Photobiomodulation Therapy Research Articles

Вплив червоного та синього електромагнітного випромінювання на каталазну активність зародків в’юна Misgurnus fossilis L.

Photobiomodulation therapy is widely used to treat various pathological conditions. This therapy is based on the use of monochromatic light radiation. The light of the visible spectrum induces different biological effects at the molecular and cellular levels, both therapeutic and toxic. The obtained effect depends on the length of radiation, exposure, etc. One of the possible mechanisms of such influence is the regulation of pro-oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis. In order to clarify the mechanism of action of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of different spectral composition, catalase (CAT) activity was investigated in germ cells of loach Misgurnus fossilis L. during embryogenesis. Since, loach embryos are an adequate system that reflects the physiological state of the cell both under normal conditions and as a result of the influence of various pharmacological, physical and chemical agents. The resulting zygotes were irradiated (10 min) with blue and red LEDs (λ = 460 and 660 nm, respectively). The activity of CAT was determined by the ability of hydrogen peroxi­de to form a stable colored complex with molybdenum salts. It was established that EMR of the red spectrum has the most pronounced biological effects and caused significant changes in catalase activity during embryogenesis relative to control and blue light. The maximum increase of the indicator occurs at the stage of 16 blastomeres, and at the stage of 8 and 10 divisions, a gradual decrease in enzymatic activity is observed. Irradiation by the light of the blue spectrum lasting 10 min did not cause significant changes in catalase activi­ty relative to the control at the early stages of loach embryogenesis. The obtained results suggest that CAT, one of the key enzymes of the antioxidant defense system, undergoes photoactivation under the influence of red light.

A novel method to assess photobiomodulation in stimulating regenerative capacity and vascularization in zebrafish.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a continuously growing approach to stimulating healing and reducing inflammation and pain. However, its effects in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are still under investigation. Studying PBM effects on the regenerative capacity of zebrafish can allow the application of novel clinical approaches where the impact of PBM will be cross-linked with the stem-cell therapeutic approaches. This study was done to establish an in-vivo experimental setup for studying the effects of laser and ultraviolet therapy on zebrafish caudal-fin regeneration and vascularization. Thirty zebrafish were randomly and equally allocated into three groups. The caudal-fins of all zebrafish were amputated under anaesthesia. In the first control group, the caudal-fin was only monitored until fully regenerated. In the second group, the amputated-fin was irradiated with ultraviolet. Finally, in the third group, the amputated-fin was irradiated with laser. Caudal-fin regeneration and vascularization were assessed at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 in all fish. In terms of regeneration, the results indicated that it is possible to discriminate the regenerative effect of laser with the experimental setup as laser therapy showed a statistically significant difference when compared to control-group. It was also found that regenerative stimulation of the group that received ultraviolet therapy showed significant difference when compared to the control group. In terms of vascularization, there was a statistically significant difference in all groups of the study, which may suggest that laser as well as ultraviolet have limited effects in terms of improving vascularization. This study presented a novel, simple and inexpensive method for the assessment of PBM effects on zebrafish. Laser and ultraviolet therapy appeared to act as regenerative stimulators for caudal-fin regeneration of zebrafish. However, laser therapy results were, to some extent, better than ultraviolet therapy. This novel in-vivo design of the experiment led to more rapid and reproducible results than in-vitro experiments.

Influence of photobiomodulation on energy contribution in normoxia and hypoxia conditions in amateur runners: a single-blinded and randomized crossover pilot study.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in hypoxia (HYP) and normoxia (NOR) on time to exhaustion and the energetic contribution of treadmill running in amateur athletes. Eleven male participants, aged between 18 and 29 years, were submitted to an incremental test to determine the iV̇O2max, and subsequently on separated days, to the PBMT application (irradiation = 720s; wavelength = 850nm), followed by four efforts to exhaustion, in treadmill running, under different conditions [NOR + placebo (PLA); NOR + PBMT; HYP + PLA; HYP + PBMT], in random order, to access energy contribution and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit alternative (MAODALT). Time to exhaustion and absolute aerobic contribution were lower in HYP than NOR, for both PLA and PBMT conditions (p < 0.05). In the percentage energy contribution of each metabolism during exhaustion effort, aerobic participation was lower, while MAODALT was higher in HYP than NOR, only in the PLA situation; alactic anaerobic participation was higher in HYP than NOR in the PBMT application situation (p = 0.002). The PBMT does not promote additional benefits over time to exhaustion in NOR and HYP conditions, however PBMT during exhaustive efforts in HYP results in an increase in anaerobiosis.

