Effects Of Phosphorus Sources Research Articles

Effects of Phosphorus Sources on Arsenic Stress Mitigation in Wheat via Proline and Antioxidant Pathways

Effects of Phosphorus Sources on Arsenic Stress Mitigation in Wheat via Proline and Antioxidant Pathways

Effects of phosphorus sources on the transformation of phosphorus forms, microbial community, and functional genes in up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor

Considering the removal of pollutants and the resource recovery in wastewater, it is crucial to address the conflict between phosphorus pollution and phosphorus resources during wastewater treatment. This study investigated the transformation law of phosphorus in an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor using different phosphorus source substrates. In addition, metagenomics sequencing was used to analyze microbial community succession and changes in the key functional genes in the reactor. Results showed that when sodium hypophosphite and sodium phosphite were used as the phosphorus sources, the average removal efficiency of total phosphorus was 6.43 % and 5.69 %, respectively. The resulting average phosphine concentrations were 109.76 mg/m3 and 72.77 mg/m3, respectively. Sodium hypophosphite was the more effective phosphorus source for Proteobacteria growth. The ppa, ppk, ppx and gcd genes were all up-regulated when exposed to the two phosphorus sources. On day 90 of the experiment, the relative abundances of these four genes in the reactor with sodium hypophosphite as phosphorus source were 0.0046 %, 0.0025 %, 0.0036 %, and 0.0014 %, respectively. In contrast, in the reactor with sodium phosphite as a phosphorus source, the relative abundances of the ppa, ppk, ppx and gcd genes were 0.0009 %, 0.0005 %, 0.0014 %, and 0.0001 %, respectively. Sodium hypophosphite was more effective than sodium phosphite in promoting the dissolution of inorganic phosphorus in microbial cells.

Effect of phosphorus sources on growth and cadmium accumulation in wheat under different soil moisture levels

Both cadmium (Cd) toxicity and water limited stress in crop plants are serious concerns worldwide while little is known about the impact of various phosphorus (P) sources on Cd accumulation in cereals especially under water limited stress. A study was conducted to explore the efficiency of three frequently available P fertilizers on Cd accumulation in wheat under different soil moisture levels. Three different P sources including diammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate (SSP), and nitrophos (NP) were applied in the soil with three levels (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg). The drought stress was applied to half treatments during the latter growth stages of wheat and plants were harvested at maturity. The results demonstrated that water-limited stress decreased the growth and yield of plants than respective treatments without water stress. P supply increased the growth of wheat irrespective of water-limited stress. The effect on growth and yield varied with the sources and levels of P and maximum effects was observed in DAP treatment (100 mg/kg). The P amendments enhanced the leaf photosynthesis and activities of SOD, POD, CAT and decreased the leaf oxidative burst. Water limited stress enhanced the Cd concentrations in shoots, roots, and grains whereas P amendments minimized the Cd concentrations and enhanced the P concentrations in these parts of plants. The results obtained demonstrated that P supply in the form of DAP might be effective in minimization of Cd in grains and can be used for safe cultivation of metal-contaminated soils.

INFLUENCE OF SOME PHOSPHORUS SOURCES AND BIOFERTILIZERS (EM AND PHOSPHOREIN) ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH, FIXED OIL PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF OENOTHERA BIENNIS L. PLANT

Evening primrose is a beautiful ornamental plant, but at the same time it has medicinal properties that make this plant of great value and importance. In this context, the present research aims to investigate the effect of phosphorus sources and biofertilizers (EM and phosphorein) on growth, flowering, seeds yield, chemical constituents, of Oenothera biennis L. plant. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratory of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agric. at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The results indicated that, plants which were applied with phosphorus sources, biofertilizers as well as their combination treatments scored highly significant increases in all of studied characteristics of vegetative, flowering, seeds yield, chemical composition, fixed oil percentage, and fatty acids determination of the plant. The maximum values of most parameters mentioned above were gained by the combined treatment of monopotassium phosphate with EM in 1st and 2nd seasons. Additionally, the highest values of flowering parameters and P% were recorded by MAP treatment combined with phosphorein in both seasons. Furthermore, the highest seeds oil percentage (27.22 and 28.37) were recorded by the combined treatment between monopotassium phosphate and phosphorein, in the first and second seasons, respectively. The gained fixed oil composition four components were identified, i.e. palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. It can be concluded that the monoamonium phosphate (MAP) or monopotassium phosphate with EM or phosphorein were the best for improving growth, seeds yield, fixed oil productivity, chemical constituents and fixed oil components of Oenothera biennis L. plant.

