Photocatalytic Degradation Of Rhodamine Research Articles

Facile Synthesis of Bumpy-Structured ZnO-ZnS Core-Shell Microspheres with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

Zinc oxide is considered an outstanding photocatalyst candidate, but its low photo-corrosion resistance is a problem to be solved. In the ZnO-ZnS core-shell structure, ZnS acts as a protective layer for the ZnO core, and thus, it can enhance stability and long-term performance. The ZnO-ZnS core-shell structure is synthesized into various nanoscale morphologies with high specific surface areas to improve photocatalytic efficiency. However, they are easily agglomerated and are hard to separate from reaction media. In this study, micro-sized bumpy spheres of ZnO-ZnS core-shell structure were prepared via facile chemical transformation of as-prepared ZnO. After sulfurization of the ZnO template, it was confirmed through SEM, TEM, EDS, and XPS analysis that a uniform ZnS shell layer was formed without significant change in the initial ZnO morphology. The ZnO-ZnS core-shell microsphere has shown superior efficiency and stability in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B compared with pristine ZnO microspheres

Fluorine-doped TiO2/SiO2/ activated carbon ternary hybrids: Enhancing adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange

The exploration of cost-effective, eco-friendly, and remarkably efficient photocatalysts has been regarded as a promising strategy towards the decomposition of organic dyes. In this study, a facile one-pot hydrothermal approach was utilized to successfully create a novel adsorption photocatalyst (F-TiO2/SiO2/AC) based on activated carbon. This catalyst demonstrated high efficiency in the removal of rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) from wastewater. Experimental and characterization results indicate that the introduction of F ions and SiO2 induces lattice structure modifications and alters the surface functional groups of the material, leading to enhanced adsorption capacity. Moreover, these enhancements contribute to increased efficiency in the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and mitigation of electron-hole recombination. The sample achieved a degradation rate of 92.1 % in real wastewater conditions. This study not only offers valuable insights into the facile synthesis of complex activated carbon-based photocatalysts but also provides an effective strategy for rational design of electron transport pathways.

Preparation and characterization of the highly efficient tetraphenylimidazole substituted Phthalocyanine/ZnO composite and investigation of its effect on the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

Growing concerns about industrial waste-induced environmental degradation have driven research towards sustainable solutions. Photocatalytic degradation, fueled by light and avoiding harmful chemicals, offers a promising avenue due to its minimal environmental impact. ZnO, TiO₂, and their derivatives are particularly effective and widely studied photocatalysts. This study aims to prepare new composite materials bearing phthalocyanine and investigate the photocatalytic properties on the degradation of Rhodamine B dye and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) as the model compounds. In the initial step, ZnO materials were synthesized using the solvothermal method. Subsequently, a novel Zn(II) complex, including peripherally tetra phenyl imidazole substituted phthalocyanine, was successfully prepared. The composite catalysts were prepared from ZnO materials produced with the tetraphenyl imidazole phthalocyanine Zn(II) complex, called TFI-Zn. The were characterized using instrumental techniques. The photocatalytic characteristics of the composite materials developed were further examined under varying quantities of catalyst and Rhodamine B, variable pH conditions, and varying intensities of UV-A light. In addition, the reusability of the catalyst was investigated. With the new composite photocatalyst prepared within the scope of this study, 98% degradation efficiency and 8.0 × 10−4 min−1 degradation rate was obtained on Rhodamine B solution in 40 min. The newly developed photocatalyst displayed remarkable catalytic activity that remained virtually unchanged for five consecutive cycles, indicating excellent reusability and operational stability. The photocatalytic degradation performance of ZnO-TFI-Zn (1) was also examined on TCP and 90% degradation activity was obtained at the end of 80 min.

