Phosphorus Supplementation Research Articles

7293 An Unusual Case Of Adult-Onset Heterozygous HHRH In A Male With Normal Phosphorus And Severe Osteoporosis

Abstract Disclosure: M. El Najjar: None. A. Sabet: None. D. Willard: None. Introduction: Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by renal phosphate wasting, which can affect bone metabolism. Although onset is typically in childhood, adult-onset forms have been described, and the manifestation depends on the zygosity of each patient. Most commonly, adults with HHRH demonstrate markedly reduced bone density and multiple fractures. Heterozygotes have milder presentations with mild hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and nephrolithiasis, usually without bone disease; however, it is less well characterized. Case report: A 73-year-old man suffered an L1 vertebral compression fracture while playing golf. Bone mineral density testing revealed T-scores of -0.9 at the lumbar spine and -3.4 at the femoral neck (Z-score -2.6). He started alendronate 70 mg weekly for osteoporosis treatment. A year later, the patient sustained an L3 vertebral compression fracture while on treatment with no improvement in his bone density. His family history was remarkable for osteoporosis in his mother but no nephrolithiasis or hypercalcemia. Physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory evaluation was notable for a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D of 87 pg/mL (18-72 pg/mL) , a 24-hour urine calcium of 240 mg/g Cr (30-210 mg/g),a serum PTH of 9 pg/mL (16-77 pg/ml) , but otherwise a normal serum calcium level of 9.4 mg/dL (8.6-10.3 mg/dL) and serum phosphate level of 2.2 mg/dl (2.1-4.3 mg/dl). Genetic testing revealed heterozygosity for SLC34A3 mutation, which is associated with HHRH. The patient discontinued alendronate and started 250 mg phosphorus supplementation 4 times daily. At 6 months follow up, he reported improvement in his body aches, and biochemical testing showed normalization of his 24-hour urine calcium to 171 mg/g Cr and serum PTH to 21 pg/mL. Repeat bone density scan after 1 year of phosphorus supplementation showed T-scores of -0.3 at the lumbar spine (5.8% increase) and -2.6 at the femoral neck (15.5% increase). Clinical Lesson: HHRH is an autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets associated with mutations of the SLC34A3 sodium-phosphate cotransporter, where it is believed that selective phosphate wasting leads to increased calcitriol, in contrast to other forms of hypophosphatemic rickets, causing increased intestinal calcium absorption and resulting hypercalciuria. Adult-onset forms of HHRH have been described in heterozygous carriers of the SLC34A3 mutation and usually present with low to low-normal phosphate levels, hypercalciuria, and nephrolithiasis but without bone disease. However, clinical variations of heterozygous carriers have also been recognized, and therefore are likely underdiagnosed. Our patient’s serum phosphorus level was within the normal range, and hypophosphatemic rickets could have been missed if a more extensive laboratory evaluation had not been performed. Presentation: 6/1/2024

6970 Severe Symptomatic Hypophosphatemia After Intravenous Iron Therapy: An Under-recognized Adverse Reaction

Abstract Disclosure: A. Morvant: None. O. Olajide: None. Introduction: Iron deficiency is a common condition that is often treated with intravenous preparations of iron supplementation. It has been documented in the literature that ferric carboxymaltose is the form of intravenous iron supplementation that is associated with the highest incidence of hypophosphatemia, when compared to other formulations of intravenous iron therapy. This case highlights a severe case of hypophosphatemia after ferric carboxymaltose therapy that led to multiple hospitalizations and required several months of oral and intravenous phosphorus repletion. Clinical Case A 36-year-old woman presented to the ED with severe diffuse arthralgias, generalized muscle weakness, and fatigue. Laboratory analysis revealed the following: phosphorus 1.2 mg/dL (2.3-4.7 mg/dL), 25-hydroxyvitamin D 13 ng/mL (25-80 ng/mL), parathyroid hormone 220 pg/mL (16-77 pg/mL), and calcium 8.5 mg/dL (8.4-10.5 mg/dL). She was admitted and started on intravenous and oral phosphorus repletion as well as oral ergocalciferol. She was subsequently discharged home on oral phosphorus and ergocalciferol supplementation, with a phosphorus level of 1.8 mg/dL. She was readmitted one day later with persistent arthralgias, myalgias, and severe fatigue, and found to have a phosphorus level of 1.1 mg/dL. Additional laboratory studies revealed the following: FGF23 41 pg/mL (<59 pg/mL) and 24-hour urine phosphorus 2191 mg/24hr (400-1300 mg/24hr). The patient notably had a history of chronic severe iron deficiency anemia due to menorrhagia and had been treated with intravenous iron sucrose infusions 7 months prior to her presentation. Due to adverse reactions to iron sucrose, this was switched to ferric carboxymaltose, and she had received two doses; one month and two weeks prior to her initial presentation. She was treated again with intravenous and oral phosphorus repletion and ergocalciferol and discharged after two weeks on oral phosphorus and ergocalciferol as well as thrice-weekly intravenous phosphorus infusions in the outpatient setting. She continued intravenous phosphorus infusions for about three months, and this was subsequently discontinued without recurrent hypophosphatemia. She is currently on low doses of oral phosphorus with normophosphatemia. Conclusion: Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose therapy can lead to severe and long-lasting, treatment-resistant hypophosphatemia due to increased urinary phosphate excretion. An increased awareness about this is needed by clinicians in treating patients who receive ferric carboxymaltose and monitoring phosphorous levels is crucial.

