PDD) And Therapy Research Articles

Detection of a Water-Soluble Hypericin Formulation in Glioblastoma Tissue with Fluorescence Lifetime and Intensity Using a Dual-Tap CMOS Camera System.

High hypericin-loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone (HHL-PVP) constitutes a novel approach to utilize the promising characteristics of hypericin for photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) of brain tumors in an orally bioavailable formulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of a Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) camera-based fluorescence imaging system to selectively visualize HHL-PVP in glioblastoma tissue even in the presence of 5-Aminolvevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced fluorescence, which is widely utilized in brain tumor surgery. We applied a previously established system with a non-hypericin specific filter for 5-ALA fluorescence visualization and a newly introduced hypericin-specific filter at 575-615 nm that transmits the spectrum of hypericin, but not 5-ALA fluorescence. Glioblastoma specimens obtained from 12 patients (11 with preoperative 5-ALA intake) were ex vivo incubated with HHL-PVP. Subsequently, fluorescence intensity and lifetime changes using both the non-hypericin specific filter and hypericin-specific filter were measured before and after HHL-PVP incubation and after subsequent rinsing. While no significant differences in fluorescence signal were observed using the non-hypericin specific filter, statistically significant increases in fluorescence intensity (p = 0.001) and lifetime (p = 0.028) after HHL-PVP incubation were demonstrated using the hypericin-specific filter. In consequence, specimens treated with HHL-PVP could be identified according to the fluorescence signal with high diagnostic sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (100%). Our CMOS camera-based system with a hypericin-specific filter is capable of selectively visualizing hypericin fluorescence in glioblastoma tissue after ex vivo HHL-PVP incubation. In the future, this technique could facilitate clinical investigations of HHL-PVP for PDD and PDT while maintaining the current standard of care with 5-ALA guidance.

Targeted Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy for Esophageal Cancer: Potential Role of Functionalized Nanomedicine.

Esophageal cancer is often diagnosed at the late stage when cancer has already spread and is characterized by a poor prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis is vital for a better and efficient treatment outcome. Upper endoscopy with biopsy is the standard diagnostic tool for esophageal cancer but is challenging to diagnose at its premalignant stage, while conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation therapy, are challenging to eliminate the tumor. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) modalities that employ photosensitizers (PSs) are emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for esophageal cancer. However, some flaws associated with the classic PSs have limited their clinical applications. Functionalized nanomedicine has emerged as a potential drug delivery system to enhance PS drug biodistribution and cellular internalization. The conjugation of PSs with functionalized nanomedicine enables increased localization within esophageal cancer cells due to improved solubility and stability in blood circulation. This review highlights PS drugs used for PDD and PDT for esophageal cancer. In addition, it focuses on the various functionalized nanomedicine explored for esophageal cancer and their role in targeted PDD and PDT for diagnosis and treatment.

Targeted Nanoparticle Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an aggressive cancer that remains a challenge to diagnose and treat. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) are novel alternative techniques, which can enhance early diagnosis, as well as elicit tumor cell death. This is accomplished through photosensitizer (PS) mediated fluorescence and cytotoxic reactive oxygen species activation upon laser light irradiation excitation at specific low and high range wavelengths, respectively. However, the lack of PS target tumor tissue specificity often hampers these techniques. This study successfully fabricated a bioactive nanoconjugate, ZnPcS4-AuNP-S-PEG5000-NH2-Anti-GCC mAb (BNC), based upon a polyethylene glycol-gold nanoparticle, which was multi-functionalized with a fluorescent PDT metalated zinc phthalocyanine PS, and specific anti-GCC targeting antibodies, to overcome CRC PDD and PDT challenges. The BNC was found to be stable and showed selectively improved subcellular accumulation within targeted CRC for improved PDD and PDT outcomes in comparison to healthy in vitro cultured cells. Additionally, the BNC reported significantly higher late apoptotic PDT-induced CRC cell death rates (34% ***) when compared to PDT PS administration alone (15% *). These results indicated that the improved PDD and PDT outcomes were due to the specific PS accumulation in CRC cells through nanoparticle carriage and bioactive anti-GCC targeting.

Current Targets and Bioconjugation Strategies in Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer.

Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) are emerging, non/minimally invasive techniques for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Both techniques require a photosensitizer and light to visualize or destroy cancer cells. However, a limitation of conventional, non-targeted PDT is poor selectivity, causing side effects. The bioconjugation of a photosensitizer to a tumor-targeting molecule, such as an antibody or a ligand peptide, is a way to improve selectivity. The bioconjugation strategy can generate a tumor-targeting photosensitizer conjugate specific for cancer cells, or ideally, for multiple tumor compartments to improve selectivity and efficacy, such as cancer stem cells and tumor neovasculature within the tumor microenvironment. If successful, such targeted photosensitizer conjugates can also be used for specific visualization and detection of cancer cells and/or tumor angiogenesis (an early event in tumorigenesis) with the hope of an early diagnosis of cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize some current promising target molecules, e.g., tissue factor (also known as CD142), and the currently used bioconjugation strategies in PDT and PDD, with a focus on newly developed protein photosensitizers. These are genetically engineered photosensitizers, with the possibility of generating a fusion protein photosensitizer by recombinant DNA technology for both PDT and PDD without the need of chemical conjugation. We believe that providing an overview of promising targets and bioconjugation strategies will aid in driving research in this field forward towards more effective, less toxic, and non- or minimally invasive treatment and diagnosis options for cancer patients.

Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Emerging Perspectives.

Simple SummaryPeritoneal carcinomatosis, the formation of wide-spread metastases throughout the abdominal cavity, remains challenging to diagnose and treat. Photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy are promising approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis, which use photosensitizers for fluorescence detection or photochemical treatment of (micro) metastases. With the aim of highlighting the potential of this theranostic approach, this review outlines the clinical state of the art in the use of photodynamic diagnosis and therapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis, identifies the major challenges, and provides emerging perspectives from preclinical studies to address these challenges. We conclude that the development of novel illumination strategies and targeted photonanomedicines may aid in achieving more efficient cytoreductive surgery. In addition to combination treatments with chemo-, and radiotherapy, such approaches hold significant promise to improve the outlook of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.Peritoneal carcinomatosis occurs frequently in patients with advanced stage gastrointestinal and gynecological cancers. The wide-spread peritoneal micrometastases indicate a poor outlook, as the tumors are difficult to diagnose and challenging to completely eradicate with cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapeutics. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT), modalities that use photosensitizers for fluorescence detection or photochemical treatment of cancer, are promising theranostic approaches for peritoneal carcinomatosis. This review discusses the leading clinical trials, identifies the major challenges, and presents potential solutions to advance the use of PDD and PDT for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. While PDD for fluorescence-guided surgery is practically feasible and has achieved clinical success, large randomized trials are required to better evaluate the survival benefits. Although PDT is feasible and combines well with clinically used chemotherapeutics, poor tumor specificity has been associated with severe morbidity. The major challenges for both modalities are to increase the tumor specificity of the photosensitizers, to efficiently treat peritoneal microtumors regardless of their phenotypes, and to improve the ability of the excitation light to reach the cancer tissues. Substantial progress has been achieved in (1) the development of targeted photosensitizers and nanocarriers to improve tumor selectivity, (2) the design of biomodulation strategies to reduce treatment heterogeneity, and (3) the development of novel light application strategies. The use of X-ray-activated PDT during whole abdomen radiotherapy may also be considered to overcome the limited tissue penetration of light. Integrated approaches that take advantage of PDD, cytoreductive surgery, chemotherapies, PDT, and potentially radiotherapy, are likely to achieve the most effective improvement in the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Simultaneous Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma.

Metastatic melanoma (MM) has a poor prognosis and is attributed to late diagnoses only when metastases has already occurred. Thus, early diagnosis is crucial to improve its overall treatment efficacy. The standard diagnostic tools for MM are incisional biopsies and/or fine needle aspiration biopsies, while standard treatments involve surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation therapy. The combination of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) utilizes a photosensitizer (PS) that, when excited by light of a low wavelength, can be used for fluorescent non-destructive diagnosis. However, when the same PS is activated at a higher wavelength of light, it can be cytotoxic and induce tumor destruction. This paper focuses on PS drugs that have been used for PDD as well as PDT treatment of MM. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for continued investigation into enhanced PS delivery via active biomarkers and passive nanoparticle systems. This should improve PS drug absorption in MM cells and increase effectiveness of combinative photodynamic methods for the enhanced diagnosis and treatment of MM can become a reality.

Assessment of safety of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in rat brain.

