Photocatalytic Degradation Of Acetaminophen Research Articles

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen using a novel TiO2-orange peel-derived biochar composite: Synthesize, characterization and optimization of key factors

The widespread presence of pharmaceutical pollutants like acetaminophen (ACT) poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human well-being. Herein, we employed a straightforward ultrasonic technique to synthesize TiO2 integrated with biochar derived from orange peel waste (TOBC) for the photocatalytic degradation of ACT. Parameters for the synthesis of TOBC, including biochar loading, ultrasonic power, and time, were optimized via Design Expert software and central composite design for response surface methodology (RSM-CCD). The resulting TiO2-orange peel-derived biochar 20 wt% (TOBC20) exhibited remarkable photocatalytic efficacy, achieving 94 % ACT degradation under optimized conditions (initial concentration = 20 mg. L−1, pH = 4, irradiation duration = 100 min, and catalyst dosage = 0.8 g. L−1). Thorough characterization, including XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, EDX, PL, EIS, and TPC analyses, offered insights into the biochar's innovative role as an electron acceptor and in separating electron-hole pairs. Trapping tests and ESR techniques elucidated the photocatalytic degradation mechanism, and the TOBC catalyst also demonstrated consistent stability over five cycles, confirming its suitability for eliminating non-biodegradable pharmaceuticals. Finally, results were validated by comparison with previous research, showing relatively consistent findings.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen in Aqueous Environments: A Mini Review.

Over the past few decades, acetaminophen (ACT), a typical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has gained global usage, positioning itself as one of the most extensively consumed medications. However, the incomplete metabolism of ACT leads to a substantial discharge into the environment, classifying it as an environmental contaminant with detrimental effects on non-target organisms. Various wastewater treatment technologies have been developed for ACT removal to mitigate its potential environmental risk. Particularly, photocatalytic technology has garnered significant attention as it exhibits high efficiency in oxidizing and degrading a wide range of organic pollutants. This comprehensive review aims to systematically examine and discuss the application of photocatalytic technology for the removal of ACT from aqueous environments. Additionally, the study provides a detailed overview of the limitations associated with the photocatalytic degradation of ACT in practical applications, along with effective strategies to address these challenges.

Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Synthesis of a Strontium Tungstate Bifunctional Catalyst: Investigation on the Electrocatalytic Determination and Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen and Metformin Drugs

In this work, we propose a modified solid-state approach for the sustainable preparation of a SrWO4 bifunctional catalyst using thymol-menthol-based natural deep eutectic green solvents (NADESs). Various spectroscopic and morphological techniques analyzed the as-synthesized SrWO4 particles. Acetaminophen (ATP) and metformin (MTF) were selected as the model drug compounds. The electrochemical detection and photocatalytic degradation of ATP and MTF upon ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light irradiation in the presence of as-prepared SrWO4 particles as an active catalyst are examined. The present study displayed that the proposed catalyst SrWO4 has enhanced catalytic activity in achieving the optimum experimental conditions, and linear ranges of ATP = 0.01-25.90 μM and MTF = 0.01-25.90 μM, a lower limit of detection (LOD) value (ATP = 0.0031 μM and MTF = 0.008 μM), and higher sensitivity toward ATP and MTF determination were obtained. Similarly, the rate constant was found to be k = ATP = 0.0082 min-1 and MTF = 0.0296 min-1 according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, benefitting from the excellent synergistic impact of the SrWO4 catalyst toward the photocatalytic degradation of the drug molecule. Hence, this work offers innovative insights into the applicability of the as-prepared SrWO4 bifunctional catalyst as an excellent functional material for the remediation of emerging pollutants in water bodies with a recovery range of 98.2-99.75%.

