Photodynamic Therapy Sessions Research Articles

Efficacy of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy with Adjunctive Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue O Mediated Photodynamic in Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study aimed to examine the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) photodynamic therapy (PDT) as adjuncts to root surface debridement (RSD). This split-mouth, randomized, controlled clinical trial included eighteen patients, and a total of 332 sites (control = 102, MB = 124 and TBO = 106) were examined. Two sessions of PDT were completed at baseline and two weeks after RSD. Clinical parameters of bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured pre- and post-treatment. PPD and BOP reductions in sites treated by RSD with adjunctive photosensitizers (MB and TBO) were significantly higher than in control sites. RSD with MB showed higher efficacy in improving moderately deep pockets (OR 3.350), while adjunctive TBO showed better results in treating deeper pockets (OR 4.643). Results suggested that adjunctive use of MB and TBO to RSD could significantly improve periodontal pocket closure and reduce signs of inflammation. In addition, TBO seems to be more efficient in treating deep periodontal pockets than MB, which is more effective in resolving shallower pockets.

Регресс ринофимы на фоне фотодинамической терапии базальноклеточного рака кожи кончика носа

The article describes a case of regression of rhinophyma against the background of photodynamic therapy of basal cell carcinoma of the skin of the nose tip. After a single session of photodynamic therapy using a systemic photosensitizer based on chloride (photoran), there was a significant decrease in the size of the nose (rhinophyma), the disappearance of erythema, puffiness, and the formation of the initial contours of the face of this anatomical area. Despite the marginal recurrence of basal cell carcinoma after six months at the site of previous treatment and a repeat session of photodynamic therapy, after one year of dynamic follow-up, remission of basal cell carcinoma and regression of rhinophyma persist. The described method of treatment is atraumatic, easily reproducible, well tolerated by patients, safe and allows patients with basal cell carcinoma in combination with rhinophyma to achieve complete remission of both diseases.

Photodynamic therapy of leukoplakia of the oral mucosa: experience of using method in 223 patients

The aim of this study was to analyze the immediate and long-term results of using photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. The retrospective study included 223 patients with morphologically verified leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. Patients received treatment at the hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy department from 2013 to 2023. The average age was 51.9±8.9 years. Clinically, 211 patients (94.6%) had a flat form of the disease, 12 patients (5.4%) had a verrucous form. The photosensitizer (PS), based on chlorin e6, was administered intravenously once in doses of 1.7 to 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Irradiation of pathologically changed lesions was carried out 2-2.5 hours after the end of its infusion, using a semiconductor laser device “UPL PDT”, with a wavelength λ=665±5 nm. The laser radiation dose density varied from 25 to 100 J/cm², the power density from 0.07 to 0.32 W/cm², the duration of one irradiation field - from 2 to 13.5 minutes, depending on its linear dimensions. The severity of adverse reactions was assessed on days 1-30 after treatment using the CTCAE 4.03 scale. The immediate results of treatment were assessed up to 3 months after PDT, with morphological confirmation of the response to treatment. No serious adverse reactions were observed during PS infusion and irradiation. No symptoms of dermal phototoxicity were reported. During control examinations, up to 3 months after irradiation in patients with flat and verrucous forms, the frequency of complete regressions was 97.1% (n=205) and 58.3% (n=6) cases, partial regressions - 2,9% (n=7) and 25% (n=3) of cases, respectively. Objective response rates were observed at 100% and 83.3%, respectively. The period of observation of patients varies from 3 to 120 months. (average 66 months). The frequency of disease relapses during this period was 9%. Patients with partial regression and identified relapse were treated with repeated PDT sessions. PDT is a well-tolerated and effective treatment method for patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, which has significant advantages over traditional methods of treating this precancerous pathology. These include minimal toxicity to the normal tissues surrounding the pathological foci due to the selective accumulation of PS in leukoplakia tissues, a slight risk of serious adverse reactions, the possibility of an outpatient session, the possibility of repeated treatment over a large area of damage and good cosmetic results).

Long-Term Improvement of Different Types of Acne Vulgaris Using a Mild Photodynamic Therapy Protocol with BF-200 ALA Gel: A Series of Cases.