Visible LED active photocatalyst based on cerium doped titania for Rhodamine B degradation: Radical's contribution, stability and response surface methodology optimization

In this study, cerium modified TiO2 catalyst was prepared and the performance on the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution was evaluated. For the band gap engineering, three different percentages of Ce-doped TiO2 (3, 5 and 7 % mol) were synthesized using the simple, efficient, and low-cost sol-gel method. Structural, morphological, and optical analysis, performed by XRD-Rietveld, HRTEM, EDX, XPS and UV–Vis DRS techniques, indicate the formation of nanostructured Ce-doped TiO2 system with anatase phase and band gap in the visible range. Then, Ce-doping percentage, dose of photocatalyst and initial concentration of RhB effects on the removal efficiency were evaluated. The high removal efficiency of 70 % within 150 min was recorded under the condition of: 7 % Ce-doped TiO2 sample, 1.33 g L−1 of dose, and a concentration of RhB of 5 mg L−1. Additionally, a response surface methodology (RSM) was developed for stablish optimal degradation parameters when varying relevant factors for water treatment of real effluents: pH, NaCl, and Cu concentrations. The resulting model shows that the pH is the variable with the highest effect on the photodegradation. Finally, a scavenger study revealed that OH• radicals play a key role in the reaction; and, albeit TOC analysis reveals only 8.55 % of mineralization yield. Cycling study shows that the photocatalyst kept active after 3 cycles of reutilization. The present paper further examinates the parameters affecting Visible LED driven degradation of organic dye in water using Ce-doped TiO2 system and represents an advance in the comprehension of dye degradation with low use of energy.

Improved photocatalytic performance in Ce3+ doped CoFe2O4 nanoparticles by modifying structural, optical, and magnetic properties

In recent research, semiconductive magnetic nanomaterials have gained significant attention for their potential in photocatalytic applications, primarily due to their ease of recoverability. This study focuses on the successful synthesis of CoCexFe2-xO4 nanoparticles, where the variable x (ranging from 0 to 0.20) introduces Ce3+ ions. The inclusion of Ce3+ ions induces noteworthy changes in the structural, optical, microstructural, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Various analytical techniques, including x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, were employed to investigate these effects comprehensively. The research delves into the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation, exploring the impact of different elemental compositions, catalyst quantities, irradiation durations, and initial rhodamine B concentrations on the decolorization process.

Redeeming the photocatalytic potential of CuWO4 incorporating Ag6Si2O7 via S-scheme PN heterostructure

Water pollution and energy crisis are deemed the most prevalent issues of contemporary decades, and enhanced efforts to counteract these issues via semiconductor photocatalyst engineering are among the best-proposed solutions. Semiconductor photocatalysts could effectively transform clean sunlight into chemical energy, thereby facilitating the breakdown of organic dyes. Herein, we demonstrate the PN heterojunction S scheme photocatalyst Ag6Si2O7/CuWO4 via the facile hydrothermal method. The Ag6Si2O7/CuWO4 heterostructure discerns the broadening of the absorption spectrum and enhanced carrier separation owing to the interfacial process at the interface. Both these aspects work as a stimulus regarding the photocatalytic properties and add versatilities to the effective utilization of carriers. The performance of different ratios of Ag6Si2O7 and CuWO4 in Ag6Si2O7/CuWO4 composite was monitored via photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue under visible irradiation. About 97.50% degradation efficiency for RhB was reached in 50 minutes at a 1:5 molar ratio (AgCW-E). The degradation constant rate of AgCW-E for RhB and MB was 21.12 and 26.13 times higher than pristine, respectively. Based on trapping experiments and electron spin resonance spectra, it was determined that the photogenerated holes (h+) and •O2- played a crucial role as active species in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. The synthetic substances additionally demonstrated great promise for recycling. The present study delivers an innovative perspective on developing a more potent Ag6Si2O7/ CuWO4 nano heterojunction photocatalyst that can capture visible light.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B under UV Light Catalyzed by Alpha Titanium Phosphate and Metal Modified Titanium Phosphate