Green Synthesis of Silver-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures for Acetaminophen Degradation Under Solar Radiation

Objective: In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen was evaluated using silver-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a cylindrical-parabolic composed photoreactor. Materials and methods: Titanium dioxide was synthesized via green synthesis using Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract and doped by silver photodeposition. Results and discussion: Morphological information shows that large agglomerates of approximately 49 nm can be attributed to the strong interaction between nanoparticles and their polycrystalline nature. The photodeposition of metallic silver reduces the surface effects, allowing a decrease in the electrostatic interaction and diameter size of the titanium dioxide, as well as the optical properties due to surface poising during the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver. The photocatalytic activity was performed to degrade acetaminophen as the drug model under visible-light radiation. The results are promising, with superior photodegradation of acetaminophen of approximately 37% and 11% for unmodified titanium dioxide and silver-doped titanium dioxide (0.75 at%) nanostructures compared to the commercial photocatalyst, respectively. Conclusions: Accordingly, the potential photocatalytic application of silver-doped titanium dioxide nanostructures is highlighted and represents a promising alternative for the photodegradation of organic compounds from wastewater eluents.

Effect of kinetics on the photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and the distribution of major intermediate with anatase-Ag synthesized by sol gel under visible irradiation

The degradation of acetaminophen (ACET) was studied with TiO2-Ag catalysts, whose predominant crystalline phase was anatase, synthesized by the sol–gel method and doped by photo-deposition under UV radiation with silver particles. The catalyst was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (DRX). The acetaminophen degradation was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total organic carbon (TOC). The reaction behavior was studied under the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH-HW) equation and in a TOC-based model. With the experimental data, mass balances were performed to introduce the constants (reaction and adsorption kinetics) to the LH-HW equation. With the analysis of the generation and consumption behavior of the organic intermediate compounds (OI), coupled differential equations were generated, which express the degradation and formation-consumption behavior. The kinetic constants were obtained by nonlinear regression using the Levenberg–Marquardt equation. The results show high removal percentages, and the behavior of the experimental data is assumed to fit the LH-HW equation. The analysis of the organic intermediates by solid phase micro-extraction (SPE), HPLC and gas chromatography (CG-MS), shows that the transformation is feasible under the formation of nitro-aromatic derivatives and hydroxylated species.

Novel composite of Zn/Ti-layered double hydroxide coupled with MXene for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals

In the present study, a hybrid photocatalyst of Zn/Ti layered double hydroxide (LDH) coupled with MXene – Ti3C2 was synthesized for the first time and applied in photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and ibuprofen, two commonly present in the natural environment and prone to accumulate in the aquatic ecosystem pharmaceuticals. The effect of MXene content (0.5 wt%, 2.5 wt%, and 5 wt%) on the photocatalytic activity of LDH/MXene composite was investigated. The composite of LDH/MXene containing 2.5 wt% of MXene revealed the highest photocatalytic activity in the degradation of acetaminophen (100% within 40 min) and ibuprofen (99.7% within 60 min). Furthermore, an improvement in acetaminophen and ibuprofen mineralization was observed for the composite material. Meanwhile, the introduction of interfering ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−) in the model seawater did not affect the removal efficiency of both pharmaceuticals. The photocatalytic experiment performed in the four subsequent cycles, as well as FTIR, TEM, and XPS analyses after the photodegradation process confirmed the excellent stability and reusability of the prepared composite material. In order to evaluate the effect of various reactive oxidizing species (ROS) on the photocatalytic process, the trapping experiment was applied. It was noticed that •O2− had the main contribution in photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen, while •OH and h+ mainly affected the degradation of ibuprofen. Finally, based on the results of Mott Schottky analysis, bandgap calculation, and ROS trapping experiment, the possible mechanism for pharmaceuticals degradation was proposed. This research illustrates the feasibility and novelty of the treatment of pharmaceuticals by LDH/MXene composites, implying that MXene plays a significant role in the electron-hole separation and thus high photocatalytic activity.