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a promising alternative for patients with acne vulgaris. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of red light photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA gel in the treatment of different types of acne vulgaris. Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational study of a series of 22 cases. All patients were treated according to a mild PDT protocol. After a careful wash of the affected skin areas, BF-200 ALA gel was applied to the skin in a thin layer and incubated for 30 min, followed by illumination using narrow-spectrum red light (635 nm) at a dose of 4 J/cm2. Most patients received one (36.4%), two (27.3%), or three (22.7%) PDT sessions. About a third of the patients received concomitant acne treatment with topical retinoids. Results: Patients of 25.1 ± 8.9 years suffering from papulopustular (45.5%), nodular (27.3%), and comedonal acne (27.3%) in the face were included. Irrespective of acne type or severity, 95.5% of patients had good or excellent responses to the treatment with PDT (≥60% lesion clearance). We found no association between concomitant acne medication and the favorable results achieved by PDT. Most patients reported no adverse events (72.7%), except for six patients who experienced erythema. The good efficacy results were maintained over a follow-up period of 12.5 ± 10.8 months. Conclusions: In this study, we show that PDT with BF-200 ALA gel and low light dose is an effective and long-lasting option for the treatment of different acne types.

Real-world data of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy for Bowen's disease: A 10-year retrospective study in the skin of color patients (2011-2021).

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been strongly recommended as an excellent alternative treatment for Bowen's disease (BD). However, reported data on 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated PDT (ALA-PDT) with red light irradiation are limited and the long-term effectiveness remains to be determined, especially in dark-skinned populations. Medical records of BD patients who received ALA-PDT with red light irradiation between February 2011 and June 2021 were reviewed and summarized. Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinically relevant variables that may affect treatment outcomes were performed to identify risk predictors. The overall clearance rate of 122 BD lesions was 89.3% with a median follow-up time of 36 months. The correlation between the effectiveness and fluorescence intensity of pre-PDT or PDT sessions was statistically significant after eliminating the interference of confounding factors. All recurrences occurred in the first two years following ALA-PDT. ALA-PDT is an effective treatment for BD in the skin of color patients. Well-executed operation and effective pre-treatment are the determinants of effectiveness. Fluorescence intensity of pre-PDT appeared to be a significant predictor of final effectiveness. In addition, two years of follow-up is necessary following ALA-PDT.

Treatment of Nevus Sebaceous with Short-term Photodynamic therapy combined with simple Surgery

SignificanceNevus sebaceous is a benign cutaneous hamartoma involving the epidermis, pilosebaceous units, and other adnexal structures. To avoid or minimize the scar, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is recommended as a non-surgical treatment. ApproachIn this report, we present a successful case of recurrent nevus sebaceous treated with a combination therapy of PDT and surgical excision. The patient was followed-up for a period of 6 months to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. ResultsThe patient underwent three sessions of PDT at three-week intervals, followed by surgical resection. Following the procedure, there was no recurrence of the lesion after 6 months, and the achieved a favorable cosmetic outcome. ConclusionsIn cases where the nevus sebaceous affects larger areas, employing a short-term PDT regimen in conjunction with surgical intervention proves to be an effective strategy, reducing the extent of surgical excision and yielding superior cosmetic results for our patients.

Hemoporfin photodynamic therapy of limb port-wine stains resistant to pulsed dye laser therapy: a case report

SignificancePWS have a great impact on patient's mental health, which requires early intervention. Hemoporfin photodynamic therapy provides new possibilities for the treatment of pulsed dye laser- resistant PWS patients and brings more hope to the families of millions of patients. ApproachWe reported the recovery of a case of pulsed dye laser-resistant PWS of the extremities after 17 sessions of hemoporfin photodynamic therapy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. ResultsThe erythra of the patient subsided significantly after treatment. ConclusionsHemoporfin photodynamic therapy is a novel and effective treatment for patients with PWS who are resistant to dye laser therapy.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Objective Response Evaluation in Klatskin Tumor Patients after Endobiliary Photodynamic Therapy