Diabetic rats skin wounds treated with heterologous fibrin sealant followed by photobiomodulation therapy.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels causing sometimes impairment of the body's ability to repair itself. Promising treatments for tissue repair have included photobiomodulation therapy and heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of photobiomodulation therapy by LED, both as a standalone treatment and in conjunction with heterologous fibrin biopolymer in treatment of skin lesions of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced using alloxan. Full-thickness skin wounds were induced on the backs of 56 Wistar rats, which were randomly allocated into four groups: control group, heterologous fibrin biopolymer group, photobiomodulation therapy by LED group, and photobiomodulation therapy by LED combined with heterologous fibrin biopolymer group. The treatments spanned two experimental periods, lasting 7 and 14 days. Notably, the HFB group exhibited results similar to those of the LED group concerning wound regression, while demonstrating superior resistance to healing. Interestingly, the LED + HFB group showed greater skin damage at 7 days, but an improved repair process at 14 days compared to the control group. The findings indicate that combining photobiomodulation by LED with HFB did not enhance wound healing in diabetic rats beyond the effects of each treatment alone. Both treatments were effective individually, with HFB showing particular strength in promoting collagen maturation and improving tissue biomechanical properties.This study contributes tothe ongoing body of research on skin repair with this innovative HFB. Future clinical trials will be essential to validate this proposition.

Managing severe oral mucositis using a novel combination of photobiomodulation therapy and pilocarpine hydrochloride: a case report

Managing severe oral mucositis using a novel combination of photobiomodulation therapy and pilocarpine hydrochloride: a case report

Prolonged Photobiomodulation with Deep Red Light Mitigates Incipient Retinal Deterioration in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy is a prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive damage to the retinal structure and function. Photobiomodulation therapy, using red or near-infrared light, has been proposed as a non-invasive intervention to mitigate retinal damage, but has been tested generally with short-term stimuli. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prolonged photobiomodulation with deep red light on retinal structure and function in a type 2 diabetes mouse model. Transgenic LepRdb/J (db/db) mice were exposed to photobiomodulation therapy via LED devices emitting 654 nm light for 12 h daily over ten weeks and compared to untreated mice. Retinal function was evaluated by flash electroretinography, while structural changes were assessed through histology and immunohistochemistry to detect astro- and microgliosis. At 33 weeks of age, db/db mice were obese and severely diabetic, but exhibited only incipient indicators of retinal deterioration. Electroretinogram b-wave peak latencies were prolonged at intermediate flash intensities, while the outer plexiform layer displayed significantly elevated IBA1 expression. Photobiomodulation therapy prevented these two markers of early retinal deterioration but had no effect on other morphological and functional parameters. Photobiomodulation is well-tolerated and maintains potential as a complementary treatment option for diabetic retinopathy but requires further optimization of therapeutic settings and combinatory treatment approaches.

Pondering the problem of peri-implant pathology.

Randomised control trials were identified via searches of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library. Only randomised control trials involving adults with at least a single dental implant which had experienced peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis were considered. Within studies, one cohort must have been treated with a combination of mechanical debridement (MD) and non-surgical strategies, and the other solely by mechanical debridement. Outcomes were measured using periodontal indices such as bleeding on probing, and each group needed to comprise minimum five patients. Extracted information included the name of the lead author, size of patient groups, length of follow-up and the main results from the studies. The results indicated that in peri-implantitis the most effective treatment in reducing periodontal pocketing depths (PPDs) was photo biomodulation therapy and MD, while systemic antibiotics and MD were the most effective in improving clinical attachment loss and marginal bone loss. With regards to peri-implant mucositis; probiotics and MD yielded the best improvement in PPDs and plaque index, whereas systemic antibiotics with MD improved bleeding on probing the most. This analysis gives potentially useful data regarding specific treatment combinations for peri-implant disease. In light of this, it may help in guiding clinical decisions, but should be used in conjunction with recognised guidelines, and further high quality primary research is still required in the field.