Gadolinium ortho-ferrite interfaced polyaniline: Bi-functional catalyst for electrochemical detection and photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen

The present work illustrates the synthesis of GdFeO3 by glycol assisted sol-gel process and the polyaniline (PANI) by in-situ oxidative polymerization to constitute GdFeO3 interfaced PANI composite (GdFeO3/PANI) for electrochemical detection and photocatalytic decomposition of an organic pollutant, acetaminophen (AC). The physical, structural, and chemical properties of GdFeO3, PANI, and the composite were determined using various advanced spectroscopic and analytical techniques. For electroanalysis, pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was modified with GdFeO3/PANI composite, resulting in PGE/GdFeO3/PANI working electrode. The electrochemical investigations ascertained that the integration of GdFeO3 and PANI boosted the electron transfer rate, thereby featuring low peak potential and enhanced redox peak current. The developed PGE/GdFeO3/PANI sensor exhibited a wide linear range (2 µM – 1300 µM), and low detection limit (1.089 µM). The real sample analysis displayed an excellent recovery rate assuring PGE/GdFeO3/PANI sensor for reliable detection and quantification of AC in environmental samples. In addition, the photocatalytic behavior of GdFeO3/PANI composite was evaluated for removal of AC (20 ppm) under the visible light irradiation (LED, 30 W). The composite displayed an excellent photodegradation efficiency (87%) attributing to the enhanced charge separation and rapid electron mobility within the composite system. Hence, the as-prepared GdFeO3/PANI composite was proved to act as an efficient bifunctional catalyst that could be scaled up for real-time detection and remediation of AC.

Study of the Response Surface in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen Using TiO2

An effective way to obtain the optimal parameters of a process or experiment is the response surface method. Using the Box–Behnken design further decreases the number of experiments needed to obtain sufficient data to obtain a reliable equation. From the equation, it is possible to predict the behavior of the response with respect to the combination of variables involved. In this study we evaluated the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO2 for the degradation of acetaminophen, a frequently used and uncontrolled drug that has been detected with increasing frequency in wastewater effluents. The variables used for this study were pH, contaminant concentration (acetaminophen) and catalyst dose. We found, with a 95% confidence level, that 99% of the contaminant can be degraded to pH 10, contaminant to 35 mg/L and a catalyst dose of 0.15 g TiO2.

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in water via ultraviolet light and titanium dioxide thin films part II: chemical and kinetic aspects

Abstract Among the large family of emergent pharmaceutical contaminants, we find acetaminophen (ACE) that critically needs to be removed from wastewater. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) have proven effective in the degradation of large molecular contaminants from water. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study reported on the degradation of ACE based on immobilized TiO2 thin films. In an effort to increase the understanding of the efficiency of the degradation process, an in-depth investigation of the effects of the structure, i.e., coating layers and the amount of surface, i.e., number of coated slides used, is needed. Transparent, anatase-form TiO2 thin films were prepared via the sol-gel method (Rawal, S., S. Buer, J. R. Sanders, and P. E. Arce. 2021. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen from Water Solutions Via Thin Films. Part I: Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Thin Films.” International Journal of Reactor Engineering [Accepted]) and deposited onto glass microscope slides using a novel spraying technique, with coatings ranging from one to 10 layers. This contribution summarizes the effect of several key factors including initial concentration of the ACE, the number of coating layers (6, 8, and 10) on the glass slides and the number (4 and 6) of slides on the degradation levels for three selected media, e.g., acid, neutral and base. Comparisons studies, supported by statistical analysis between two different sets (4 and 6) of slides with discussion of potential physical-chemical reasons behind the behaviors are reported. Finally, global, first order kinetic rate constants are also reported for the different conditions used in the investigation. Although further research would be needed, in general the results are promising for the potential degradation of ACE in continuous flow systems by using immobilized TiO2 on surfaces as thin films.