Purpose: Visualization of periductal infiltrative hilar cholangiocarcinomas in general and their changes in response to endobiliary photodynamic therapy (PDT) in particular is not an easy diagnostic task because of their small size, infiltrative growth pattern, and absence of clearly circumscribed margins with adjacent tissue. This caused most researchers to give up the study of criteria for objective response to locoregional treatment, and to use only the survival rate as performance criteria. The aim of this study is to determine the criteria of objective response in Klatskin tumor after PDT based on the analysis of preand postoperative MRI.Material and methods: The study covered 42 patients (26 male (62 %) and 16 female (38 %)) with morphologically verified Klatskin tumor aged 21-76 (median 55) after 104 sessions (from 1 to 10, median 2) of percutaneous endobiliary PDT over the period of 2007-2020. All patients had percutaneous transhepatic or intraoperative drainage of bile ducts from 1 week to 2 years before PDT. Chlorine photosensitizers were used for PDT. The LAHTA-MILON programmable laser unit with 662 nm wavelength was used for photo-irradiation. The specific dose varied from 4.6 to 232,2 J/cm2 (median 29) and the total dose was 64.6-3890 J (median 950), depending on the extent of lesion and the patient’s tolerance to interventions. 220 abdominal MRI were done at various times before and after PDT. Preoperative MRI were completed 1-101 days (median 13.5 days) before the intervention. Postoperative MRI scans were split into groups based on the time following the intervention: 1) after 1–5 days, 2) after 2 months, 3) after 3 months, and 4) after 4 months. Examinations were carried out with the Siemens Magnetom Avanto/Espree 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. To compare the indicators at different times, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used, p < 0.05 were considered significant.Results: As a result of the analysis, the following statistically significant changes in the Klatskin tumor after PDT were obtained at various times: the largest transverse size of the tumor infiltrate decrease at the proximal hepaticocholedochus level 1 month after PDT; the infiltrate longitudinal size increase at the bile ducts confluence level 4 month after PDT; T2-WI signal intensity increase at the photodynamic area in 1–5 days after PDT; T1-WI signal intensity decrease in various contrasting phases at the photodynamic area in 1–5 days after PDT; ADC signal intensity increase at the photodynamic and conditionally healthy tissues areas 1 month after PDT; T1-WI signal intensity increase in venous and delayed contrasting phases at the photodynamic area 1 month after PDT; T1-WI signal intensity decrease in porto-venous and delayed contrasting phases at the photodynamic area 2 month after PDT; ADC signal intensity decrease at conditionally healthy tissues 4 month after PDT.Conclusion: Changes in MR signal intensity after endobiliary PDT with different pulse sequences (DWI + ADC, T2-WI with and without suppression of signal from adipose tissue, T1-WI before and after intravenous injection of contrast agent in 4 phases of contrasting) in pathological and conditionally healthy intraand periductal tissues and the tumor dimensions (largest crosssectional dimensions and thickness measured in axial and coronal projections in T2-WI) may be used as the criteria of objective response. Determination in the early postoperative period of periductal segments in the area of photodynamic treatment that do not accumulate contrast agent is the most informative, displayable and convenient for practical use criterion of objective response indicating the ischemia of tumor tissue.

Safety and Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin E6 in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with chlorin E6 in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). This single-center, retrospective cohort study. All patients received standard PDT with 6 mg of chlorin E6 (Fotoran E6) for each m2 of body surface area with 50 J/cm2 fluence and a treatment time of 83 seconds. The changes in central retinal thickness (CRT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were evaluated at the end of the follow-up. Main outcome measure was the presence of subretinal fluid (SRF) at three months after PDT. Thirty-nine eyes (32 males and 7 females, 43.7 ± 10.0 years) were included. In total, 50 PDT sessions were performed. At three months of follow-up, 31 out of 39 (79.5%) study eyes showed complete resolution of SRF. Mean follow-up period after PDT was 15.3 ± 7.8 months. At the end of follow-up, a complete resolution of SRF was observed in 32 out of 39 (82.7%) eyes. Mean change in CRT, SCT, and BCVA at the end of the follow-up was -139.7 ± 136.4 µm, -66.8 ± 36.2 µm, and -0.05 ± 0.08 LogMAR, respectively (p < 0.001). Neither systemic nor ocular adverse events were observed, nor were local reactions seen. Standard PDT with chlorin E6 is an effective and safe option in the management of chronic CSCR and may be considered as an alternative to the standard PDT with Visudyne.