INNV-03. BEYOND ANALGESICS: PHOTOBIOMODULATION THERAPY AS A PARADIGM SHIFT IN PAIN MANAGEMENT

Abstract BACKGROUND Pain constitutes a primary cause of medical care demand and disability among patients. The predominant method employed for pain management entails analgesic administration. Nonetheless, prolonged use of analgesics may lead to adverse effects, including cardiovascular and gastrointestinal complications. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) emerges as a novel approach to pain treatment, demonstrating effective pain reduction and anti-inflammatory properties. This systematic review aims to elucidate the impacts of PBMT on pain modulation and assess its potential for widespread application. METHODS A systematic review was conducted utilizing Boolean operators combining terms such as “Photobiomodulation” AND “Pain Management”; “Photobiomodulation therapy” AND “pain”; “PBMT” AND “Pain”. Electronic databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus were searched. The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Statement. RESULTS The systematic review revealed that PBMT is a non-invasive, safe, and cost-effective technique for pain management. It has demonstrated efficacy across various conditions, encompassing neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. PBMT can complement existing interventions such as exercise programs, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), or surgical procedures. However, further research with long-term follow-up is warranted to validate these findings. CONCLUSIONS PBMT emerges as a promising modality for pain management, offering a non-invasive alternative with favorable safety profiles. Its efficacy in diverse conditions underscores its potential utility as an adjunctive or standalone treatment option. Nonetheless, additional studies with extended follow-up periods are necessary to confirm and further elucidate its therapeutic benefits.

Photobiomodulation for oral mucositis management in pediatric patients: a systematic review.

This review aimed to determine whether photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is a safe and effective alternative for treating and preventing OM in children. The database search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Gray literature was also consulted through Google Scholar. Among 20 studies included, no adverse effect was reported, and only one study did not show any evidence of benefit from the use of PBMT. The analgesic effect of PBMT was emphasized and its action in accelerating the healing process and reducing the severity, duration and even incidence of OM was also noted. Evidence was found to encourage the use of PBMT to treat OM in pediatric patients. Higher quality studies must be developed in order to clarify the PBMT prophylactic effect and the best protocols for each clinical situation.The protocol of this review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023418109).

Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Prevention of Chemotherapy Induced Oral Mucositis in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical trial.

Many preventive modalities have been advocated to reduce the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced Oral Mucositis (OM). Photobiomodulation, also known as Low-Level laser. Therapy, has shown promising results. This clinical trial was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Photobiomodulation (PBM) for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) in children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). A double-blinded randomized clinical trial was performed, including forty-two children diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) admitted to receiving chemotherapy (CT) at Children's Cancer Hospital 57357, Cairo, Egypt. Patients were randomly assigned to either the control or test group. Both groups followed the standard preventive protocol for oral mucositis. In the control group I sham therapy, while in the Laser group I had Photobiomodulation sessions for five consecutive days once a day performed by Diode laser (Sirrolaser Blue ™, USA) 660nm, 15watt, 10 s. Laser sessions began on day 1 of chemotherapy and were repeated on days 2,3, 4, and 5. The response to both groups was evaluated according to the development of oral mucositis; graded using the classification criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Cancer Institute scale (NCI - Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0). Incidence of oral mucositis was evaluated from baseline to 5, 12, 19, and 30 days after treatment. A clinical significant difference between the laser and control group was observed. The laser group showed a higher prevalence of no oral mucositis with decreased incidence of OM, while on day 12, the control group showed a higher prevalence of grades I and II (P-value <0.001, effect size = 0.796). However, the laser group showed higher prevalence of mucosa free of OM; on day 19, the control group showed higher rates of grades II and III, (P-value <0.001, effect size = 0.670). while on day 30 there was higher rates of grades I and II (P-value <0.001, effect size = 0.576) with higher rates of healthy oral mucosa in the laser group. Photobiomodulation effectively reduces the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pediatric patients diagnosed with AML.