Wastewater management is a crucial issue in most emergent nations with ever-growing global industrialization. From textiles to food, mankind uses dyes and pigments which pose a threat to the environment due to organic non-biodegradable dyes contained in wastewater. Rhodamine B (RhB) is a conventional colorant in many industries producing a large amount of dye effluent, thus becoming a serious threat to the environment as well as human health. Additionally, RhB is dangerous even at extremely low quantities, making treatment of the RhB effluent more essential. Even though TiO2 is considered as the best photocatalyst to remove many organic pollutants, acceptable alternatives are needed due to being uneconomical in large-scale usage. Synthesis of titanium bismonohydrogen orthophosphate (α-TiP) can be achieved by refluxing ilmenite with phosphoric acid via a previously reported novel method. Solid state reactions of α-TiP and oxides of Co and Cu at 800° C result in various metal titanium phosphates (M-TiP) with unique colors. XRD, FTIR, and Diffuse reflectance UV-vis techniques were used for characterization of the obtained solids. Bandgap of α-TiP changed with the modification of different transition metal cations lowering bandgap from 4.01eV (α-TiP) to 3.57 eV (Cu-TiP). Aqueous RhB degradation under UV irradiation was used to investigate the photocatalytic abilities of these catalysts. For that 0.2 g sample of catalyst was added to a solution that contained 200 mL of a 5 mg L-1 Rh B which was kept for 15 mins in dark to reach adsorption-desorption equilibrium before exposing the sample to UV irradiation for 3 h. A clear enhancement of photocatalytic activity was observed from using Co- TiP as the catalyst, which only took around 80 min to remove almost all Rh B contained in the sample compared to α-TiP which took close to 3 h to become colorless. It was in alignment with spectrometer results where a clear reduction of intensity can be seen in wavelength at 552 nm. Photocatalytic activities of these catalysts decreased in the following order: Co-TiP>α-TiP>Cu-TiP. The Co-modified TiP showed degradation of 99.5% after 3 h of UV irradiation and pseudo first- order kinetics were followed by the degradation. 
 Keywords: Titanium Phosphate, Photocatalyst, Rhodamine B, Wastewater management

Sulfur vacancy-rich (α/β-CdS)/SiO2 photocatalysts for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

The development of highly efficient photocatalysts for visible-light-driven degradation of organic pollution is of great interest for wastewater purification. In this work, a sulfur vacancy-rich (α/β-CdS)/SiO2 (α: hexagonal &β: cubic) photocatalyst with a high catalytic activity was novelly synthesized on a nano-SiO2 carrier by the reaction of Cd2+ with a CS2 storage material (CS2SM) as sulfur source and crystalline modifiers. The dispersion of α/β-CdS on the nano-SiO2 carrier significantly enhanced the visible-light-driven catalytic activity of (α/β-CdS)/SiO2 photocatalyst, and 93.37 % rhodamine B (RhB) conversion was determined over 50 mg (α/β-CdS)/SiO2 photocatalyst for 30 mL 400 mg/L RhB solution at light intensity of 150 mW/cm2 and 298.15 K. After five cycle tests, the (α/β-CdS)/SiO2 photocatalyst still owned excellent visible-light-driven catalytic degradation stability (>90 %). The characterizations of morphology, functional groups, and photo-electrochemistry of (α/β-CdS)/SiO2 photocatalyst demonstrated that nano-SiO2 as a carrier played meaningful role in dispersing α/β-CdS and reducing agglomeration, thus increasing the active site of photocatalytic degradation reaction, and the presence of α/β hetero-phase junctions and sulfur vacancies allows the rapid separation of photo-generated carriers and inhibits photo-generated electron-holes recombination. Meanwhile, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and free radical masking test have also proved that the main active species is ·O2− for the oxidation of RhB. Therefore, the work is providing a new reference to the visible-light-driven degradation of wastewater with high RhB concentration at room temperature.

Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over Z-scheme photocatalyst BiFeO3/3DOM-TiO2-x in a fixed-bed reactor

In this work, a Z-scheme BiFeO3/3DOM-TiO2-x photocatalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal method and extensively evaluated for its photocatalytic capabilities in the rhodamine B (RhB) degradation within a fixed-bed reactor. The results demonstrated the synergistic effects of enhanced visible light absorption, a Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism, oxygen vacancies, and unique three-dimensional ordered macropore structure, which collectively enhance the photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3/3DOM-TiO2-x. The active groups responsible for RhB degradation included hydroxyl radicals (•OH), hole (h+), and reactive superoxide radical (•O2−), of which •O2− played a predominant role in RhB photodegradation. A kinetic model of dye degradation in a fixed-bed reactor was proposed, providing a realistic description of RhB degradation.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B via Fe-g-C3N4 Activated Sulfate Radical-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes and the Synergistic Mechanism

Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B via Fe-g-C3N4 Activated Sulfate Radical-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes and the Synergistic Mechanism

Rational optimization of 2D Bi2MoO6 nanopiece@2D g‐C3N4 nanoflake composite for boosting photocatalytic performance of hydrogen evolution rate and organic dye removal

AbstractBACKGROUNDPreparing catalysts with heterojunction structures is a strategy to achieve efficient charge separation and transfer of charges to enhance photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts. To optimize the graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐based photocatalysts, Bi2MoO6@ 2D g‐C3N4 catalyst was prepared.RESULTS2D Bi2MoO6 nanopiece@2D g‐C3N4 nanoflake composites in different proportions were prepared by the hydrothermal method. The prepared materials were characterized by various modern instrumental analyses, and their photocatalytic ability to decompose water and degrade rhodamine B under visible light irradiation was tested. Compared with pure Bi2MoO6 nanopiece and g‐C3N4 nanoflake, the hydrogen evolution rate of Bi2MoO6 nanopiece@g‐C3N4 nanoflake (1:10) composite was highest, at 4847 μmol h−1 g−1. The composite (3:10) exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic rhodamine B degradation for organic dye removal due to the formation of an excellent heterojunction to improve the separation and migration efficiency of photogenerated carriers.CONCLUSIONO2− and •OH were the two main active species in the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B. Bi2MoO6 formed a heterojunction with g‐C3N4, which accelerated separation and migration efficiency, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

The in situ synthesis of sunlight-driven Chitosan/MnO2@MOF-801 nanocomposites for photocatalytic reduction of Rhodamine-B

Zirconium-fumaric based metal organic framework (MOF-801) was synthesised by ultra-sonication method. After synthesis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV/Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), were used for its functional group identification. For its structural morphology and elemental composition scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and energy dispersive scanning (EDS) analysis was carried out. After typical characterization, photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (Rh-B) was examined under sunlight by using Zr-fumaric MOF-801 as photocatalyst and revealed the satisfactory results. The MnO2@MOF-801 and MnO2@MOF-801/Chitosan composite were also synthesized with same ultrasonication method. It was concluded from this study that MnO2@MOF-801/Chitosan composite has the good photocatalytic activity about 95 % against the Rhodamine B (Rh-B) in contrast with Zr-fumaric MOF-801 (71 %) and MnO2@MOF-801 (86 %) after 45 min of reaction. Valence band (VB) gap and conduction band (CB) corresponding to light-induced transition are used to suggest catalytic mechanism. This newly synthesized non-reported MnO2@MOF-801/Chitosan composite as a good photocatalyst initiate the new way for the development of others non-reported MOF coated biopolymer with enhanced photocatalyst activity as an environmental remediation for the control of water pollution.

Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B, a carcinogenic pollutant, by MgO nanoparticles

In this study, stable magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) are created using a one-pot process. As a capping and reducing agent, Saraca asoca (Roxb.) leaf extract is used. Multiple methods were used to characterise the photocatalyst, including UV-DRS, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM, EDAX, TEM, Zeta potential, BET, and XPS. The synthesized MgO NPs were found to be face-centered cubic. DRS-UV analysis determined that the optical band gap of MgO nanoparticles was 4.71eV. TEM analysis found that the shapes of the MgO NPs were a mix of nanorods and spheres. The XPS method was applied to determine the oxidation state of the MgO NPs. Rhodamine B dye was degraded by MgO nanoparticles with strong photocatalytic activity when it was exposed to UV light and achieved 95 % degradation. The experimental results were consistent with first-order kinetics. This study demonstrates that MgO NPs can be effectively applied in industries like wastewater treatment. They exhibit positive impacts on adsorption and photocatalysis, possess a rapid degradation rate, are readily studied kinetically, and can be utilized in minimal quantities.