8400 An Unusual Case of Brittle Bone Disease

Abstract Disclosure: S.M. Middleton: None. M. Mogri: None. Introduction: We present the case of a now 21-month-old F with prenatally suspected skeletal dysplasia; subsequent evaluation revealed concern for a form of brittle bone disease that has not been previously described. Clinical Case: The patient was delivered at 37.0 weeks gestational age via C-section. There had been prior prenatal concerns for a possible skeletal dysplasia. A skeletal survey done on day-of-life 2 noted generalized demineralization of her bones, shortening/bowing of the long bones, an acute right proximal ulnar fracture, and evidence of multiple discontinuous healed rib fractures. A repeat skeletal survey done at day-of-life 19 demonstrated worsening skeletal findings with a very poorly mineralized skull, shortening of the clavicles and extremities, progressive fractures in all extremities and further bowing of the limbs, progressive rib fractures with callus formation, and multiple vertebral bodies with stature loss concerning for compression fractures. Directed genetic testing for osteogenesis imperfecta was negative, so whole exome sequencing was pursued and identified variants of unknown significance in the KAT6B and WDR35 genes not previously described, noting that the patient was heterozygous for both. She was suspected to be a carrier for the WDR35 mutation as it is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, and parental genetic testing revealed that the patient’s father carried the same KAT6B mutation and was phenotypically normal. Mutations in these genes have been described in disorders associated with bone abnormalities (such as genitopatellar syndrome and cranioectodermal dysplasia 2), but with different clinical presentations. During the course of her care, she was also identified to have hypophosphatemia shortly after birth and concerns for phosphate wasting; she was noted to have a high fractional excretion of phosphate in the setting of low serum phosphorus despite enteral phosphorus supplementation. She additionally was found to have an elevated FGF23 level at the same time the suspected renal phosphate wasting was identified. Her total calcium has remained normal with normal PTH values; her 25-OH vitamin D has also been normal. She has subsequently been successfully managed on sodium phosphate and calcitriol supplementation, as well as regular zolendronate infusions, without recurrence of fractures, and is clinically doing well with improvements in her respiratory status and overall development. Conclusion: This patient illustrates a severe case of brittle bone disease that presently does not have a clear etiology, though could represent a novel genetic mutation that has not been described and could subsequently be identified with continued review of her genetic testing in the future. Reporting her case could be beneficial to other patients with similar skeletal disease in helping to identify an underlying cause. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Alterations in the gut microbiota of Eimeria infected broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with varying levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus, along with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of the reduced dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) level and supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) on the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and antimicrobial peptides and gut microbiota of broiler chickens with/without Eimeria challenge. A total of 576 fourteen-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated according to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects including Eimeria challenging (125,000 Eimeria acervulina, 25,000 Eimeria maxima, and 25,000 Eimeria tenella), dietary Ca and P levels (0.84% Ca and 0.42% available P or 0.64% Ca and 0.22% available P), and supplementation of 25-OHD3 (3,000 IU/kg) of 6 replicates. Three-way ANOVA was performed, and the effects of 3 main factors and their interactions were investigated. The reduced dietary Ca and P level downregulated cathelicidins 3 (CATH3) in the upper jejunum in the Eimeria challenging condition (interaction; P < 0.05). The reduced dietary Ca and P level decreased the relative mRNA expression of jejunal avian beta defensin 5 (AvBD5) in the Eimeria challenging condition (interaction; P < 0.05). The reduced dietary Ca and P level tended to decrease the relative mRNA expression of jejunal AvBD9 in the Eimeria challenging condition (interaction; P = 0.051). The reduced dietary Ca and P level decreased observed features (alpha diversity parameter for richness) in the upper jejunal microbiota in the Eimeria challenging condition (interaction; P < 0.05). The supplementation of 25-OHD3 decreased the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05) and increased the relative abundance of the family Ruminococcaceae (P < 0.05) in the cecal digesta. The supplementation of 25-OHD3 decreased the serum endotoxin level in the Eimeria challenging condition (interaction; P < 0.05). Therefore, the reduced dietary Ca and P level modulated the upper jejunal microbiota via modulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides, and the supplementation of 25-OHD3 favorably modulated the cecal microbiota in broiler chickens with/without Eimeria challenge.