Predictive Model of the Effects of Skin Phototype and Body Mass Index on Photobiomodulation Therapy for Orofacial Disorders

Monte Carlo techniques have been extensively used for planning laser-based clinical procedures such as photobiomodulation. However, the effects of several biological tissue characteristics regarding its morphological structure and physiological parameters have not been carefully addressed in many applications. Specifically, many questions remain concerning the effect of skin phototype and body mass index on the effectiveness of photobiomodulation for extraoral therapies. To address these questions, a Monte Carlo simulation model of the effects of body mass index-dependent skin structure on different Fitzpatrick skin types was developed, specifically tailored for the morphological characteristics of cheek tissue. The model describes the settings of a typical oral photobiomodulation treatment protocol for pain relief, namely the use of 660 nm and 808 nm laser wavelengths and a therapeutic dose of 2.0J/cm2 on the masseter muscle. The simulations were used to train a machine learning predictive model aimed at accelerating the treatment planning stage and assessing the importance of patient-specific parameters. A multiple-regression approach was adopted to predict muscle dose and treatment time for effective delivered dose. Body mass index had little effect on epidermal energy deposition, but an important impact on muscle dose parameters. Phototype also influenced muscle dose, but to a lesser extent than body mass index. The results of this study can be used to develop customized dosimetry phototherapy protocols to promote more effective and safe clinical outcomes.

The power of 810 nm near-infrared photobiomodulation therapy for human asthenozoospermia

Sperm motility is a crucial factor in male fertility. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been reported to increase sperm motility, but a consistent approach suitable for identifying standardizable protocols is lacking. We collected asthenozoospermic (n = 70) and normozoospermic (n = 20) semen. The asthenozoospermic samples were irradiated with an 810 nm diode laser, in continuous wave mode, at 0.25 W, 0.5 W, 1 W and 2 W for 60 s on a circular area of 1 cm2 through a novel handpiece with an innovative flat-top profile. Sperm motility was assessed immediately, after 30 and 60 min. A sample size calculator, unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD tests were used for statistics. One and 2 W were the most effective outputs in increasing progressive motility compared to control (p < 0.001). The maximum effect was immediately after 1 W-PBM (p < 0.001) and decreased after 60 min (p < 0.001). Time physiologically decreased vitality (p < 0.001), but less in the 1 W-PBM samples (p < 0.05). 1 W-PBM did not affect chromatin condensation. Asthenozoospermic samples displayed an impairment of 80% in oxygen consumption and ATP production and a slight inefficiency of oxidative phosphorylation compared to normozoospermic samples (p < 0.001). 1 W-PBM partially restored the functionality of aerobic metabolism (p < 0.001) by recovery of oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. PBM did not affect lactate dehydrogenase (glycolysis pathway). No irradiated samples increased accumulated malondialdehyde, a marker of lipidic peroxidation. In conclusion, PBM improves progressive motility in asthenozoospermia through increased mitochondrial energetic metabolism without harmful oxidative stress.