Case Report: Recalcitrant oral lichen planus involving bilaterally buccal mucosae treated with a combination of photodynamic and photobiomodulation therapies

Background Managing recalcitrant oral lichen planus (OLP) can be challenging. Laser therapy has been suggested as an alternative to corticosteroids for treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive technique that enables the removal of lesions without surgery. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can promote healing and recovery of the lesions. Case presentation The objective was to treat unresponsive bilateral OLP of the whole buccal mucosae with a combination of PDT and PBMT. Results A 43-year-old Thai male presented with the severe painful reticular type of OLP of bilateral buccal mucosae involving upper and lower vestibular areas. The lesions were not remitted with either prednisolone systemic steroids or fluocinolone topical corticosteroids. After undergoing ten sessions of PDT with 10% 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in the form of thermoplastic gel and a 635 nm diode laser at 100 to 400 mW with an energy density of 20 to 30 J/cm2 in continuous wave mode, combined with five interim-sessions of PBMT using a 635 nm diode laser at 200 to 300 mW with an energy density of 6 to 10 J/cm2 in continuous wave, the patient reported relief of burning sensation beside remission of lesions without any complications. Conclusion The wide-spreading recalcitrant OLP with burning sensation can be managed by combining PDT and PBMT.

Enhancing Fractionated Cancer Therapy: A Triple-Anthracene Photosensitizer Unleashes Long-Persistent Photodynamic and Luminous Efficacy.

Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) is often limited in treating solid tumors due to hypoxic conditions that impede the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical for therapeutic efficacy. To address this issue, a fractionated PDT protocol has been suggested, wherein light irradiation is administered in stages separated by dark intervals to permit oxygen recovery during these breaks. However, the current photosensitizers used in fractionated PDT are incapable of sustaining ROS production during the dark intervals, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes (Table S1). To circumvent this drawback, we have synthesized a novel photosensitizer based on a triple-anthracene derivative that is designed for prolonged ROS generation, even after the cessation of light exposure. Our study reveals a unique photodynamic action of these derivatives, facilitating the direct and effective disruption of biomolecules and significantly improving the efficacy of fractionated PDT (Table S2). Moreover, the existing photosensitizers lack imaging capabilities for monitoring, which constraints the fine-tuning of irradiation parameters (Table S1). Our triple-anthracene derivative also serves as an afterglow imaging agent, emitting sustained luminescence postirradiation. This imaging function allows for the precise optimization of intervals between PDT sessions and aids in determining the timing for subsequent irradiation, thus enabling meticulous control over therapy parameters. Utilizing our novel triple-anthracene photosensitizer, we have formulated a fractionated PDT regimen that effectively eliminates orthotopic pancreatic tumors. This investigation highlights the promise of employing long-persistent photodynamic activity in advanced fractionated PDT approaches to overcome the current limitations of PDT in solid tumor treatment.