Effects of Phosphorus-Mediated Alleviation of Salt Stress on Cotton Genotypes: Biochemical Responses and Growth Adaptations

Salinity stress can significantly impact productivity in agricultural area with limited water re-sources. Our study focused on how plants under salt stress respond to phosphorus availability in terms of growth and biochemical reactions in cotton genotypes. Two cotton genotypes with different P efficiencies (SK39 and JM21) were used in a hydroponic experiment with 300 mM NaCl and three P treatments (10, 20, and 30 mM). Salinity stress decreases root growth, shoot growth, biomass production, and chlorophyll content, according to the experimental findings. In treated plants, it also increased the levels of oxidative stress. However, this effect was alleviated by phosphorus therapy, which controlled the production of proline, total soluble sugars, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, salt-sensitive JM21 responded to phosphorus supplementation more favorably than salt-tolerant SK39. Our research emphasizes the critical role that phosphorus especially P20 plays increasing the salinity stress sensitivity of cotton plants and offers insightful in-formation on the mechanisms underlying the role of phosphorus in reducing salinity stress effects. This study also revealed interspecific variability in cotton genotypes and characteristics, primarily represented by attributes related to cotton growth and morphological indicators such as dry matter biomass.

Effect of AMF Inoculation on Reducing Excessive Fertilizer Use.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizer is a global concern. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered a potential solution due to their symbiotic association with crops. This study assessed AMF's effects on maize yield, fertilizer efficiency, plant traits, and soil nutrients under different reduced-fertilizer regimes in medium-low fertility fields. We found that phosphorus supplementation after a 30% fertilizer reduction enhanced AMF's positive impact on grain yield, increasing it by 3.47% with pure chemical fertilizers and 6.65% with mixed fertilizers. The AMF inoculation did not significantly affect the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency, but significantly increased root colonization and soil mycelium density. Mixed fertilizer treatments with phosphorus supplementation after fertilizer reduction showed greater mycorrhizal effects on plant traits and soil nutrient contents compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. This study highlights that AMF inoculation, closely linked to fertilization regimes, can effectively reduce fertilizer use while sustaining or enhancing maize yields.

Relating microbial community composition to treatment performance in an ozone-biologically active carbon filtration potable reuse treatment train

Treatment trains that couple ozone (O3) with biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration are of interest as a lower cost, more sustainable, membrane-free approach to water reuse. However, little is known about the microbial communities that are the fundamental drivers of O3-BAC treatment. The objective of this study was to demonstrate microbial community profiling as a diagnostic tool for assessing the functionality, biological stability, and resilience of coupled physical, chemical, advanced oxidative and biological processes employed in water reuse treatment. We utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to profile the bacterial microbiota over time throughout a potable reuse train employing coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, ozonation, BAC filtration, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and UV disinfection. A distinct baseline microbiota was associated with each stage of treatment (ANOSIM, p < 0.05, r-stat = 0.52), each undergoing succession with time and operational shifts. Ozonation resulted in the sharpest shifts (i.e., 83.3 % average change in Genus level relative abundances, when adjusted O3:TOC ratio > 1), and also variance, in microbial community composition. Adjustment in O3:TOC ratios, temperature, filter-aid polymer, monochloramine quenching agent, and empty-bed contact time also resulted in measurable changes in the baseline microbial community composition of individual processes, but to a lesser degree. Of these, supplementation of nitrogen and phosphorus resulted in the strongest bifurcation, especially in the microbial communities inhabiting the BAC (ANOSIM: p < 0.05, BAC5 r-stat = 0.32; BAC10 r-stat = 0.54) and GAC (ANOSIM: p < 0.05, GAC10 r-stat = 0.54; GAC20 r-stat = 0.63) units. Additionally, we found that the BAC microbial community was responsive to an inoculation of microbially active media, which resulted in improved TOC removal. The findings of this study improve understanding of bacterial dynamics occurring in advanced water treatment trains and can inform improved system design and operation.

