Photac Fil Quick Research Articles

Temperature increases in primary teeth pulp chamber during polymerization of glass ionomer-based restorative materials.

To evaluate the temperature changes in primary teeth pulp chambers of different dentin thicknesses during polymerization of four glass ionomer-based restorative materials. Eighty extracted, caries‑free, primary molars were prepared as standardized Class I occlusal cavities with dentin thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm. Four glass ionomerbased restorative materials, Dyract XP, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, Fuji II LC, and GCP Glass Fill, were placed in the cavities and cured with two light-curing units. Temperature increases (initial temperature, 37°C) in the pulp chamber during polymerization were recorded by a J-type thermocouple in a pulpal microcirculation set-up. The data were analyzed with Variance analyses and Tukey tests. The temperatures recorded in samples with dentin thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm exhibited statistically significant differences (p<0.05). The GCP Glass Fill group exhibited the highest temperature increases for both dentin thicknesses (p<0.05). The other groups were not statistically different but the Dyract XP group exhibited the least temperature change. The highest temperature changes were observed for 1 mm dentin thickness. All temperature increases during polymerizations and setting reactions were lower than the corresponding critical values 5.5°C.

Surface properties of resin-modified glass-ionomers subjected to in-office bleaching agents

This study examined the influence of two in-office bleaching on surface roughness, topography and microhardness of RMGIs. Disc-shape samples of RMGIs (Ketac N100, Fuji II LC-Capsule, and Photac Fil Quick Aplicap) were prepared and polymerized by a LED light curing unit. Polished samples, were subjected to in-office bleaching agents, Opalescence Xtra Boost (OXB) and Pola Office (PO), for 3 consecutive applications of 15 min each. The surface roughness parameters (R a and R max, μm) and Knoop hardness number (KHN, kg/mm2) were measured using contact profilometer and microhardness tester, respectively. The surface topography of the bleached surfaces was evaluated by SEM. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated high significant differences between the KHN, R a and R max values among the RMGIs and the bleaching agents evaluated as well as their interactions (p < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation indicated mainly no significant correlation between KHN and R a surface finish at each in-office agent for each RMGI (p > 0.05). Low R a (0.193 µm) and high KHN (49.34) values were presented in N100, whereas high R a (0.916 µm) and low KHN (31.54) were found in PFQ and FII, respectively, after bleaching with OXB. Surface properties are affected by the differences in material’s composition, mainly fillers, and type of bleaching agent. High concentration of hydrogen peroxide from bleaching agent and type of RMGIs can influence the chemical softening of these restorations and their clinical durability.

Evaluation of mechanical properties of fluoride-releasing dental materials after multiple fluoride recharge/discharge application

This study aimed to determine the mechanical properties of fluoride-releasing dental materials after an accelerated fluoride recharge/discharge procedure. Two fluoride-releasing glass ionomer types of cement (Ketac Molar Easymix and IonoStar Molar), a resin-modified glass ionomer (Photac Fil Quick Aplicap), and two compomers (Compoglass F and Glasiosite) were used in this study. A total of 30 rectangular specimens and 30 disk specimens of each material were prepared and placed in distilled/deionized water (n = 5). The amount of fluoride released was analyzed from the materials for 7-day discharge, 1st recharge, 7-day discharge, 2nd recharge, and 7-day discharge, and 3rd recharge. The de/pre- and post-recharge fluoride release were measured using an ion chromatography for 24 days. The flexural strength and microhardness of each group were evaluated. The microhardness of all restorative materials showed no significant change (p &gt; 0.05) over the experimental period. The flexural strength properties of the restorative materials did not change within the time of the study. The study showed that the fluoride release/uptake causes no effect on the mechanical and physical properties of dental materials.

Effects of Curing Modes on the Microhardness of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cements.

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effects of curing modes on surface microhardness of visible light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer cements (VLC RMGIC) and a giomer after different storage periods in comparison to auto-cured resin-modified glass ionomer cements (AC RMGIC).Materials and MethodsThe following materials were used: VLC RMIC: Fuji II LC Improved, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, AC RMGIC: Fuji Plus, Fuji VIII and Giomer: Beautifil II. The measurements of microhardness were performed using a Vickers test (100 g loads were applied for 10 s) in the following time intervals: immediately after the recommended cure and after 1, 7 and 14 days of immersion in distilled water. Five samples (d=4 mm, h=2 mm) were prepared for each combination of curing mode and tested material.ResultsAfter 14 days, an improvement of microhardness was evident in all tested materials. The full factorial ANOVA identified a highly significant (p<0.001) effect of the factors “material”, “time” and “curing mode (“low”, “soft“, „high”) for the light-cured materials Beautifil II, Fuji II LC and Photac Fil Quick. There was a statistically significant difference in the microhardness between different material types (Beautifil II˃Fuji II LC˃Photac Fil Quick˃Fuji Plus˃Fuji VIII) and curing modes (low ˂soft ˂high).ConclusionsMaterial type had the greatest impact on microhardness, followed by the factor of time, while curing modes showed a considerably smaller influence on microhardness of the light-cured materials.