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen from water solutions via thin films part I: preparation, characteriation, and analysis of titanium dioxide thin films

Abstract The utilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis for water and air purification is a frequently used method due to TiO2 having properties making it chemically inert, highly cost-effective, abundant, non-toxic, and environmentally-friendly. In an effort to increase the efficiency of the degradation process, an in-depth understanding of the effects of the structure and number of thin film coatings is needed. Transparent, anatase-form titanium dioxide thin films were prepared via the sol-gel method and deposited onto microscopic glass slides using a novel spraying technique, with coatings ranging from 1 to 10. Characterization of the TiO2 thin film coated slides was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The contribution shows that the coating technique is efficient in covering important areas of the surface and that it is suitable for a multiple coating layers thin film. The SEM imagines show that the surface of the slides increase coverage as the number of layers increases. This is potentially suitable for a mechanized spraying approach to upscaling the production of thin films for advanced oxidation applications.

Graphitic carbon nitride/NH2-MIL-101(Fe) composite for environmental remediation: Visible-light-assisted photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and reduction of hexavalent chromium

Herein, an efficient photocatalyst composed of graphitic carbon nitrate and iron-based metal-organic framework (g-C3N4/NH2-MIL-101(Fe)) composite was fabricated by a solvothermal method for the degradation of acetaminophen (AAP) and reduction of Cr(VI) under sunlight illumination. The composite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. UV–visible spectra showed that the bare g-C3N4, pure Fe-MOF, and composite harvest solar light effectively. The photocatalytic experiment indicated that the composite exhibited superior reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) (66%) compared to the bare g-C3N4 (35%) and pure Fe-MOF (51%) at pH 7. As the pH decreases from 9 to 2, the reduction efficiency increased. The highest Cr(VI) reduction (91%) was observed at pH 2. On the other hand, the catalyst degraded 94% of AAP at pH 7 compared to the bare g-C3N4 (42%) and pure Fe-MOF (60%) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. A radical scavenger experiment endorsed that the generation of superoxide radicals was the main reason for the AAP degradation. The cyclic stability test indicated that there was no substantial decrease in the degradation efficiency of AAP after ten repeated cycles. The kinetic studies showed that the photodegradation of AAP and reduction Cr(VI) was well-fitted to the first-order kinetics. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that hydroquinone, aliphatic carboxylic acids, monohydroxy, and dihydroxy paracetamol were the main products formed as a result of such degradation process. Therefore, the iron-based MOF and their composites can be used as effective photocatalysts for pollutants degradation.

Fe3O4 nanorods decorated on polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical detection of dopamine and photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen

The increase in the world’s population has exerted tremendous pressure on the research community to solve the related health and environmental issues. Hence, it is an important and challenging task to design a multifunctional catalyst that both aids medical diagnostics and removes organic pollutants from aqueous environments. Herein, we developed iron oxide nanorods uniformly coated on the polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide (Fe3O4@PPy/rGO) nanohybrids by the chemical reflux method. The optimized Fe3O4@PPy/rGO nanohybrids show better electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) with a low detection limit (0.063 µM) and a better linearity range (0 to 100 µM), with a coefficient of determination of 0.994. The Fe3O4@PPy/rGO nanohybrids reveal an excellent DA recovery rate of 97– 98% during real sample analysis. In addition, photocatalytic studies reveal that 84% acetaminophen (ACP) degradation by Fe3O4@PPy/rGO nanohybrids was noticed with the persulfate. The effect of co-existing photocatalytic studies affirms that the higher ACP photodegradation rate constant of 9.13 × 10−4 M−1 s−1 was obtained in the presence of the Cl− ion. The present work provides a new pathway for the development of a metal oxide with a conducting polymer and graphene-based catalyst for multi-functional applications for the electrochemical sensing and photodegradation of organic pollutants.

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and caffeine using magnetite-hematite combined nanoparticles: kinetics and mechanisms.