Effect of Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation of the Growth of Oral Biofilm

Background: Oral microbiota comprises a wide variety of microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser with a 1064 nm wavelength on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans clinical strains, as well as their biofilm. The study also aimed to determine whether the parameters recommended for photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, typically used for tissue wound healing, have any additional antibacterial or antifungal effects. Material and Methods: Single- and dual-species planktonic cell solution and biofilm cultures of Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata were irradiated using an Nd:YAG laser (LightWalker; Fotona; Slovenia) with a flat-top Genova handpiece. Two test groups were evaluated: Group 1 (G-T1) exposed to low power associated parameters (irradiance 0.5 W/cm2) and Group 2 (G-T2) with higher laser parameters (irradiance 1.75 W/cm2). Group 3 (control) was not exposed to any irradiation. The lasers’ effect was assessed both immediately after irradiation (DLI; Direct Laser Irradiation) and 24 h post-irradiation (24hLI) of the planktonic suspension using a quantitative method (colony-forming units per 1 mL of suspension; CFU/mL), and the results were compared with the control group, in which no laser was applied. The impact of laser irradiation on biofilm biomass was assessed immediately after laser irradiation using the crystal violet method. Results: Nd:YAG laser irradiation with photobiomodulation setting demonstrated an antimicrobial effect with the greatest immediate reduction observed in S. mutans, achieving up to 85.4% reduction at the T2 settings. However, the laser’s effectiveness diminished after 24 h. In single biofilm cultures, the highest reductions were noted for C. albicans and S. mutans at the T2 settings, with C. albicans achieving a 92.6 ± 3.3% reduction and S. mutans reaching a 94.3 ± 5.0% reduction. Overall, the T2 settings resulted in greater microbial reductions compared to T1, particularly in biofilm cultures, although the effectiveness varied depending on the microorganism and culture type. Laser irradiation, assessed immediately after using the crystal violet method, showed the strongest biofilm reduction for Streptococcus mutans in the T2 settings for both single-species and dual-species biofilms, with higher reductions observed in all the microbial samples at the T2 laser parameters (p &lt; 0.05) Conclusion: The Nd:YAG laser using standard parameters typically applied for wound healing and analgesic effects significantly reduced the number of Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; and Streptococcus mutans strains.

Photobiomodulation Therapy at 660 nm Inhibits Hippocampal Neuroinflammation in a Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rat Model

Background/Objectives: Neuroinflammation is associated with the progression of various brain diseases, and the management of neuroinflammation-induced neural damage is a crucial aspect of treating neurological disorders. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using 660 nm phototherapy in a rat model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Methods: We induced inflammation in rat brains via intraperitoneal injection of LPS and subjected the treatment group to 660 nm phototherapy to examine its protective effect against hippocampal damage based on pathological, histological, and immunohistochemical tissue analyses. Results: The 660 nm treated rats showed a significant decrease in hippocampal structural damage and cell death compared to the LPS-treated group. We observed reduced expression of the inflammation markers GFAP, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the hippocampus of the treatment group, and an increase in SIRT1 expression across all hippocampal regions. Conclusions: This study presents a promising method for controlling neuroinflammation and providing neuroprotection and inflammation relief. PBMT represents a non-invasive therapeutic approach with minimal side effects ensured through the proper control of light irradiation.

Blue light-driven cell cycle arrest in thyroid cancer via Retinal-OPN3 complex

BackgroundPapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid malignancy, with a rising incidence. Traditional treatments, such as thyroidectomy and radiotherapy, often lead to significant side effects, including impaired thyroid function. Therefore, there is an urgent need for non-invasive therapeutic approaches. This study aims to explore the potential of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), a non-invasive treatment using specific wavelengths of light, in the management of PTC.MethodsWe investigated the effects of blue light PBMT on PTC cells, focusing on the Retinal-OPSIN 3 (OPN3) complex’s role in mediating cellular responses. Blue light exposure was applied to PTC cells, and subsequent changes in cellular proliferation, cell cycle progression, and protein expression were analyzed. Statistical tests, including one-way ANOVA and t-tests, were used to evaluate the significance of the findings.ResultsBlue light exposure led to the dissociation of 11-cis-retinal from OPN3, resulting in the accumulation of all-trans retinal. This accumulation disrupted cellular proliferation pathways and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in PTC cells. The Retinal-OPN3 complex was found to be a key mediator in these processes, demonstrating that thyroid cells can respond to specific light wavelengths and utilize their photoreceptive potential for therapeutic purposes.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that PBMT, through the modulation of the Retinal-OPN3 complex, offers a promising non-invasive approach for treating PTC. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of light signal transduction in non-ocular tissues and opens new avenues for non-invasive cancer therapies.