Shear bond strength of different restorative materials to mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine

Significance of Study:Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine (calcium silicate-based materials) have great importance in dentistry. There is no study comparing the bond strength of Biodentine and MTA for composite, compomer, and compomer or resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC). Although many advantages of Biodentine over MTA; in this study, MTA has shown better shear bond strength (SBS) to restorative materials.Aim:Recently, a variety of calcium silicate-based materials are often used for pulp capping, perforation repair, and endodontic therapies. After those treatment procedures, teeth are commonly restored with composite resin, (RMGIC materials in pediatric dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the SBS of composite resin (Filtek™ Z250; 3M ESPE, USA), compomer (Dyract XP; LD Caulk/Dentsply, USA), and resin-modified glass ionomer (Photac-Fil Quick Aplicap; 3M ESPE, USA) to white MTA and Biodentine.Materials and Methods:Ninety acrylic cylindrical blocks were prepared and divided into two groups (n = 45). The acrylic blocks were randomly allocated into 3 subgroups; Group-1A: MTA + composite (Filtek™ Z250), Group-1B: MTA + compomer (Dyract XP), Group-1C: MTA + RMGIC (Photac-Fil Quick Aplicap), Group-2A: Biodentine + composite, Group-2B: Biodentine + compomer, Group-2C: Biodentine + RMGIC. The specimens were mounted in Universal Testing Machine. A crosshead speed 1 mm/min was applied to each specimen using a knife-edge blade until the bond between the MTA/Biodentine and restorative material failed. Failure modes of each group were evaluated under polarized light microscope at ×40 magnification.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between MTA + Composite resin with MTA + Compomer; and MTA + RMGIC with Biodentine + RMGIC (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between other groups (P < 0.05).Conclusions:The results of the present study displayed that although many advantages of Biodentine over MTA; MTA has shown better SBS to compomer and composite resin materials than Biodentine.

Effect of occlusal loading on microleakage of wedge-shaped abfraction-like cavities restored with three different esthetic restorative materials

Introduction Noncarious cervical lesions are a very common occurrence in clinics. They also represent one of the less durable types of restorations and have a high index of loss of retention, marginal excess, and secondary caries. Aim of the study Considering the aspects related to abfraction and the materials frequently used in its restoration, we conducted an in-vitro study to investigate the relationship between occlusal loading and the microleakage of cervical wedge-shaped esthetic restorations. Materials and methods Sixty wedge-shaped cavities in extracted upper premolars were divided into three groups (n=20). Group I was restored with GrandioFlow, group II was restored with Compoglass F, and group III was restored with PhotacFil Quick Aplicap. Half of the specimens from each group were subjected to occlusal loading (2 kg for 5 min at a rate of 120 cycles/min for 600 cycles) on the buccal cusp, and the other half were used as controls without loading. All teeth were then thermocycled. The teeth were water-sealed and immersed in methylene blue solution for 3 h. The samples were cut buccolingually and the leakage scores were assessed for all groups at the occlusal and cervical walls using a steriomicroscope. Results There was no significant difference between loaded and unloaded tested restorations neither at the occlusal nor at the cervical margin. Conclusion Occlusal loading did not have an effect on the margins of cervical abfraction-like lesions.

Comparison of the sealing ability of different glass ionomer cements as root-end filling materials

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of different glass ionomer cements (GIC) as root-end filling (RF) materials. Materials and Methods: One-hundred and eleven extracted human canines were cleaned and prepared using a rotary nickel titanium files with crown-down technique. All the teeth were filled with gutta-percha and then the apical third of each root was resected perpendicularly to the long axis direction. After, root-end cavity was prepared using a round bur. The specimens were randomly divided into 7 groups of 15 samples, filled with one of the test materials (Ionofil, Ketac Molar Quick Aplicap, Argion Molar AC, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, Fuji II LC Capsule, Dyract Extra, Glasiosite Caps) and were stored at 37°C and 100% humidity for 7 days. 1-week later, apical parts of roots of 10 ± 0.05 mm were attached to the computerized fluid filtration device. The data obtained were analyzed using an ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Statistical analysis indicated that RF with Argion molar AC (reinforced GIC) had the least micro-leakage of all and whereas Ketac Molar Quick Aplicap (conventional GIC) showed highest apical leakage than the other groups. Conclusion: This present study has shown that none of GICs, which used as a RF material unable to prevent apical leakage exactly and Argion Molar AC is used as a RF material among current GICs better than others.