Oral 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induces biosynthesis/accumulation of the natural photo-sensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in cancer cells. ALA is used widely in photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) during malignant glioma surgery, but few studies have examined the effects of photodynamics plus ALA on normal brain tissue in vivo. We investigated the effects of ALA-mediated PDD and PDT on normal brain tissue. We established a rat model in which the brain surface was irradiated through the skull by light-emitting diode (635 nm) after ALA administration. Using this model, we investigated the effects of various amounts of light irradiation with various ALA doses on brain tissue. Neurological symptoms developed with administration of ALA at 240 or 120 mg/kg accompanied by irradiation at 100 or 400 J/cm2, respectively. Dye leakage occurred due to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at 90 mg/kg and 100 J/cm2, respectively. Thickness of the cortex increased significantly at 240 mg/kg and 400 J/cm2, respectively. The number of neurons appeared to decrease at 200 mg/kg plus 400 J/cm2, respectively, and there was an increase in the number of cells that were positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. ALA-mediated PDT is safe at doses of 90 mg/kg or less followed by light irradiation of 100 J/cm2 in rat brains. At doses above this threshold, ALA-PDT led to irreversible BBB and brain damage in rats.

Flexible laser endoscope for minimally invasive photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) toward efficient tumor removal.

Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) provides valuable assistance in distinguishing tumor from the normal tissue using fluorescent colors. These colors are affected by the illumination and the photosensitizer, and PDD may be applied during operation. After the diagnosis, photodynamic therapy (PDT) could destroy tiny lesion without removing the tissue, something that considerably reduces the possibility of tumor recurrence. However, the present endoscope technologies cannot realize PDD and PDT using the same endoscope. The use of different endoscopes presents three main disadvantages. First, the intra-operation diagnosis cannot be realized unless endoscopes are the different during operation; use of different endoscopes further burdens of the surgeon and the patients. Second, it is very difficult to find the exact same area via the PDT endoscope, one that is confirmed as tumor or cancer by the PDD endoscope, when different endoscopes are used just as present applied. Third, the laser irradiation field cannot be controlled with present technologies, something that may hurt the surrounding healthy tissue or blood vessels, thus leading to serious complications. To resolve the above-mentioned problems, we propose a new flexible laser endoscope, which integrates PDD and PDT, and provides a controllable laser irradiation field for the surgeon. Experimental results proved that the resolution of both diagnosis and therapy images were five times higher than that of standard laparoscopy, the laser power density was high enough for PDT for a distance of 20 to 50 mm away from the target tumor, and the position accuracy of the presented system was half of the required errors. Moreover, the in-vitro experiments further verified the effectiveness of the laser endoscope system. Therefore, this new flexible laser endoscope is potentially suitable for future in-vivo experiments or clinical applications.

Enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence detection of side population-defined glioma stem cells by iron chelation

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are dominantly responsible for tumor progression and chemo/radio-resistance, resulting in tumor recurrence. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is metabolized to fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) specifically in tumor cells, and therefore clinically used as a reagent for photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) of cancers including gliomas. However, it remains to be clarified whether this method could be effective for CSC detection. Here, using flow cytometry-based analysis, we show that side population (SP)-defined C6 glioma CSCs (GSCs) displayed much less 5-ALA-derived PpIX fluorescence than non-GSCs. Among the C6 GSCs, cells with ultralow PpIX fluorescence exhibited dramatically higher tumorigenicity when transplanted into the immune-deficient mouse brain. We further demonstrated that the low PpIX accumulation in the C6 GSCs was enhanced by deferoxamine (DFO)-mediated iron chelation, not by reserpine-mediated inhibition of PpIX-effluxing ABCG2. Finally, we found that the expression level of the gene for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heme degradation enzyme, was high in C6 GSCs, which was further up-regulated when treated with 5-ALA. Our results provide important new insights into 5-ALA-based PDD of gliomas, particularly photodetection of SP-defined GSCs by iron chelation based on their ALA-PpIX-Heme metabolism.

Solid phase synthesis of a novel folate-conjugated 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester based photosensitizer for selective photodynamic therapy

The development of a novel tumor-targeting photosensitizer delivery system, with potential ability to selectively transport the photosensitizer prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester (MAL) into the tumor site has been herein described. Conjugation of MAL to folic acid (FA) via an unnatural β-peptide linker has been carried out almost entirely by an efficient solid phase approach. This molecular system has been devised for possible applications in selective photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT).