Enhanced arsenic stress tolerance in landrace and improved rice cultivars through modulation of gibberellic acid (GA3) synthesis and antioxidant metabolism via phosphorus and silicon supplementation

Arsenic (As), an environmental pollutant, imposes toxic impacts on plant health. In recent years, researchers have focused on comprehending the As-induced intrusion in growth and metabolic components. However, the interactions between phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) remain elusive, specifically in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of P and Si on the defense mechanisms, nutrients accumulation, carbohydrate metabolism, gibberellic acid (GA3) synthesis, and growth responses in Indica rice cultivars (landrace and improved) under As stress. With this focus, our study potentially indicated that As stress (150 µM) negatively impacted the underlying physiological and growth traits, with more pronounced effects on the improved cultivar compared to the landrace. However, P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatments have prominently reduced oxidative stress with improved defense mechanisms and GA synthesis. Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace, including superoxide dismutase (+36.47%, +24.43%), ascorbate peroxidase (+95.11%, +78.26%), along with non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate (+29.43%, +21.48%), and reduced glutathione (+75.45%, +62.34%) concentrations, respectively. Notably, GA concentration (+23.78%, +16.48%) was substantially increased by the cumulative application of P and Si under As stress in both cultivars but more conspicuous in the landrace, respectively. Further, employing GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PBZ; 10 µM), substantiated the input of GA-mediated As tolerance, wherein, PBZ reversed the impacts of P and Si on the endogenous GA concentration and defense metabolism. In summation, landrace outperformed improved cultivar leading to As tolerance. This implies that the landrace could be used for future breeding programs permitting in-depth considerations of P and Si-mediated GA3 synthesis under As stress conditions.

The reproductive performance of phosphorus-deficient mature cows improved rapidly when given supplementary phosphorus in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory

Context There is little published information on how long it takes for the performance of phosphorus (P)-deficient mature cows to improve once they start receiving P supplements, or whether their long-term performance is impaired by P deficiency early in life. Aims The performance of mature P-deficient and P-adequate Brahman cows was compared over 3 years to investigate the time it takes for the performance of P-deficient mature cows to improve once they are supplemented with P, and whether their long-term performance is compromised by P deficiency early in life. Methods Cows that had been a part of a P-supplementation trial at Victoria River Research Station from weaning until they were 5.5 years old were used for this study. One treatment group had received continuous P supplement (P+) since weaning and the other treatment had never received any P supplement (P−). At the conclusion of the original trial, 42 cows were randomly selected from each treatment and then grazed together in the same paddock for 3 years, during which time they were given P supplement continuously. Performance attributes were measured and compared. Key results This study found that P supplementation rapidly improved the liveweight, body condition, reproductive performance and survival rate of the P-deficient (P−) mature cows. Within a year of receiving P supplement, their performance improved to be similar to that of P+ cows. However, P deficiency early in life did have some residual stunting effects, resulting in lower mean hip height and liveweights of P− cows. Conclusions The performance of P-deficient mature cows improved rapidly once they were given P supplements and matched that of cows that had always been supplemented. However, P deficiency early in life caused stunting, resulting in mature cows being shorter and lighter. Implications Cattle producers in P-deficient country should see a rapid improvement in performance and return on investment once they start supplementing P-deficient cows. However, it is better to supplement cattle throughout their lives in P-deficient areas to avoid stunting.

Effect of increased CO2 on calcium homeostasis and signaling in a marine diatom

AbstractOcean acidification influences photosynthesis, respiration, and metabolism in marine diatoms, leading to changes in diatom growth performance and shifts in phytoplankton communities. Previous studies have demonstrated that increases in seawater CO2 concentrations affect the uptake of trace metals such as iron, zinc, copper, and cobalt by marine diatoms. However, the influence of increased CO2 on calcium, which plays a vital role as a secondary messenger in various signaling pathways within organisms, has received limited attention so far. This study examined the effect of increased CO2 on Ca homeostasis and signaling in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. While seawater acidification had little effect on the diatom's growth, it significantly changed cell properties (surface topography, adhesion, and surface potential). Elevated CO2 concentrations reduced calcium accumulation P. tricornutum and lowered the rise of cytosolic Ca2+ transients stimulated by toxic aldehyde, phosphorus supplement, and hypo‐osmotic stress. Our results suggest that a continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 may alter diatoms' response to environmental cues.