FEATURES OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR DENTAL PROSTHETICS SUPPORTED BY DENTAL IMPLANTS

Main goal increasing the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment and prolonging the period of use of fixed dental prostheses based on dental implants through the use of supportive therapy of peri-implant tissues.&#x0D; Material and methods. The research was carried out at the Department of Stomatology of the Institute of Postgraduate Education of the Bogomolets National Medical University and at the Department of Dentistry of the Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine.&#x0D; We observed 55 people aged from 30 to 59 years, of which 22 men and 33 women with included defects of the lateral areas of the tooth rows, who were made artificial crowns supported by dental implants. 27 persons (group I) underwent dental implantation after traditional sanitation of the oral cavity and professional oral hygiene. Individuals of the II group, in the number of 28, were additionally prescribed a treatmentprophylactic complex, which included professional oral hygiene, photodynamic therapy of peri-implant tissues, which was applied before the application and during the use of orthopedic structures based on dental implants, and prescribed quertin and quercitin. The control group (III group) included 12 people of the same age group with intact dentitions and physiological forms of bite, who had intact dentitions without clinically diagnosed periodontal tissue diseases and teeth affected by the carious process.&#x0D; Results. Prosthetics of a group of patients with the appointment of sessions of supportive photodynamic therapy, which is applied before application and during the use of orthopedic structures with support on dental implants, in comparison with the results of prosthetics without any supportive therapy of peri-implant tissues, indicate an improvement in the hygienic state of the oral cavity, a decrease in inflammatory dystrophic changes of peri-implant tissues, the period of use of orthopedic structures, which allows to avoid recession of the gingival margin in the peri-implant area, reduce the risks of bone tissue dehiscence and, accordingly, prolong the period of use of non-removable orthopedic structures.&#x0D; Conclusions. The use of dental prostheses based on dental implants, due to the retention properties of the design, contributes to the deterioration of oral hygiene and, accordingly, the formation of a biofilm with the phenomenon of "Quorum Sensing", which requires the use of professional oral hygiene and photodynamic maintenance therapy. Prescribing sessions of photodynamic maintenance therapy, before applying and during the period of use of orthopedic structures, helps to improve the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, reduce inflammatory and dystrophic changes of periapical tissues during the period of use of orthopedic structures, which makes it possible to extend the period of use of orthopedic structures.

Reflectance Confocal Microscopy and Dermoscopy of Facial Pigmented and Non-Pigmented Actinic Keratosis Features before and after Photodynamic Therapy Treatment

Actinic keratosis (AK), due to its widespread prevalence, as well as the possibility of progression to an invasive form of squamous cell carcinoma, requires treatment regardless of the clinical stage. New imaging techniques, such as in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), significantly increase the accuracy of diagnosis and allow noninvasive evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the ongoing treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence of specific (video)dermoscopy and RCM features of pigmented and classical subtypes of AK before and after photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment. We included patients with facial grade II AKs (25 pigmented, 275 non-pigmented) were included in the study. Skin lesions were evaluated by (video)dermoscopy and RCM at the baseline and three months after PDT. In classic AK, the most frequent dermoscopic findings were fine wavy vessels (96%), scale (92%), microerosions (48%), and “strawberry” pattern (36%), while pigmented AK was characterized mostly by “rhomboidal pattern” (80%), scale (60%), white globules (48%), “jelly sign”, and superficial pigmentation (40%). RCM’s most characteristic classic AK findings were abnormal honeycomb pattern in the spinous layer, epidermal inflammatory infiltrate, and solar elastosis that were present in 96% of lesions. Pigmented AKs presented mostly with dark central areas of parakeratosis (72%), mottled pigmentation (72%), dermal inflammatory infiltrate (64%), solar elastosis (60%), and abnormal honeycomb pattern in the spinous layer (56%). Dermoscopically, PDT resulted in complete disappearance of the “rhomboidal pattern” in both classical and pigmented AKs, “starburst pattern” and “jelly sign” in classical AKs, and inner gray halo, “rosette sign” and central crust in pigmented AKs. Three months after one PDT session, RCM evaluation showed mostly solar elastosis in both classical and pigmented AK subtypes, epidermal inflammatory infiltrate in classical AKs, and dermal inflammatory infiltrate in pigmented AKs. New noninvasive imaging techniques such as RCM and (video)dermoscopy can help practitioners better visualize the efficacy of the ongoing PDT treatment in either classical or pigmented AK subtypes.