Exploring the comparison of optical, dielectric and photocatalytic performance of Yb3+ and Gd3+ half-doped DyCrO3 nanostructures

The auto combustion sol-gel method was utilized to prepare Dy0.5Gd0.5CrO3 (DGCO) and Dy0.5Yb0.5CrO3 (DYCO) nanomaterials. The single-phase formation of materials was confirmed with the X-ray diffraction technique. Utilizing Kubelka-Munk function, the optical bandgap energy values were found to be 3.39 eV (DGCO) and 2.61 eV (DYCO). The dielectric properties were analyzed in frequency range from 10 kHz to 2 MHz and a temperature range from 25 °C to 225 °C. The conduction mechanism followed the universal Jonscher's power law, which revealed that conduction process was primarily governed by the small polaron hopping. The CBH, NSPT, and QMT models were applicable for the a.c. conduction in the DGCO nanomaterial whereas the CBH and NSPT models were more appropriate for the DYCO nanomaterial. The Kohlrausch, Williams and Watts function was used to correlate the imaginary electrical modulus spectrum, which confirmed that the relaxation process in the materials was non Debye-type. An impedance spectroscopic measurement revealed the influence of grain and grain boundaries and it followed negative temperature coefficient resistance behaviour at higher temperatures. Both DGCO and DYCO nanomaterials were also investigated for their photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methylene Blue (MB) dyes. The degradation, under direct solar irradiation, was 84 % (RhB) and 63 % (MB) for DYCO nanomaterial and 54 % (RhB) and 44 % (MB) for DGCO nanomaterial, indicating their potential in water treatment.

Degradation of Organic Dyes by the UCNP/h-BN/TiO2 Ternary Photocatalyst.

In this study, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with a flower-like morphology were prepared using a urea coprecipitation method. A ternary photocatalyst was first prepared using a solvothermal method involving the use of titanium oxide (TiO2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and UCNPs (Y2O3, Yb3+, and Tm3+) as raw materials. The surface morphology, crystal structure, and functional groups of these materials were then characterized and analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and other techniques. Photocatalytic experiments were also conducted to investigate the effects of different catalyst types, raw material doping ratios, pH values, and catalyst quantities on the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB). The results indicated that doping with h-BN and UCNPs reduced the band gap width of RhB, increased its light absorption rate, and decreased the recombination rate of its photogenerated electrons and holes so that the photocatalytic degradation effect reached 100% within 2 h. After five experimental cycles, the 30% UC-BN-Ti photocatalyst remained highly durable and stable. To investigate the effects of different trapping agents on the degradation of RhB, benzoquinone, isopropanol, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt were used as free-radical-capturing agents. The results indicated that •O2- was the primary active species in the degradation process. Finally, the pathway and mechanism of the degradation of RhB through ternary composite photocatalysis were identified.

Photocatalytic Efficacy and Degradation Kinetics of Chitosan-Loaded Ce-TiO2 Nanocomposite towards for Rhodamine B Dye

The recent advancement in the production of nanomaterials with novel architectures and functionality has allowed for the effective treatment of industrial wastewaters and contaminated soil and, in that view, the current study aimed to investigate the catalytic efficacy of biopolymer-loaded titanium nanocomposite. Therefore, Cerium (Ce)-titanium dioxide (TiO2) loaded chitosan nanocomposite was formed and studied its catalytic efficacy towards the degradation of an industrial dye pollutant. For the production of Ce-TiO2/chitosan nanocomposite, we followed the hydrothermal synthesis route and the formed nanocomposite was thoroughly analyzed for the crystallinity (using powdered X-ray diffraction, XRD), surface bonding, and nature (using Fourier transform infrared, FTIR spectroscopy), morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), elemental composition (electron diffraction analysis by X-rays, EDAX), porosity (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, BET), and particles size in powdered form (transmission electron microscopy, TEM). Then the efficiency of synthesized nanocomposite was tested towards the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye by applying various parameters such as the irradiation time, solution pH, catalyst dosage, and the dye concentration. Further, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was employed to investigate the kinetics of RhB degradation and provided a conceivable photocatalytic mechanism. It was indicated based on the catalyst mechanism that the modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with Ce and loading onto chitosan biopolymer may have accelerated the photocurrent transport due to an increase in the number of electrons and holes generated by the photon’s irradiation. In this way, the study has witnessed the excellent photocatalytic performance of Ce-TiO2/chitosan with 95% Rh B degradation as against the pure TiO2 nanoparticles thus stressing the importance of developing novel composite photocatalysts.