Photobiomodulation therapy at 650 nm enhances osteogenic differentiation of osteoporotic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through modulating autophagy

BackgroundPhotobiomodulatiom therapy (PBMT) has biostimulatory effects on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which takes a pivotal role in maintaining bone mass and avoiding osteoporosis (OP). Autophagy is an important regulator for cell survival and homeostasis. Previous researchers found that BMSCs derived from osteoporotic rats (OP-BMSCs) were with the feature of reduced osteogenic differentiation and autophagy dysfunction. However, the potential regulation of PBMT in osteogenic differentiation of OP-BMSCs and its underling relationship with autophagy remain unclear. Methods650 nm red light-emitting diode (LED) was selected to initiate PBMT effects. The isolation and culture of OP-BMSCs were implemented after the establishment of the OP rat model. Firstly, the optimal dose of LED was screened on OP-BMSCs by CCK-8. Meanwhile, the osteogenic and mineralization activities were studied through the detection of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS). Then, the levels of osteogenesis and autophagy were investigated via western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Finally, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was applied to illustrate the underlying mechanism of the osteogenic effect of PBMT on OP-BMSCs. ResultsFirstly, the optimal dose of 6 J/cm2 LED was selected in the subsequent experiments according to CCK-8. Then, the ALP activity and the mineralization ability of OP-BMSCs were obviously increased by PBMT. Meanwhile, Runx-2, OCN and OPN were significantly upregulated in LED group. Furthermore, the expressions of autophagic proteins were significantly increased in LED group by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. At last, the promoted effects of PBMT on osteogenic differentiation in OP-BMSCs were distinctly reversed via inhibiting autophagy. ConclusionOur research illustrated that 650 nm LED could improve osteogenic differentiation of OP-BMSCs, suggesting a potential correlation between PBMT-mediated activation of autophagy and promotion of osteogenic differentiation.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy with low level laser on gingival in post-curettage patients

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy with low level laser on gingival in post-curettage patients

Photobiomodulation mitigates diastolic dysfunction, reduces perivascular fibrosis and inflammation, and enhances mitochondrial metabolism and angiogenesis in a mouse model of HFpEF

Abstract Introduction Emerging molecular evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and capillary rarefaction as pivotal contributors to the pathophysiology of HFpEF. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has garnered attention for its potential to augment mitochondrial metabolism, attenuate inflammation, and foster angiogenesis. This investigation aims to delineate the effects of PBM on the pathophysiology of HFpEF in a murine model. Methods To induce HFpEF, 3-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a '2-hit model' involving a high-fat diet combined with the vasoconstrictor nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). PBM therapy was administered transdermally over the cardiac region thrice weekly for a duration of 10 weeks using a 904nm super-pulsed laser, with each session lasting 90 seconds and delivering an energy density of 4.2J/cm^2 per diode to a cohort of 12 mice. A sham group of 13 mice underwent identical procedures with the laser deactivated. An additional control group of 10 mice was maintained on a standard diet without any interventions. Echocardiographic assessments were performed at the outset, 7th and 10th week time. Following the 10-week period, mice were euthanized, their hearts harvested and serum withdrawn for further analysis. Results Echocardiography of PBM-treated animals demonstrated significant attenuation of deterioration of diastolic parameters (E’) compared to the sham-treated control group (E’[mm/sec], baseline-vs-10w: PBM, -32.1±5.9-vs- -27.9±6.4; sham, -32.9±8.6-vs- -22.5±5.7; p=0.037). Histological analysis of the cardiac tissue involving picrosirius red staining for collagen revealed that the HFpEF model induced a significant increase in the standardized adventitial collagen compared to controls, which was attenuated by PBM (control 3.0±1.6; HFpEF sham: 3.9±1.8; PBM: 3.4±1.9, p=0.008 control vs sham, p=0.055 PBM vs control; p=0.396 control vs PBM). Multiplex analysis of HFpEF mice showed significantly higher levels of inflammatory chemokines than controls that were attenuated by PBM (mean±SD log[pg/ml] of the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-1 (CXCL-1): PBM=2.52±0.29, Control=2.14±0.35; monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1): PBM=0.87±0.46, HFpEF=1.5±0.58, Control=0.8±0.6; p&amp;lt;0.001 and p=0.003 respectively). RNA sequencing revealed 551 genes with significant differential expression (DE) between PBM and Controls (adjusted p-value [padj]&amp;lt;0.1). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) analysis revealed that PBM upregulated genes pertaining to mitochondrial metabolism and down-regulated genes active in mitochondrial dysfunction (qPCR [GAPDH] 2–∆∆Ct fold change PBM/Sham: Ndufv2=3.7, Atp5md=3.5, Dnhd1=0.5). Relevant DE genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Conclusions PBM attenuated Diastolic dysfunction, fibrosis, pro-inflammatory chemokine secretion and upregulates mitochondrial metabolism in a mouse model of HFpEF.Study designResults