Low dose phosphorus supplementation is conducive to remediation of heavily petroleum-contaminated soil—From the perspective of hydrocarbon removal and ecotoxicity risk control

Biostimulation by supplementing of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients is a common strategy for remediation of petroleum-polluted soils. However, the dosage influence of exogenous nitrogen or phosphorus on petroleum hydrocarbon removal and soil ecotoxicity and microbial function remain unclear. In this study, we compared the efficiencies of hydrocarbon degradation and ecotoxicity control by experiment conducted over addition of inorganic nitrogen or phosphorus at C/N ratio of 100/10, C/N/P ratio of 100/10/1, and C/P ratio of 100/1 in a heavily petroleum-contaminated loessal soil with 12,320 mg/kg of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content. A 90-day incubation study revealed that low-dose of phosphorus addition with the C/P ratio of 100/1 promoted hydrocarbon degradation and reduced soil ecotoxicity. Microbial community composition analysis suggested that phosphorus addition enriched hydrocarbon degrader Gordonia and Mycolicibacterium genus. The key enzymes EC 5.3.3.8, EC 6.2.1.20 and EC 6.4.1.1 which referred to degradation of long-chain hydrocarbons, unsaturated fatty acids and pyruvate metabolism were abundance by phosphorus supplementation. While nitrogen addition at C/N ratio of 100/10 or C/N/P ratio of 100/10/1 inhibited hydrocarbon degradation and exacerbated soil ecotoxicity due to promoting denitrification and coupling reactions with hydrocarbons. Our results suggested that low-dose phosphorus addition served as a favorable strategy to promote crude oil remediation and ecotoxicity risk control in heavily petroleum-contaminated soil. Hence, the application of suitable doses of exogenous biostimulants is an efficient approach to restore the ecological functions of organically contaminated soils.

Supplemental phosphorus can be completely replaced with microbial phytase in White Leghorn layer diets

ABSTRACT 1. A study was conducted to assess the possibility of totally replacing supplemental phosphorus sources in White Leghorn (WL) layer diets (aged 28 to 45 weeks of age) with microbial phytase supplementation. One thousand commercial layers (HyLine White) of 28 weeks of age were housed in California cages fitted in open-sided poultry shed at the rate of 20 layers in each replicate. Ten replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment, and the respective diet was fed from 28 to 45 weeks of age. 2. A control diet (CD) containing the recommended levels of non-phytate phosphorus (3.6 g/kg NPP) and four other test diets (2–5) having sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2.0, 1.6 and 1.2 g/kg), but with supplemental microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) were prepared and fed for the trial duration. 3. The layers fed with lower levels of NPP with phytase had the same laying performance as the group fed the CD. Egg production, feed efficiency, egg mass, shell defects, egg density, shell weight, shell thickness, ash content and breaking strength of the tibia and sternum were not affected by feeding the lowest concentration of NPP (1.2 g/kg) plus microbial phytase. 4. Phytase supplementation in diets with sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2 and 1.6 g/kg) significantly improved the Haugh unit score compared to those fed the CD. 5. It was concluded that supplemental phosphorus can be completely replaced with microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) in a diet without affecting egg production, shell quality or bone mineral variables in WL layers (28 to 45 weeks).

Nutrient supplementation changes chemical composition of soil organic matter density fractions in desert steppe soil in northern China

The influence of reactive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplementation on ecosystem dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) shows extensive variations. The underlying mechanisms of regulation of the chemical composition and dynamics of different SOM density fractions (DFs) in aggregates in a desert steppe by N and P supplementation are unclear. Here, the chemical composition and organic carbon (C) and N dynamics of various SOM DFs under N and P addition were assessed. Surface soil samples taken at 0–10 cm depth were obtained from 4-year (2017–2021) experiments under four conditions, namely N treatment, P treatment, combined N and P treatment (NP), and no nutrient supplementation (CK), in a desert steppe located in northern China. Nutrient supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) SOM content by 8.89–35.4%; however, the total N content remained constant. N addition mainly increased SOM content in the macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), while P enhanced SOM in microaggregates (0.25–0.053 mm) and silt-clay (<0.053 mm). The fine particulate organic matter (fPOM) proportion was increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 18.4% and 16.4% in macro- and microaggregates under N addition, respectively; P addition mainly enhanced mineral-associated SOM (mSOM) proportion in aggregates. N supplementation remarkably enhanced (P < 0.05) fPOM’s organic C content by 27.3% and 32.0%, and N content by 40.9% and 145.7% in macro- and microaggregates, respectively. Single N and P addition promoted the enrichment of labile and resistant organic components in light fraction (LF), respectively. N promoted the enrichment of stable organic components in the mSOM of microaggregates. Nutrient inputs drive mSOM formation through the interaction of carboxyl-C and mineral surface. Based on a stronger δ13C and δ15N signal, N addition enhanced SOM decomposition in aggregates. Nutrient supplementation promoted SOM accumulation through the formation of more stable old C in POM and silt-clay. Our findings suggest that SOM accumulation in desert steppe probably increases following nutrient addition, but the mechanism is different through which N or P enrichment affects soil dynamics and chemical composition of SOM DFs in desert steppe.