Mesostructured Nonwovens with Supramolecular Tricycloquinazoline Nanofibers as Heterogenous Photocatalyst

Functional supramolecular nanostructures are a promising class of materials, which can be used as potential heterogeneous photocatalysts in water. Self‐assembly to nanoobjects in solution typically requires large solubilizing groups linked to the photoactive building block, and possibly hampers access to the photocatalytic active sites. Herein, a straightforward method to fabricate supramolecular nanofibers based on the disclike tricycloquinazoline (TCQ) by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is reported. It is demonstrated that TCQ can be assembled on different substrates into supramolecular nanofibers with diameters of about 70 nm resulting in densely packed fiber layers. With optimized conditions, the evaporation time allows full control over the fiber length and the absorbance of the TCQ fiber layer. A bottlebrush‐like morphology with TCQ nanofibers is realized using glass‐microfiber nonwovens as porous support. These mesostructured nonwovens can be used as photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B in a batch process in water where the morphology remains intact after the reaction. After photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B or tetracycline under continuous flow conditions, the supramolecular TCQ nanofibers still remain on the support. These findings demonstrate that PVD is a feasible approach to achieve functional mesostructured nonwovens with controlled morphology for use and reuse in catalytic applications.

Degradation of toxic textile effluent rhodamine-B dyes using oxygen doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets

A metal-free oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (O-gCN) is prepared by thermal decomposition techniques using urea and oxalic acid (OA). The O-gCN physio-chemical properties are obtained by using different analytical analyses. The O-gCN is utilized as a photocatalyst and applied to degrade rhodamine-B toxic environmental dye. The higher photocatalytic ability of O-gCN is ascribed to the nanostructure with a porous nature. In addition, the porous nature of prepared O-gCN initiated more reactive sites for the degradation of target pollutants. The dopant oxygen atoms in the gCN tri-s-triazine units have extended enormous light absorption capability in the visible range. Radical scavenging experiments exhibited that the reactive radicals played a key role in the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB). The treated waters' toxic and non-toxic nature is observed using mung bean seed germination. Hence, this present study portrayed a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective technique to prepare O-gCN nanosheets for environmental remediation applications.

Correction to: Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and methylene blue using novel Spinacia oleracea-based Ag nanoparticles: experimental and theoretical analysis

Correction to: Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and methylene blue using novel Spinacia oleracea-based Ag nanoparticles: experimental and theoretical analysis

Improved Optical, Multiferroics, and Photocatalytic Properties of Bi1−xSmxFe1−ySnyO3 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol–Gel Method

Nanosized Bi1−xSmxFe1−ySnyO3 powders are successfully synthesized using a simple sol–gel auto‐combustion route. The X‐ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of a pure‐phase crystalline structure in bismuth ferrite (BFO). The co‐doping of Sm3+ and Sn4+ into the BFO structure indicates structural distortion, and a decrease in average crystallite size. Transmission electron microscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy images show agglomerated particles surface morphology with particle size of around 41 nm for BFO and 22 nm for co‐doped BFO sample. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate a reduction in oxygen vacancies due to the co‐doping of Sm–Sn into BFO lattice. The co‐doping effect results in a reduction in the value of optical bandgap and an improvement in multiferroics properties. A significant enhancement in the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye under visible‐light irradiation is observed for co‐doped samples, and these results are further supported by photoluminescence analysis.