Photobiomodulation on shoulder and neck pain and disability: A comprehensive review.

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect of Photobiomodulation (PBM) in managing shoulder and neck pain and disability. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and ScienceDirect/EMBASE databases. The keywords used were "Low-level laser therapy", "photobiomodulation", "LASER", combined with "shoulder" or "neck". Only clinical studies written in English, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, French, and German, were included. The review included 36 studies applying PBM therapy to alleviate pain or disability in patients with shoulder and neck conditions. Of these, 12 studies focused on neck conditions, and 24 studies addressed shoulder conditions, with one study concurrently examining both areas. This review on PBM therapy for shoulder and neck conditions shows promising results, particularly in pain relief and functional improvements, with infrared wavelengths being the most commonly used. Subacromial Impingement Syndrome (SAIS) and Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) were the most frequently studied conditions. However, chronic and complex conditions like cervical osteoarthritis and post-stroke shoulder pain were less frequently represented, indicating a research gap. PBM was found to be a safe and non-invasive therapeutic option. Despite positive outcomes, variability in PBM protocols remains a challenge. Further standardized trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness across diverse conditions. This review updates current knowledge, highlights key findings, and provides direction for future research and clinical applications.

The effects of photobiomodulation and/or azithromycin treatment on bone resorption biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with stage III-IV grade C periodontitis.

This study aims to investigate the impact of photobiomodulation (PBM) and/or azithromycin (AZM) therapy in combination with full-mouth subgingival instrumentation (FSI) on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels and RANKL/OPG ratios in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) on patients with stage III-IV grade C periodontitis. The study was conducted on 77 stage III-IV grade C periodontitis patients and 20 periodontally healthy controls. Patients with stage III-IV grade C periodontitis were categorized into four treatment groups: 1) only FSI (FSI) group; 2) FSI&#43;AZM (AZM) group; 3)FSI&#43;PBM (PBM) group and 4) FSI&#43;PBM&#43;AZM (AZM&#43;PBM) group. Clinical periodontalparameters and RANKL and OPG levels and RANKL/OPG ratios in GCF were measured at thebaseline and month 3rd of the therapy. Compared with the periodontally healthy controls,all the baseline clinical parameters were higher in the Stage III-IV grade C periodontitis groups (P< 0.05); however, there were no statistically significant differences between the Stage III-IV gradeC periodontitis groups (P>0.05). In month 3rd, the lowest values in all clinical parameters weregenerally observed in the antibiotics groups whereas the highest values were observed in the FSIgroup. Furthermore, the highest RANKL and OPG values in antibiotic groups and the highestRANKL/OPG ratio in PBM group were observed in the third months. RANKL/OPG ratios did notchange in the FSI and antibiotics groups after the treatment, but it increased significantly in thePBM group. While PBM treatment combined with FSI increases the RANKL levels,AZM increases OPG levels. Also, PBM&#43;AZM treatment shows additional clinical andimmunological beneficial efficacy.