The increased use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has contributed to the contamination of water systems and put pressure on the development of new techniques to deal with this problem. Acetaminophen (paracetamol), a common analgesic and antipyretic drug, and caffeine, a known central nervous system stimulant, are being used frequently by many people and found in large amounts in wastewater systems. In this work, their removal, by photocatalytic degradation, was promoted using magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) based on iron oxides. Besides being obtained from cheap and plentiful source, the magnetic properties of these NPs provide an easy way to separate them from the solution when the reaction is complete. Three types of hematite-based NPs, one pure (1) and two of them composed by a magnetite core partially (2) or completely (3) covered by a hematite shell, were synthesized and characterized. Sample 2 was the best photocatalyst for both pollutants' photo-assisted degradation. Under UV-vis irradiation and using a 0.13g catalyst/L solution, the total acetaminophen and caffeine degradation (20ppm/150mL) was achieved in 45min and 60min, respectively. The identification of some of the intermediate products was carried out by liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A complementary DensityFunctionalTheory (DFT) study revealed the relative stability of several species formed during the acetaminophen and caffeine degradation processes and gave some insight about the most favorable degradation pathways.

Removal of acetaminophen using Fe2O3-TiO2 nanocomposites by photocatalysis under simulated solar irradiation: Optimization study

The pharmaceutical compound, acetaminophen (ACT), is considered an environmental contaminant of emerging concern due to its persistent and bioaccumulation as well as toxicity towards human health and aquatic life. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are ineffective in the removal of ACT; thus, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are required. The heterogeneous photocatalysis process based on TiO2 semiconductor presents an effective route for the degradation of various pharmaceuticals. In this sense, Fe2O3-TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via the sol-gel method and characterized via XRD, N2 physisorption, FE-SEM, EDX, UV–vis DRS, TEM, XPS, and FT-IR. The results showed that the incorporation of 5 wt% Fe2O3 has significantly increased the BET surface area, reduced particle size, stabilized the anatase phase, enhanced the optical properties of Fe2O3-TiO2 by a redshift to longer wavelength (visible light), and reduced the bandgap to 1.6 eV. The XPS results confirmed the presence of T4+ and Fe3+ in the synthesized nanocomposite., while TEM images confirmed the reduction in particle size. The photocatalytic degradation of ACT was further optimized by the response surface method based on Face-centered central composite design. Results revealed that the highest removal rate of ACT was observed at alkaline (pH 11) conditions, initial concentration of ACT of 30 mg/L, and catalyst loading of 1.25 g/L.

Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen over CeO2/I, K-codoped C3N4 heterojunction with tunable properties in simulated water matrix

• CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst was synthesized for acetaminophen (ACT) photodegradation. • CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts removed 98% ACT under visible light irradiation. • The photoactivity of CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 is a function of pH, anions, CeO 2 amount and ACT concentration. • Active radicals including O 2 − and h + were identified and a type-II heterojunction mechanism was proposed. • CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 showed excellent photocatalytic activity over ACT removal in three consecutive cycles. A novel visible-light-active photocatalyst consisting of CeO 2 nanoparticles and I, K-codoped graphitic carbon nitride (IK-C 3 N 4 ) was engineered using urea, potassium iodate and cerium nitrate as raw materials via a facile pyrolysis method. The CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 composite was then applied for the rapid elimination of acetaminophen (ACT) under 465-nm visible light irradiation in aqueous solutions at different environmental parameters. The electronic images clearly showed that 5 – 20 nm CeO 2 can be tightly attached onto IK-C 3 N 4 . The charge imbalance of Ce element as well as oxygen vacancy of CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the composite. Moreover, the optical property and bandgap were easily tuned by changing the CeO 2 amounts. At optimum composition of 15 wt% CeO 2 , the bandgap of CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 can narrow down to 2.38 eV. The photocatalytic activity of CeO 2 /IK-C 3 N 4 heterojunction toward ACT degradation is dependent on CeO 2 amounts and environmental parameters including pH, anions and initial ACT concentration. The calculated pseudo-first-order rate constants ranged from 0.039 to 0.051 min −1 . The radical species trapping experiments confirmed that O 2 − and h + play significant roles in ACT degradation. Thus, enhanced photodegradation of ACT is explained by type-II heterojunction mechanism. These findings provide a promising strategy of combining CeO 2 and doped g-C 3 N 4 for the effective removal of emerging pollutants under visible light irradiation, which can open a new route to synthesize novel heterojunction with high photoactivity for water purification and environmental sustainability.