Effect of gloss and heat on the mechanical behaviour of a glass carbomer cement

ObjectivesThe effect of gloss and heat on the mechanical behaviour of a recently launched glass carbomer cement (GCP, GCP dental) was evaluated and compared with resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji II LC, GC and Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, 3M ESPE). Methods120bar-shaped specimens (n=20) were produced, maintained in distilled water at 37°C and tested after one week. The GCP specimens were cured with and without heat application and with and without gloss. The flexural strength and modulus of elasticity in flexural test as well as the micro-mechanical properties (Vickers Hardness, indentation modulus, creep) of the top and bottom surface were evaluated. The amount and size of the fillers, voids and cracks were compared using a light and a scanning electron microscope. ResultsIn the flexural test, the resin-modified glass ionomer cements performed significantly better than GCP. Fuji II LC and Photac Fil (Weibull parameter: 17.7 and 14.3) proved superior reliability in the flexural test compared to GCP (1.4–2.6). The highest Vickers Hardness and lowest creep were achieved by GCP, whereas Fuji II LC reached the highest indentation modulus. The results of this study proved that relationships exist between the compositions, microstructures and mechanical properties of the cements. ConclusionsHeat treatment and gloss application did not influence the mechanical properties of GCP. The mechanical properties were basically influenced by the type of cement and its microstructure. Clinical significanceConsidering the measured mechanical properties, there is no need of using gloss or heat when restoring teeth with GCP.

Determination of the Compressive Strengths of Resin Composite and Glass-Ionomer Based Materials

In this study, the compressive strength of various resin composites and glass ionomer cements was investigated. Delrin molds containing 4 mm in diameter and 6 mm in long cylinders were utilized to prepare standard specimens. All experimental procedure was performed in room temperature. Different types of resin composite (Esthet-X, Z 250, Ceram-X, TPH, and Siloran); a polyacid modified resin composite (Compoglass F); a conventional glass ionomer (Ketac Molar Quick Aplicap) and a resin modified glass ionomer cement (Photac Fil Quick Aplicap) were.tested. Compressive strength of the materials was determined in universal testing machine and data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test (p=0.05). The significant differences were determined among the compressive strength of resin composites (p 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the strengths of various materials, which were categorized as esthetic restoratives but had different chemical properties were extremely significant.

Microleakage of glass ionomer formulations after erbium:yttrium–aluminium–garnet laser preparation

The aim of this study was to investigate the microleakage in class V cavities restored with four conventionally setting glass ionomers (CGIs) and one resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) following erbium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er:YAG) laser or conventional preparation. Four hundred class V cavities were assigned to four groups: A and B were prepared by an Er:YAG laser; C and D were conventionally prepared. In groups B and D, the surface was additionally conditioned with Ketac conditioner. Each group was divided into five subgroups according to the glass ionomer cement (GIC) used: groups 1 (Ketac Fil), 2 (Ketac Molar), 3 (Ionofil Molar), 4 (Ionofil Molar Quick) and 5 (Photac Fil Quick). After thermocycling, a 2% methylene blue solution was used as dye. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs were taken to show the conditioner's effect. Complete marginal sealing could not be reached. PhotacFil showed less microleakage than the conventionally setting glass ionomer cements (CGICs) investigated. Conditioning laser-prepared cavities did not negatively influence microleakage results except for Ionofil Molar Quick.

Ion release by resin-modified glass-ionomer cements into water and lactic acid solutions

This study was undertaken to gain a fuller picture of the interaction of resin-modified glass-ionomers with aqueous solutions in terms of water sorption, solution buffering and ion-release. Two commercial materials were employed (Fuji II LC, GC; Photac Fil Quick, 3M ESPE). Light-cured cylindrical specimens (6mm highx4mm diameter) were prepared and stored for up to 6 weeks in either water (pH 5.3) or aqueous lactic acid (2.7), six specimens of each materials per storage medium. Solutions were changed at weekly intervals. Specimens were weighed at weeks 1, 2, 4 and 6; solution pH values measured, and Na, Ca, Sr, Al, P and Si ion release determined using ICP-OES. Results were analysed by ANOVA. Materials altered solution pH, and gained mass under all conditions. However, the net mass gain in lactic acid declined with time, suggesting that water sorption was partly offset by erosion under acid conditions. Na, Ca, Sr, Al, P and Si were detected in all solutions, with greater amounts in lactic acid than in water. Phosphorus release was much lower than found previously for conventional glass-ionomers. Like their conventional counterparts, resin-modified glass-ionomers have been found to buffer their storage media and release ions. Hence the resin phase does not significantly alter these aspects of the interaction with aqueous solutions.

