between the variations in medium-size aerosol concentration and fine aerosol condensation activity is studied. The experimental spectral extinction coefficients are compared with those calculated by the Mie theory for the approximated size distributions.

Detection of snowfall occurrence during blowing snow events using photoelectric sensors

There is a strong need to identify blowing snow events with and without concurrent falling snow and to estimate solid precipitation amounts in mountainous areas and polar regions. For these purposes, we first developed a method using the concomitant analysis of an anemometer and a drifting snow sensors (SPC-S7 and Wenglor/YH03PCT8-YH08PCT8). Photoelectric sensors, such as the SPC-S7 (Snow Particle Counter), specially designed for studying drifting snow, or a simpler photoelectric counter manufactured by Wenglor, were chosen because they had already been tested in previous studies for measuring solid precipitation. They were set up at Lac Blanc Pass, an experimental site dedicated to the study of drifting snow in the French Alps. The data set obtained was compared with the independent database of blowing snow events with or without falling snow collected at the same experimental site, i.e. data on the precipitation amount stemming from heated precipitation gauge and SAFRAN modeling output. The analysis of snow flux and mean diameter according to wind speed allowed us to separate blowing snow events with and without precipitation for moderate wind speed. To reduce the uncertainty at high wind speed, the SPC-S7 must be set up at least 4m above the snow surface. Similar preliminary results were obtained with the simpler Wenglor photoelectric counter, despite the minimum observable diameter being 200μm and the particle size distribution unavailable. These results must be confirmed by further experiments. The SPC-S7- estimated precipitation amount is in relatively good agreement with modeled precipitation given the many uncertainties due to the calculation hypotheses. Since the particle size distribution is not available for the simpler photoelectric counter and there are too many uncertainties and hypotheses in calculating solid precipitation, we concluded that the solid precipitation amount cannot be reliably estimated by the simple photoelectric counter.

Automatic Counting System Based on MCU

For the low accuracy and low efficiency of artificial counting problem, we introduced a set of automatic counting system which can be applied in the particulate workpiece counting. With infrared transmitting and receiving module as sensor, when a workpiece passes through the surveyed area, the light will be blocked by the workpiece and the receiving module will emit a pulse signal, the counting for the passing workpiece just is the workpiece number. This text make detailed introduction to the hardware circuit and software design and An on-line type automatic control photoelectric counter system is developed based on this photoelectric detection method. The experiments show that the instrument has the advantages of precision counting, fast detection speed and strong practicability.

Design of Bending Fatigue Machine for Flexible Electronics

According to the current requirements of bending fatigue test for flexible electronics, a bending fatigue machine based on SCM (single chip Microcomputer) has been designed. using stepper motor driving screw nut body as loading mechanism, improve the accuracy of the structure effectively by gaps eliminator, and achieve the requirement of precision control by using fraction driving technology in the motor control. Photoelectric counter and electrical signals detection circuit have also been designed to achieve unattended function. This design plays an important role in the following testing process.

Results of integrated aerosol experiment in the continent-ocean transition zone (primorye and the Japan Sea). Part 3. Microphysical characteristics and ion composition of aerosol in the near-ground and near-water layers

The paper discusses the results of simultaneous aerosol measurements performed in the spring 2009 in two regions: near Ussuriysk (43.7° N, 132.2° E) and in the Japan Sea onboard the Nadezhda sailing training vessel. The mass concentrations of aerosol and black carbon and the particle size distribution were measured using PhaN-type nephelometers, aethalometers, and AZ-5 and GRIMM photoelectric particle counters. Simultaneously, air samples were collected on filters to determine the ion chemical composition of aerosol. The spatiotemporal variations in chemical and microphysical composition of aerosol were studied. It is shown that the atmosphere of the Far East region in spring of 2009 was characterized by high contents of aerosol and black carbon, comparable with that over the Caspian Sea and three times larger than the level of concentrations over the White Sea. The average mass concentrations of aerosol and black carbon and the number concentration of particles were (17.5 ± 8.70) μg/m3, (0.99 ± 0.72) μg/m3, and (22.0 ± 13.6) cm−3, respectively. The high concentrations of aerosol and black carbon were due to emissions of continental aerosol of different origins (dust, anthropogenic, and smoke) and marine aerosol from regions neighboring the measurement regions. Close values of the concentrations in Primorye and the Japan Sea argue for the existence of a mean regional aerosolbackground. About 80% of the aerosol chemical composition in the region is accounted for by continental particle sources. Submicron aerosol prevailed in dust emissions, which formed the ion composition in most cases. The content of large particles (about 2 μm in radius) in the size spectrum may serve as an indicator of dust emissions. It follows from comparison with other regions that the maximum concentrations of “continentally derived” SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ ions are observed over the Japan Sea, those of “sea-derived” Cl−, Na+, and Mg2+ ions are observed over the White Sea, and the minimum concentrations of most ions are observed near Antarctica.