Endophytic Bacillus vallismortis and Bacillus tequilensis bacteria isolated from medicinal plants enhance phosphorus acquisition and fortify Brassica napus L. vegetative growth and metabolic content.

Phosphorus fertilization imposes critical limitations on crop productivity and soil health. The aim of the present work is to explore the potential of two phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) species in phosphorus supplementation of canola (Brassica napus L.). Out of 38 bacterial isolates obtained from nine medicinal plants, two bacterial strains (20P and 28P) were proved as the most potent for the in-vitro tricalcium phosphate solubilization test. These isolates verified their activity toward different enzymes as nitrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Also, 20P and 28P gave a high amount of indole-3-acetic acid, 34.16 μg/ml and 35.20 μg/ml, respectively, and were positive for siderophores production as they detected moderate affinity for iron chelation. Molecular identification confirmed that strain 20P was Bacillus vallismortis and strain 28P was Bacillus tequilensis. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of four different phosphorus concentrations (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% P) each alone and/or in combination with B. vallismortis, B. tequilensis, or both bacterial isolates on the vegetative growth and some physiological parameters of canola. The combined treatment of 50% phosphorus + (B. vallismortis + B. tequilensis) was generally the most effective with respect to shoot height, shoot dry mass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigment fractions, total sugar content, and accumulated NPK content. In contrast, the rhizosphere pH reached the minimum value under the same treatment. These findings highlighted the potential use of PSB (B. vallismortis and B. tequilensis) along with phosphorus fertilization as a safe sustainable tactic.

Effect of early preventive supplementation with calcium and phosphorus on metabolic bone disease in premature infants

ObjectiveThe objective was to study the effect of early preventive calcium and phosphorus supplementation on metabolic bone disease in preterm infants.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 234 preterm infants with a gestational age < 32 weeks or birth weight < 1500 g who were hospitalized in the Neonatology Department of the Second Hospital of Shandong University from 01.2018 to 12.2020 was conducted. One hundred thirty-two premature infants hospitalized from 01.2018 to 06.2019 did not receive prophylactic calcium and phosphorus supplementation in the early postnatal period. These infants received calcium or phosphorus supplementation at the time of hypocalcaemia or hypophosphatemia diagnosis. One hundred two premature infants hospitalized from 07.2019 to 12.2020 received early preventive calcium and phosphorus supplementation after birth. The levels of serum calcium and phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone at different time points and growth indicators at six months of age were compared between the two groups of infants. The number of cases of metabolic bone disease and fracture between the two groups was compared.Results1) A total of 12 infants (5.13%) among the 234 preterm infants were diagnosed with metabolic bone disease, including 2 (1.96%) in the prophylactic supplementation group and 10 (7.58%) in the nonprophylactic supplementation group. Fractures occurred in 3 premature infants (25.0%) with metabolic bone disease, all of whom were in the group that did not receive prophylactic supplementation. 2) There was no significant difference in serum calcium and calcitonin levels between the two groups. The levels of serum phosphorus and 25 hydroxyvitamin D in the prophylactic supplementation group were higher than those in the nonprophylactic supplementation group (P < 0.05). In comparison, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels were lower in the prophylactic supplementation group than in the nonprophylactic supplementation group (P < 0.05). Preterm infants in the prophylactic supplementation group had higher weight, length, head circumference, and bone density values than those in the nonprophylactic supplementation group (P < 0.05).ConclusionPreventive supplementation with calcium and phosphorus after birth can effectively improve calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and reduce the incidence of metabolic bone disease and fractures in premature infants. This can be further publicized and used clinically.