Combined photodynamic and radiodynamic therapy with a chlorine photosensitizer under fractionated radiation exposure to transplanted tumors in an &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; experiment

Introduction. The current direction of scientific research in experimental and clinical oncology is radiodynamic therapy (RDT), a treatment method based on the activation of photosensitizers (PS) by ionizing radiation. As the results of in vitro / in vivo studies show, a number of photosensitizing agents have radiomodifying properties, and the method itself is characterized by high antitumor efficacy.Aim. To study the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) through its combined use with RDT in an in vivo experiment.Materials and methods. The work was performed on 26 white non-linear rats weighing 180 ± 50 g. Pliss lymphosarcoma was used as a tumor model, which was transplanted subcutaneously. The chlorine-based PS (Belmedpreparaty, Republic of Belarus) was administered intravenously at a dose of 2.5 mg / kg of body weight. The RDT session was performed by the contact method (CRT) after 2.5–3, 24 and 48 hours after the end of PS administration on the microSelectron-HDR V3 Digital device (Elekta, Sweden) using γ-radiation (192Ir) in a single focal dose (SFD) of 2 Gy until the total focal dose of 6 Gy is reached. A PDT session was performed once immediately after the first exposure to ionizing radiation using a PDT diode laser (Imaf Axicon, Republic of Belarus, λ = 660 ± 5 nm) at an exposure dose of 100 J / cm² with a power density of 0.2 w / cm² and a power of 0.353 w. All rats were divided into 4 groups of 6–7 animals each: intact control, PS + PDT, PS + CRT, PS + CRT + PDT. The criteria for evaluating antitumor efficacy were: the average volume of tumors (Vav), the coefficient of absolute growth of tumors (K), the coefficient of tumor growth inhibition (TGI), the frequency of complete tumor regressions (CR), the proportion of cured rats, an increase in the average duration of dead rats. Differences were considered statistically significant at p &lt;0.05.Results. On the 18th day of the experiment, Vav in groups was 65.98 ± 0.81 cm³; 24.02 ± 4.01 cm³ (р &lt;0.00001); 17.11 ± 4.13 cm³ (р &lt;0.00001); 4.42 ± 1.65 cm³ (р &lt;0.00001), respectively. Coefficients K – 5497.33 OE; 1714.71 OE; 1424.83 OE; 367.33 OE. TGI coefficients – 63.60 % (PS + PDT); 74.07 % (PS + CRT); 93.30 % (PS + CRT + PDT). An in crease in the average duration of dead rats indicator – 25.31 % (PS + PDT); 55.06 % (PS + CRT); 158.22 % (PS + CRT + PDT). On the 60th and 90th days of the experiment, the frequency of CR and the proportion of cured rats were the same and amounted to 0; 16.7; 14.3 and 42.9 %, respectively.Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that the chlorine PS has, in addition to photosensitizing properties, also radiomodifying properties, and the developed method of combined therapy is characterized by high antitumor efficacy.

Medium-term antifungal effects of methylene blue versus flavin mononucleotide in the treatment of moderate toenail onychomycosis.

Methylene blue (MB) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) have demonstrated local antimicrobial effect, but no direct comparative study has been published so far for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. To directly compare the short and medium-term efficacy of MB versus FMN as photosensitizers in PDT for toenail onychomycosis by applying them in a 40% w/w urea cream in two different dye concentrations. Forty toenails with distal and lateral subungual moderate onychomycosis due to dermatophyte fungi were randomised to receive 10 weekly sessions of PDT mediated by four topical formulations including MB or FMN at two different concentrations: Group I: 0.1% w/w MB; Group II: 2% w/w MB; Group III: 0.1% w/w FMN; and Group IV: 2% w/w FMN. Photographs were used for onychomycosis severity index (OSI) estimation allowing clinical assessment at any point of the study. Microscopic and microbiological evaluations were carried out at baseline, 27- and 35-week follow-ups. Side effects were recorded along with patient satisfaction. At week 27, mycological cure rates were 60%, 30%, 50% and 40% and complete cure rates were 0%, 20%, 10% and 20%, for Groups I, II, III and IV respectively. At week 35, mycological cure rates were 70%, 70%, 70% and 60% and complete cure rates were 30%, 50%, 70% and 30%, for Groups I, II, III and IV respectively. All cream formulations were safe and patients were fairly satisfied. Results of the present work confirm PDT as a therapeutic alternative for onychomycosis. Although all cream formulations were safe and effective, with a good degree of satisfaction, higher cure rates were obtained with 2% w/w MB cream and 0.1% w/w FMN cream.