Airborne measurements of particle and gas emissions from the December 1994–January 1995 eruption of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico)

Airborne and ground-based (correlation spectrometer, cascade impactor, and photoelectric counter together with intake filter probes) measurements are described for the volcanic emissions from Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico) from December 23, 1994 to January 28, 1995. Measurements of SO 2 restarted 48 h after the eruption onset of December 21, 1994. Maximum sulfur dioxide (4560 t d −1) plus 3.8×10 4 t d −1 of particulate matter were ejected on December 24, 1994. The maximum rate of ejection occurred coincidentally with the maximum amplitude of harmonic tremor and the maximum number of seismic type B events. Sulfur dioxide emission rates ranged from 1790 to 2070 t d −1 (December 23–24, 1994). Afterwards, sulfur dioxide emission rates clearly indicated a consistent decline. However, frequent gas and ash emission puffs exhibited SO 2 fluxes reaching values as high as 3060 t d −1. The emission SO 2 baseline for the period of study (February 1994–January 1995) was about 1000 t d −1. Ejection velocity of particulate matter was approximately 270 m s −1 reaching a height of about 2.5 km over the summit. The immediate aerosol dispersion area was estimated at 6.0×10 4 km 2 maximum. The microscopic structure of particles (aerosol and tephra) showed a fragile material, probably coming from weathered crustal layers. X-ray fluorescence and neutron-activation analysis from the impactor samples found the following elements: Si, Al, Ca, S, P, Cl, K, Ni, Fe, Ti, Sc, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sr, Cr, Co, Y, Br, Se, Ga, Rb, Hg and Pb. Morphological analysis shows that ash samples might be from pulverized basaltic rock indicating that the Popocatépetl eruption of December 21, 1994 was at low temperature. The microscopic structure of puff material showed substance aggregates consisted of fragile rock, water and adsorbed SO 2. These aggregates were observed within water droplets of approximately 1 mm and even larger. Sulfur transformations in the droplets occurred intensively. Volcanic ash contained 5–6% of sulfur during the first expulsion hours. Elemental relative concentrations with respect to Al show that both Si and S have relative concentrations >1, i.e., 13.73 and 2.17, respectively in agreement with the photoelectric counter and COSPEC measurements.

Vibrating-capillary generator for obtaining test aerosols with a diameter of less than 2 microns

Methods are considered for obtaining test aerosols of particle diameter less than 2 μm by means of a generator with a vibrating capillary, and subsequently using them to provide metrological assurance of photoelectric particle counters.

A photoelectric aerosol counter containing a scanned laser beam

A photoelectric aerosol counter containing a scanned laser beam

Roller instrument for measuring large diameters

When the workpiece i with diameter D rotates, the roller 4, diameter d, and the glass disk in the photoelectric converter 5 also rotate. For each rotation of roller 4, the pulse counter 9 (programmable timer) receives i0,000 pulses, which begin to be counted on command from the gripping sensor i0, which indicates that a given force is exerted by the roller, and after the command has been received from the revolution counter 3 working with the workpiece i. That command is generated when one of the flags 2 attached to the chuck enters the slot in the photoelectric revolution counter 3. The microprocessor 8 on the passage of the same flag records a given number of rotations in the workpiece (e.g., four) and then outputs a command to stop counting the pulses from the roller sensor and converts the pulses into the diameter from

TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF INFRARED SATELLITE IMAGERY IN OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES

A methodology for transmitting satellite information from shipboard receiving stations to onshore image processing centers is described, developed for the purpose of increasing the accuracy of water temperature and other oceanographic measurements taken by infrared scanning radiometers and promoting wider utilization of computers in image processing. Signals are recorded on magnetic tape, modulated, amplified to the normal operational range of a digital-analog signal transformer, and transformed into a sequence of eight-digit binary-decimal numbers, which pass through a photoelectric counter into computer memory. Infrared signals are isolated by an envelope demodulator in an early stage of the process. Translated from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, 1985, No. 14, pp. 93-95.

An Improved Photo-Electric Fish Egg Counter

We describe an improved design and operating procedure for a photo-electric fish egg counter. The design was simplified so that the apparatus can function as a flow-through system using tap water. The procedure for operating the counter was changed so that coincidence counting can be corrected for. Triplicate fecundity determinations, made gravimetrically for 10 randomly selected Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi), were repeated using our method to compare the accuracy and precision of estimates made with both procedures. Mean fecundity estimates did not differ significantly between methods. The precision of estimates made using the counter was at least sixfold greater, and single determinations were accurate to within 5% of the true mean value with 95% probability. Our procedure is also less tedious and about 70% faster than the gravimetric method. The counter, unmodified, should be capable of counting eggs from 25 marine and 6 freshwater fish species. We believe that it can be easily adapted to count eggs that differ substantially in size from those of Pacific herring.

A note on the use of a photoelectric counter for total particle counting

The ability of the Nolan-Pollak counter to function as a “total” particle counter was investigated. Comparison with the UMR Absolute Aitken Nuclei Counter operated at an expansion pressure ratio of 1.33 revealed that in mean, the N—P counter measurements (at an expansion pressure ratio of 1.21) were 30% less. This correction, however, depends on particle nature, concentration and size distribution and assumes that particle losses in the central part of the UMRAAN counter are negligible.

Southern hemisphere stratospheric aerosol measurements: 2. Time variations and the 1974–1975 aerosol events

A balloon‐borne photoelectric counter and jet impactor have been used to examine the southern hemisphere stratospheric aerosol from late 1974 to mid‐1976. Changes in particle morphology and loading observed in this period are consistent with a new source of aerosol in 1974. In the 10‐ to 16‐km altitude range the loading of particles with r > 0.15 μm increased by slightly greater than a factor of 2 from September 1974 to July 1976, while the loading of particles with 0.028 μ m < r < 0.15 μm decreased by approximately a factor of 2. The increased loading of particles with r > 0.15 μm in the 1975 southern winter was only about one‐fifth that observed at northern mid‐latitudes in the preceding northern winter.