Transport and accumulation of PVP-Hypericin in cancer and normal cells characterized by image correlation spectroscopy techniques

PVP-Hypericin (PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone) is a potent anti-cancer photosensitizer for photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT). However, cellular targets and mechanisms involved in the cancer-selectivity of the photosensitizer are not yet fully understood. This paper gives new insights into the differential transport and localization of PVP-Hypericin in cancer and normal cells which are essential to unravel the mechanisms of action and cancer-selectivity. Temporal (TICS) and spatiotemporal (STICS) image correlation spectroscopy are used for the assessment of PVP-Hypericin diffusion and/or velocity in the case of concerted flow in human cervical epithelial HeLa and human lung carcinoma A549 cells, as well as in human primary dendritic cells (DC) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Spatiotemporal image cross-correlation spectroscopy (STICCS) based on organelle specific fluorescent labeling is employed to study the accumulation of the photosensitizer in nucleus, mitochondria, early-endosomes and lysosomes of the cells and to assess the dynamics of co-migrating molecules. Whereas STICS and TICS did not show a remarkable difference between the dynamics of PVP-Hypericin in HeLa, A549 and DC cells, a significantly different diffusion rate of the photosensitizer was measured in PBMC. STICCS detected a stationary accumulation of PVP-Hypericin within the nucleus, mitochondria, early endosomes and lysosomes of HeLa and A549 cells. However, significant flow due to the directed motion of the organelles was detected. In contrast, no accumulation in the nucleus and mitochondria of DC and PBMC could be monitored.

Modifying excitation light dose of novel photosensitizer PVP-Hypericin for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy

Conventional photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) makes use of photosensitizers that are excited by continuous light irradiation of specific wavelengths. In the case of PDT, the overdose of continuous excitation may lead to an expansion of necrosis in cancer cells or morbidity in healthy surroundings. The present study involves 5-h fluorescence imaging of living human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549) in the presence of a novel photosensitizer, PVP-Hypericin (PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone) to optimize the excitation light doses for PDD and PDT. A number of time-lapse imaging experiments were performed using a low-power blue LED operating in either continuous or pulsed mode. The irradiances I* were 1.59, 6.34 and 14.27mW/cm2, the pulse lengths L being 0.127, 1.29, 13, 54.5, 131 and 60,000ms. Then, the relation between irradiance, various exposure times, photobleaching and phototoxicity of PVP-Hyperycin was investigated. Results showed a nonlinear relationship between the amounts of excitation dose, cell viability and toxicity. For all experimental I*, minimal phototoxicity and photobleaching was detected when cells were exposed to brief pulses of light (L⩽13ms). On the other hand, pulsed excitation with I*=14.27mW/cm2 and L=131ms induced high percentages of apoptosis comparable to the long exposures of L=60,000ms and the continuous excitation. Thus, replacement of continuous excitation by a pulsed method seems applicable for PDT.

Abstract 3468: Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of esophageal tumor using a novel DDS-type photoactivatable agent

Abstract Introduction: Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) have been clinically used for the early phase cancer of hollow organs. We are advancing the photomedicine to the next stage, in which treatment is carried out immediately after the detection of lesions. For achieving the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment, we established a novel DDS-type photoactivatable agent, micelle-based photosensitizer loading dendrimer porphyrin (DP/M). A micelle-based shell structure is expected to be selectively accumulated in tumors. An intensely emitted fluorescence from porphyrin can be used for lesion detection and a highly quantum yield of porphyrin promises an effective PDT. Apart from the agent, we recently developed a fluorometric system equipped with an ultrathin endoscope that has a spatial resolution of 15,000 pixels even with a diameter of 0.8 mm. The aim of this study was to verify practical effectiveness of the novel photosensitizer combined with the endoscopic fluorometric system for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we targeted esophageal cancer because satisfactory results are not always obtained with conventional therapies and an endoscopic approach is applicable. Materials and Methods: A rat orthotopic esophageal tumor model was established in female Fischer F344 rats by orally administered with NMBuA (N-Nitroso Methylbutylamine) solved in drinking water. After intravenous administration of DP/M, PDD was carried out using the endoscopic fluorometric system (ex. 405 nm, em. > 630 nm). After the detection of lesions, tumors were irradiated using a diffuser tip fiber connected to a 635nm LD laser. Results: About 6 weeks after the administration of NMBuA, polypoid tumors were observed in the esophagus. Pathological analysis revealed that proliferated polymorphonuclear cells were seen: a part of which reached the muscular layer of mucosa. A selective accumulation of DP/M in the tumors was confirmed with the endoscopic fluorometric system. This modality enabled repeated observations of tumors without sacrifice. The following PDT provided a promising result. Conclusions: DP/M combined with the endoscopic fluorometric system brought the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment for the orthotopic rat esophagus tumor models. Acknowledgment: This research is granted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through the “Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R&D on Science and Technology (FIRST Program),” initiated by the Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3468. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3468

Photodynamic therapy for intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract

Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) and Therapy (PDT) are modern methods which are evaluated in different fields in gynaecology. PDT has been successfully evaluated in human papillomavirus-related (HPV) genital dysplasia like CIN and VIN. The aim of this review is to give an overview about current applications.