Efficacy of a single antimicrobial photodynamic therapy session as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical outcomes for periodontitis patients. A systematic review

Background: periodontitis is a multifactorial and multi-etiological disease associated with destructive events to the periodontium. Non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) is considered an efficient, gold-standard approach to treat this disease; however, several variables could hinder the success rate. Combining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with NSPT showed promising results but the available literature show variations in results. Aim: whether using single episode of aPDT as adjunct to NSPT for adults affected by periodontitis can improve clinical outcomes, with a minimum 3 months follow up after terminating active treatment, as compared to conventional manual instrumentation? Methods: Three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library) were searched to retrieve relevant articles. The keywords matrix used for the search process consisted of the following terms: periodontitis OR periodontal disease AND photodynamic therapy OR antimicrobial photodynamic therapy OR Laser. Results: A total of 4104 articles were retrieved from the search process for the last 10 years. After removing duplicates and applying filters, 44 article were eligible for full-text reading. The last step resulted in 6 randomized controlled trials that were used for data synthesis. Conclusions: Retrieved data from this study indicated that adjunctive aPDT has a potential beneficial effect on short-term mainly reflected by improving bleeding scores and microbiological outcomes for patients with periodontitis. However, longer term advantage was not evident as compared to conventional periodontal therapy. Further studies are advised to draw a solid conclusion about using aPDT as adjunct to NSPT

Experimental in vivo studies of the antitumor efficacy of photodynamic and radiodynamic therapy and their combinations

The authors studied the antitumor efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with radiodynamic therapy (RDT) in an in vivo experiment. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus (protocol dated February 25, 2022, № 180). The work was performed on 26 white non-linear rats weighing 200 ± 50 g. Pliss lymphosarcoma (PLS) was used as a tumor model, which was transplanted subcutaneously. Photosensitizer (PS) «Photolon» (RUE «Belmedpreparaty», Belarus) was administered intravenously at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. The RDT session was performed by the contact method (CRT) once 2.5–3 times after the end of the infusion of the PS on the «microSelectron-HDR V3 Digital apparatus» (Elekta, Sweden) using γ-radiation (192Ir) in a single focal dose 6 Gy. A PDT session was performed once immediately after exposure to ionizing radiation using a «PDT diode laser» (LTD Imaf Axicon, Belarus, λ=660±5 nm) at an exposure dose of 100 J/cm2 with a power density of 0.2 W/cm2 and a power of 0.353 watts. All rats were divided into 4 groups of 6–7 animals each: intact control (IC), PS + PDT, PS + CRT, PS + CRT + PDT. The criteria for evaluating antitumor efficacy were: the average volume of tumors (Vav, cm3 ), the coefficient of absolute growth of tumors (K, in RU), the coefficient of tumor growth inhibition (TGI, %), the frequency of complete tumor regressions (CR, %), the proportion of cured rats (%), an increase in the average duration of dead rats (%). Differences were considered statistically significant at p&lt;0.05. On the 18th day of the experiment, Vav. in groups was 63.25±2.76 cm³; 29.03±6.06 cm³ (p=0.0002); 22.18±5.94 cm³ (р&lt;0.0001); 11.76±3.29 cm³ (p=0.0000), respectively. Coefficients K – 4516.86 RU; 2638.09 RU; 2024.45 RU; 979.00 RU. TGI coefficients – 54.10% (PS + PDT); 64.93% (PS + CRT); 81.41% (PS + CRT + PDT). An increase in the average duration of dead rats indicator – 48.57% (PS + PDT); 60.00% (PS + CRT); 97.71% (PS + CRT + PDT). On the 60th and 90th days of the experiment, the frequency of PR and the proportion of cured rats were the same and amounted to 0%; 16.7%; 14.3%, and 28.6%, respectively. The results obtained indicate the prospects and relevance of further research in this scientific direction.