Profile of metabolic bone disease in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates

BackgroundMetabolic bone disease (MBD) is an important cause of morbidity in premature, very low birth weight (VLBW), and sick infants and, if left undiagnosed, may lead to structural deformities and spontaneous fractures. The objective of the present study was to study the profile of MBD and to determine the incidence of MBD in infants ≤ 32 weeks/≤ 1250 g at birth.MethodA total of 57 infants ≤ 32 weeks/≤ 1250 g at birth admitted in our NICU from October 2020 to July 2021 were included in the study. These infants underwent screening for MBD at 4 weeks of age. They were stratified into three groups based on their gestation (≤ 28 weeks, 29–30 weeks, 31–32 weeks).ResultsMBD was observed in 100% of extreme preterm babies and 69% of very preterm babies. Overall, the incidence of MBD was 73%. Serum phosphorus level normalized by 42–44 weeks post menstrual age (PMA) across all gestations. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels normalized by 42–44 weeks only in very preterm babies. Seventeen babies ≤ 30 weeks required inorganic phosphorus supplementation in addition to calcium phosphate supplementation in order to correct the MBD. Drugs like caffeine, steroids, and furosemide have significant impact on the development of MBD. The time to reach full feeds with fortification had no statistically significant effect on the incidence of MBD as detected by serum phosphorus level and serum ALP level.ConclusionThe profile outlined in the present study matches the literature reports in many aspects, revealing the importance of characterizing this group for the prognosis and short- and long-term follow-up of newborns with bone metabolic disease.

Effects of Different Altitudes on Castanopsis hystrix, the Top Community-Building Species in Southern Subtropical China: Rhizospheric Soil Chemical Properties and Soil Microbiota

Castanopsis hystrix, a dominant canopy species in the subtropical forests of south China, is renowned for its high natural regeneration ability. Therefore, this paper took C. hystrix as the subject of study. Examining the variations in microbial diversity and community composition within the soil rhizosphere of C. hystrix across different elevation gradients, we explored how this community-forming species impacts soil microbial diversity and community structure and how soil microorganisms respond to changes in soil physicochemical properties due to altitude gradients. The results show: (1) soil samples from five altitudes established 1078 fungal OTU and 5595 bacterial OTUs. (2) Basidiomycota and ascomycota are dominant fungal groups in the soil, with Acidobacteria being the predominant bacteria for C. hystrix. (3) As altitude increases, fungal communities’ richness and diversity index peaks at 849 m; for bacterial communities, the richness index peaks at 387 m and the diversity index at 670 m. (4) Total phosphorus (TP), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), hydrolyzed nitrogen (HN), total nitrogen (TN), and organic matter (SOM) are significant environmental factors affecting fungal community structure. At the same time, available potassium (AK) significantly influences the composition of bacterial communities. The study underscores the intricate relationship between altitude, soil properties, and microbial diversity, offering insights into how C. hystrix contributes to ecosystem resilience. Recommendations include enhancing phosphorus supplementation and controlling nitrogen deposition to maintain forest ecological integrity, additionally, the supply of potassium in the soil should also be a key consideration. Further research is necessary to understand the broader implications for biodiversity conservation and adaptive management strategies in the face of climate change.

Nutrient-dependent cross-kingdom interactions in the hyphosphere of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.

The hyphosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is teeming with microbial life. Yet, the influence of nutrient availability or nutrient forms on the hyphosphere microbiomes is still poorly understood. Here, we examined how the microbial community (prokaryotic, fungal, protistan) was affected by the presence of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis in the rhizosphere and the root-free zone, and how different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplements into the root-free compartment influenced the communities. The presence of AM fungus greatly affected microbial communities both in the rhizosphere and the root-free zone, with prokaryotic communities being affected the most. Protists were the only group of microbes whose richness and diversity were significantly reduced by the presence of the AM fungus. Our results showed that the type of nutrients AM fungi encounter in localized patches modulate the structure of hyphosphere microbial communities. In contrast we did not observe any effects of the AM fungus on (non-mycorrhizal) fungal community composition. Compared to the non-mycorrhizal control, the root-free zone with the AM fungus (i.e., the AM fungal hyphosphere) was enriched with Alphaproteobacteria, some micropredatory and copiotroph bacterial taxa (e.g., Xanthomonadaceae and Bacteroidota), and the poorly characterized and not yet cultured Acidobacteriota subgroup GP17, especially when phytate was added. Ammonia-oxidizing Nitrosomonas and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira were significantly suppressed in the presence of the AM fungus in the root-free compartment, especially upon addition of inorganic N. Co-occurrence network analyses revealed that microbial communities in the root-free compartment were complex and interconnected with more keystone species when AM fungus was present, especially when the root-free compartment was amended with phytate. Our study showed that the form of nutrients is an important driver of prokaryotic and eukaryotic community assembly in the AM fungal hyphosphere, despite the assumed presence of a stable and specific AM fungal hyphoplane microbiome. Predictable responses of specific microbial taxa will open the possibility of using them as co-inoculants with AM fungi, e.g., to improve crop performance.