Interaction of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements with moist dentine.

The objective of this study was to report on a novel phenomenon that occurs when resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs) are bonded to moist human dentine. Dentine surfaces from extracted third molars were abraded with 180-grit SiC paper. Ten teeth were prepared for each of the two RMGICs tested (Fuji II LC, GC Corp. and Photac-Fil Quick, 3M ESPE). RMGIC buildups were made according to the manufacturers' instructions. After storage at 37 degrees C, 100% humidity for 24 h, the bonded specimens were cut occlusogingivally into 0.9 x 0.9 mm beams. Dentine surfaces bonded with the two RMGICs were examined along the fractured RMGIC/dentine interfaces. Additional beams fractured within the RMGICS and at 3 mm away from the interfaces were used as controls. The fractured beams were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission-environmental SEM (FE-ESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM and FE-ESEM revealed numerous solid spherical bodies along the RMGIC/dentine interfaces. By contrast, no spherical bodies could be identified within the RMGIC fractured 3 mm distant from the bonded interface. TEM and energy dispersive X-ray analyses performed on carbon-coated ultrathin sections showed that these solid spherical bodies consisted of a thin aluminum and silicon-rich periphery and an amorphous hydrocarbon core within the air voids of the original resin matrix. The spherical bodies probably represent a continuation of GI reaction and poly(HEMA) hydrogel formation that results from water diffusion from the underlying moist dentine. Their existence provides evidence for the permeation of water through RMGIC/dentine interfaces.

Effect of region and dentin perfusion on bond strengths of resin-modified glass ionomer cements

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that regional differences and pulpal pressure would significantly affect bond strengths of resin-modified glass ionomer cements to dentin. Methods: Twenty-six extracted caries-free human third molars were ground to expose middle dentin and were randomly divided into two groups for bonding: no pulpal pressure and pulpal pressure of 15 cm H 2O. Fuji II LC, Vitremer, or Photac-Fil Quick were applied to the previously pre-treated surfaces and light-cured as recommended by the manufacturers. After immersion in water at 37°C for 24 h, the teeth were sectioned to 0.7 mm thick slabs, divided into pulp horn, center, and peripheral regions according to visual criteria, and trimmed along the bonded interface for microtensile bond test to a cross-sectional area of 1 mm 2. The slabs were subjected to tensile forces and the data analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD at the 95% level of confidence. Results: For Fuji II LC, bond strengths to the pulp horn regions were significantly lower than those to the other regions independent of pulpal pressure ( p<0.05). On the other hand, regional bond strengths were not observed for Vitremer and Photac-fil Quick ( p>0.05). Conclusions: Pulpal pressure had a stronger influence on bond strengths and failure modes of resin-modified glass ionomers than regional differences of the substrate.

Microtensile bond strengths of glass ionomer (polyalkenoate) cements to dentine using four conditioners

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the microtensile bond strengths of three glass ionomer cements to dentine (Photac-Fil Quick; Fuji II LC; Fuji IX GP) using four different conditioners (Ketac Conditioner; Dentin Conditioner; Cavity Conditioner; and an experimental conditioner, K-930). Methods: Superficial occlusal dentine of extracted human third molars was exposed, finished with wet 600-grit silicon carbide paper, and each of the above glass ionomer cements bonded using the four conditioners according to the manufacturers' instructions. After 24 h in tap water at 37°C, the teeth were sectioned to obtain 3–4 bar-shaped specimens. Ten specimens were prepared for each group and shaped to an hour-glass form of (1.2±0.02) mm diameter. The specimens were mounted in a jig and stressed in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure. The mean bond strengths were calculated and compared using one-way ANOVA and LSD tests, and the fracture modes were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Mean microtensile bond strengths for Photac-Fil Quick were not significantly different from Fuji II LC for each of the conditioners used. However, the bond strengths for Photac-Fil Quick were significantly greater than Fuji II LC when no conditioner was applied. Mean microtensile bond strengths of conditioned specimens of Fuji II LC were significantly greater than non-conditioned specimens. Mean microtensile bond strengths of non-conditioned specimens of Fuji IX GP were not significantly different from conditioned specimens. The fracture mode of all specimens demonstrated mostly cohesive failure within the cement. Significance: The use of surface conditioners resulted in improvement in bond strength of Fuji II LC, while Photac-Fil Quick and Fuji IX GP showed no difference.