PD11 Photodynamic therapy for treating acne vulgaris

Abstract In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been advised as a possible adjunct to conventional therapy for acne vulgaris (acne). Both the 2021 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence acne guidelines and the 2018 British Association of Dermatologists’ PDT guidelines include PDT as an option to consider for acne in those aged 18 and older and if other treatments are ineffective, not tolerated or contraindicated. There is, at present, insufficient evidence to suggest an exact dosage or treatment protocol. Herein, we present a case of successful use of PDT in a patient with difficult-to-manage acne and the protocol employed. A 21-year-old woman has been attending dermatology for 10 years for acne, with keloid scarring, which is most extensive on her back. She was previously treated with spironolactone and a combined oral contraceptive pill. Topical retinoids and antibiotics, including trimethoprim (to which she developed erythema multiforme), clindamycin, azithromycin and tetracyclines, had all been used for various periods without sustained successful clearance. The patient has a general anxiety disorder with low mood and is taking quetiapine. She is a social media advocate for people with mental health issues and has good insight into her mood. She is educated regarding isotretinoin and contraindications to its use. The patient was treated with a trial of two sessions of PDT 1 week apart. The target area was prepared 3 h in advance of light with methyl aminolaevulinate 16% (as hydrochloride) spread to a thickness of 1–5 mm beyond the area border. Red light (635 nm) with a total dose of 37 J cm−2 was provided for 7 min and 50 s each time. The patient has Fitzpatrick skin type I and experienced moderate postprocedural erythema, which later resolved. At both the 3- and 6-month clinical follow-up, the patient is effectively clear of active acne in the treated area. There is previous residual scarring. The patient is not using any topical or systemic acne treatments. Options for acne treatment are diverse. However, some patients experience ineffective clearance or tolerance, and are not good candidates for isotretinoin. Dermatology centres with PDT may help provide an alternative solution. This case illustrates the successful application of PDT for acne and adds to the body of literature to support its inclusion in the aforementioned guidelines.

Internalization-Responsive Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles for Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy against HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

Oncotheranostic nanoagents are powerful artificial tools that significantly outperform traditional antitumor therapies. Among the wide variety of nanoagents, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles have proven to be one of the most successful candidates for translation into clinical practice. Here, we present PLGA nanoparticles for HER2-targeted diagnostic and photodynamic therapy with proven efficacy in vivo. Namely, we developed an oncotheranostic platform that is based on PLGA nanoparticles and possesses red/green light dual-activated diagnostic/therapeutic properties for HER2-targeted photodynamic therapy of aggressive breast cancer. PLGA nanoparticles were loaded with a red light-activated dye Nile Blue with pronounced solvatochromic properties for diagnostic applications and with a green light-activated photodynamic sensitizer Rose Bengal for photodynamic therapy. Targeted delivery was ensured by the noncovalent decoration of nanoparticles with anti-HER2 antibodies, which can be readily adapted for large-scale biotechnological production. In vitro and in vivo studies proved the effectiveness of red light-mediated HER2-specific imaging and green light-induced cytotoxicity of anti-HER2 PLGA. Interestingly, these particles fluoresced only after cellular internalization, which minimizes background signals inside the organism, thus facilitating real-time diagnostics. The particles allowed efficient and selective visualization of the HER2-positive primary tumor node and metastases spread and led to complete remission in BALB/c Nu/Nu mice with the HER2-positive xenografts after a single session of photodynamic therapy.

Photodynamic Therapy is an Effective Treatment of Facial Pigmented Actinic Keratosis.

Actinic keratosis (AK), or solar keratosis, is a precancerous condition of the skin, mainly caused by excessive and chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Pigmented AK (pAK) is a rare variant of AK. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used to treat the classical variant of AK, but very limited data are available on the use of PDT in patients with pAK. The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of PDT in the treatment of pAK. The study included 16 patients with 20 pAK lesions treated with PDT. All skin lesions were clinically and dermatoscopically assessed for typical features characteristic of pAK. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) was also used to assess keratinocyte atypia, confirm pAK diagnosis, and rule out other disease entities. After three PDT sessions, the complete resolution of all clinical features of pAK was observed in 80% of the studied lesions. Dermatoscopically, 65% of the lesions achieved 100% response and no cellular atypia was seen in the follow-up RCM images of 85% of lesions. Photodynamic therapy is an effective treatment modality for pAK in fair-skinned individuals.