Clinical Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy Efficiency in Oropharyngeal Cancer

We studied photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) applicability using NPe6 in with oropharyngeal cancer patients. Of 11 subjects diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer undergoing PDT and PDD using NPe6, 6 were stage T1 and 5 stage T2. None had nodal or distant metastases. Four hours before PDD, NPe6 (40 mg/mD) was injected intravenously. Under general anesthesia, tumor fluorescence observed by laser irradiation, and marked was followed by PDT and photobleaching was confirmed. Tissue collected from tumor centers confirming NPe6 was then compared to normal tissue specimens and the relationship between NPe6 concentration and treatment effectiveness studied. Tumor marking enabled us ensure a safety margin because the fluorescence scope exceeded tumor scope to the naked eye. Photobleaching was confirmed in all subjects. NPe6 tumor tissue concentration was 1.57-6.84 microg/g, with a ratio of 2.32-5.69 compared to normal tissue. Treatment achieved complete recovery (CR) in all subjects and shortened hospitalization over other treatment such as radiation. PDD using NPe6 clearly benefited oropharyngeal cancer patients, and made PDT more accurate. NPe6 accumulated more than twice the level in tumor tissue than in normal tissue.

Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy in Gynecology

Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) are modern methods that are evaluated in different fields in gynecology. PDD is currently under investigation in gynecologic conditions such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), endometriosis, and ovarian cancer. PDT has been successfully evaluated in HPV-related genital dysplasia such as CIN and VIN, in genital warts, in local recurrent breast cancer, and for endometrial ablation. The aim of this review is to give an overview about current applications.

Accumulation of Protoporphyrin-IX in Rat Leydig Cells Following Induction by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Tramadol

This study aimed to monitor the accumulation of endogenous protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) in rat Leydig cells (R(2)C) under the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and various concentrations of tramadol, an analgesic drug. Pain during photodynamic treatment with ALA is one of the adverse effects of this new treatment to eradicate tumor cells. ALA is utilized in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy (PDT) as a compound capable of augmenting the intracellular pool of PpIX, which exhibits properties of a photosensitizer. Cellular content of PpIX was determined following incubation of the cells for 1 and 2 h in culture medium that contained ALA and different concentrations of tramadol. The amount of PpIX was determined using fluorescent technique under a confocal microscope (laser wavelength 458 nm and filter LP 585 nm), and evaluated using CytFlu 1.2 software. After 1 h of incubation, no significant alterations were noted in the cellular PpIX concentration. However, 2 h of incubation resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in PpIX fluorescence inside the cells, when the medium contained ALA and tramadol in concentrations ranging from 1-2 mg/1 mL. The results suggested that in R(2)C cells, exogenous ALA and tramadol induced protoporphyrin accumulation. This information is useful for two reasons. First, it may help to diminish pain after ALA-PDT treatment; and second, it allows the use of lower concentrations of ALA during therapy.

833 Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) in human prostate cancer by means of 5-ALA — first clinical results

833 Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) in human prostate cancer by means of 5-ALA — first clinical results

Why are photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) necessary for urinary bladder cancer?

Mid-infrared region (2–20 ​μm) is an important region of electromagnetic spectrum. Most of the molecules including CH4, CO, NO, NO2, C6H6, TNT, NH3, SF6, HNO3, greenhouse gas radiation etc. have their fundamental vibrations in this domain. Thus, the mid-infrared region is known as ‘molecular fingerprint region’ and desirable to get the signature of these molecules. Tellurite and chalcogenide glasses have the advantages of a wide transparency window (up to ~20 ​μm) and very high optical nonlinearities, making them decent candidates for the mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. Photonic crystal fibers provide the wavelength-scale periodic arrangement of microstructure along their length. The core of the photonic crystal fibers and two-dimensional photonic crystal based on diverse geometries and the materials, permitting supercontinuum generation due to various nonlinear effects in an enormously broad spectral range. In this review paper, we report the recent developments in the field of mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in both the tellurite and chalcogenide glass state-of-the-art optical fibers. Particular attention is paid to the mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in the step-index, suspended-core, tapered, and photonic crystal fibers or microstructured optical fibers in tellurite and chalcogenide glasses. The coherence property of mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion engineered specialty optical fibers is also reviewed.