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and codeine medicines using a novel zeolite-supported TiO2 and ZnO under UV and sunlight irradiation.

Pharmaceutical compounds are considered as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments that are not easily eliminated by conventional treatment processes. In the present study, the photocatalytic oxidation of acetaminophen and codeine medicines under UV and solar irradiation was investigated in the aqueous solutions using a novel synthesized zeolite from stone cutting sludge as a support for TiO2 and ZnO. The effect of photocatalyst synthesis conditions including catalyst dose, mixing time, calcination time, and temperature on the efficiency of the pharmaceutical removal were optimized using Taguchi process optimization method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, the BET surface area, and the Fourier transformation infrared. The results indicated that the performance of ZnO-zeolite for the removal of acetaminophen-codeine under UV and solar radiation with 58.7% and 45.7% was better than that of TiO2-zeolite with 44.3% and 39.2% efficiency, respectively. Removal efficiency under UV and solar radiation was comparable, suggesting that sunlight could be a promising source for treatment of contaminated water by acetaminophen and codeine using photocatalytic degradation. Regeneration of the prepared photocatalysts after 4cycles revealed a slight decrease in their efficiency. Overall, photocatalytic degradation of the medicines in the water and wastewater using the ZnO-zeolite and TiO2-zeolite could be developed as an efficient treatment process.

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen over Ag, Au and Pt loaded TiO2 using solar light

The sustainability and feasibility of using solar irradiation instead of UV light in photocatalysis is a promising approach for water remediation. In this study, photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, acetaminophen (AP), with noble metal loaded TiO2 photocatalysts (Ag/TiO2, Au/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2) was investigated in aqueous suspension using solar light. The deposition of noble metals (Ag, Au and Pt) onto the TiO2 surface enhanced the PCD of AP under different operating conditions including pH, surfactants and drug excipients. However, lower degradation rate constants of AP were obtained under simulated and direct solar light as compared to UV light. The degradation mechanism of AP under UV as well as simulated solar light was found to follow similar, though not identical, reaction pathways leading to hydroxylated intermediates (e.g. 4-acetamidoresorcinol (4-AR), 4-acetamidocatechol (4-AC) and hydroquinone (HQ)) through competitive routes. The PCD of AP followed a pseudo first order kinetics according to Langmiur-Hinshelwood model. Noble metal (Ag, Au and Pt) loaded TiO2 photocatalysts can be used effectively to degrade AP in water under both solar and UV light.

Sunlight-induced photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen over efficient carbon doped TiO2 (CTiO2) nanoparticles

Carbon doped titanium oxide (CTiO2) photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by the sol–gel method. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of CTiO2 have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (SBET), scanning electron microscope, UV–Vis, X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen (AMP) in aqueous solution, seawater, and polluted seawater has been investigated by using the synthesized photocatalyst under irradiation of UV and natural sunlight. The effectiveness of CTiO2 compared to pure TiO2 toward the photocatalytic removal of AMP was significantly observed. The optimized conditions including catalyst dose, initial concentration of AMP and solution pH were also studied for effective photocatalytic removal. The highest degradation rate was obtained when 2.0 g L−1 of the catalyst was used at pH 7. The kinetic results revealed that the photocatalytic degradation of AMP using CTiO2 obeyed a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics.

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in aqueous solution in the presence of montmorillonite nanosheets modified with titanium dioxide

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in aqueous solution in the presence of montmorillonite nanosheets modified with titanium dioxide

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in aqueous solution by Zn0.2Cd0.8S catalyst and visible radiation

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in aqueous solution by Zn0.2Cd0.8S catalyst and visible radiation