Nutrient supplementation-induced metabolic profile changes and early appearance of free N-glycans in nutrient deficient tomato plants revealed by mass spectrometry.

Inorganic fertilizers are routinely used in large scale crop production for the supplementation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in nutrient poor soil. To explore metabolic changes in tomato plants grown on humic sand under different nutritional conditions, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry was utilized for the analysis of xylem sap. Variations in the abundances of metabolites and oligosaccharides, including free N-glycans (FNGs), were determined. Statistical analysis of the sample-related peaks revealed significant differences in the abundance ratios of multiple metabolites, including oligosaccharides, between the control plants, grown with no fertilizers, and plants raised under "ideal" and "nitrogen deficient" nutritional conditions, i.e., under the three treatment types. Among the 36 spectral features tentatively identified as oligosaccharides, the potential molecular structures for 18 species were predicted based on their accurate masses and isotope distribution patterns. To find the spectral features that account for most of the differences between the spectra corresponding to the three different treatments, multivariate statistical analysis was carried out by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). They included both FNGs and non-FNG compounds that can be considered as early indicators of nutrient deficiency. Our results reveal that the potential nutrient deficiency indicators can be expanded to other metabolites beyond FNGs. The m/z values for 20 spectral features with the highest variable influence on projection (VIP) scores were ranked in the order of their influence on the statistical model.

Inorganic Phosphorus Supplementation in Diets for Farmed Shrimp: Performance and Digestibility of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Monosodium Phosphate, Monoammonium Phosphate, Magnesium Phosphate, and Monocalcium Phosphate

Inorganic phosphates have been used in shrimp feeds to meet phosphorus (P) needs, which may be quantitatively affected by the dietary content of P and other minerals and digestibility. In the present study, performance and digestibility were determined simultaneously in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during the grow‐out period (4–23 g ind wt). Shrimps were fed plant‐based diets supplemented with different phosphate ingredients: monosodium phosphate (MSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), magnesium phosphate (MgP), and monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The total P level in test diets was 0.79%. MSP supplementation was tested at two dietary calcium:phosphorus ratios to check for possible effects upon shrimp performance and digestibility. A negative control diet was tested with a similar formulation without inorganic phosphate supplementation (0.47% total P). Shrimp was reared in a recirculated clear water tank system (35 ppt salinity, 30°C, 100 individuals/m3) with continuous feeding provided by automatic pellet delivery. Feces were sampled 4–5 times daily throughout the trial. A negative control diet produced P limitation and significantly reduced shrimp performances compared to P‐supplemented diets (P &lt; 0.05). Performance of shrimp‐fed diets containing inorganic phosphates varied for feed conversion rate: 1.24–1.34, survival: 87%–94%, growth: 2.50–2.59 g/week, and no significant difference was found among dietary treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Inorganic P supplementation resulted in significantly higher dry matter, crude protein, ash, and P apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) compared to P limited negative control diet (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, reduced P ADC (P &lt; 0.05) was checked with higher dietary Ca:P ratio. Phosphorus digestibility in test diets showed significant differences: MSP &gt; MCP, MgP, and MSP + CaCO3; MAP &gt; MSP + CaCO3 (P &lt; 0.05). Digestible P (%) could then be calculated in test diets: MgP (4.77 g Pdig/kg of feed), MSP + CaCO3 (4.81 g Pdig/kg of feed), MCP (5.0 g Pdig/kg of feed), MAP (5.13 g Pdig/kg of feed), and MSP (5.30 g Pdig/kg of feed). Digestible P in phosphate sources (%) could then be calculated: 88.2% MSP, 84.2% MAP, 79% MCP, 72.2% MgP, and 71.8% MSP + CaCO3. Shrimp whole body and exoskeleton phosphorus content also showed significantly higher values in P‐supplemented diets compared to control, regardless of the source tested (P &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that tested phosphates were suitable for feeding juvenile shrimp with MSP, MAP, and MgP diets showing high feed efficiency, while MSP and MAP diets resulted in numerically increased growth, coinciding with numerically higher P digestibility in these phosphates. The elevated P digestibility in the phosphates seems related to their water solubility, though MgP, less soluble and digestible in comparison to MSP and MAP, could also produce good performance.