Effect of phosphorus source on the lipid accumulation in oleaginous fungi grown under nitrogen limitation

Effect of phosphorus source on the lipid accumulation in oleaginous fungi grown under nitrogen limitation

Roles of Phosphorus Sources in Microbial Community Assembly for the Removal of Organic Matters and Ammonia in Activated Sludge.

Various phosphorus sources are utilized by microbes in WWTPs, eventually affecting microbial assembly and functions. This study identified the effects of phosphorus source on microbial communities and functions in the activated sludge. By cultivation with 59 phosphorus sources, including inorganic phosphates (IP), nucleoside-monophosphates (NMP), cyclic-nucleoside-monophosphates (cNMP), and other organophosphates (OP), we evaluated the change in removal efficiencies of total organic carbon (TOC) and ammonia, microbial biomass, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, microbial community structure, and AKP-associated genes. TOC and ammonia removal efficiency was highest in IP (64.8%) and cNMP (52.3%) treatments. Microbial community structure changed significantly across phosphorus sources that IP and cNMP encouraged Enterobacter and Aeromonas, respectively. The abundance of phoA and phoU genes was higher in IP treatments, whereas phoD and phoX genes dominated OP treatments. Our findings suggested that the performance of WWTPs was dependent on phosphorus sources and provided new insights into effective WWTP management.

Effect of Phosphorus Sources and their Levels on Spring Maize

Effect of Phosphorus Sources and their Levels on Spring Maize

Effects of Phosphorus Sources and Application Rates on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Rice Plant

A study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and P use efficiency from Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR), Minjingu mazao and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) fertilizers under irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Lekitatu village, Meru district, Arusha region, Tanzania. The initial soil pH in the two experimental sites was slightly alkaline while total N and available P was low and medium respectively. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was adopted and phosphorus was applied at the rates of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha-1 as MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP. Nitrogen was applied uniformly at a rate of 60 kg N ha-1 as urea taking into account the 10% N contained in the Minjingu mazao fertilizer. Phosphorus application increased N and P contents in the rice plants and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) with the increase of P levels from 0 to 60 kg P ha-1 for all P sources. The site 1 had more PUE than site 2 due to higher moisture content. These effects were due to increased availability and nutrients uptake by plants, particularly P. Based on the results, it is recommended that; Minjingu mazao at the rates of 40 to 60 kg P ha-1, MPR and TSP at a rate of 60 kg P ha-1, respectively have to be adopted for sustainable soil P use in rice production areas of Lekitatu village.

Impact of bioaugmentation of soil with n-hexadecane-degrading bacteria and phosphorus source on the rate of biodegradation in a soil-slurry system

<p>In recent years, n-hexadecane, a component of diesel petroleum hydrocarbons, is frequently detected as the contaminant in many soils and water resources. The main aims of this study were focused on the feasibility of using the biodegradation for the removal of n-hexadecane from the soil-slurry system, by assessing the effects of phosphorus sources on biodegradation rate and determining the optimal conditions of the process. This study was carried out using an experimental method at the laboratory scale. The Taguchi method was used to optimize variables and their levels using the Qualitek-4 (w32b) software. We investigated the effects of initial concentration of n-hexadecane as the sole source of carbon (1-80 g/kg of soil), the role of phosphorus sources, at the concentration ranges from 10 to 600 g per Kg of soil, released by different bacterial species (Acinetobacter radioresistens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and the bacterial consortium) at the incubation time between 0 and 30 days. The optimum values of the response variables were predicted through signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Results indicated that Bacillus subtilis were more effective in n-hexadecane degradation compared to the others (42%). Optimization process by Taguchi method suggested that the optimal conditions for the removal of n-hexadecane in a soil-slurry system are as follows: the initial n-hexadecane concentration as sole source of carbon in soil, Na2HPO4.12H2O as phosphorus source at the concentration of 300 mg per kg of soil and, finally, level of significance for the study parameters were 74.31, 6.48 and 8.51, respectively. In conclusion, bioaugmentation of soil with n-hexadecane-degrading bacteria providing an adequate supply of phosphorus source may enhance the biodegradation rate in a polluted soil.</p>

Effects of phosphorus sources on volatile organic compound emissions from Microcystis flos-aquae and their toxic effects on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

There is diverse phosphorus (P) in eutrophicated waters, but it is considered as a crucial nutrient for cyanobacteria growth due to its easy precipitation as insoluble salts. To uncover the effects of complex P nutrients on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cyanobacteria and their toxic effects on other algae, the VOCs from Microcystis flos-aquae supplied with different types and amount of P nutrients were analyzed, and the effects of VOCs and their two main compounds on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth were investigated. When M. flos-aquae cells were supplied with K2HPO4, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate as the sole P source, 27, 23 and 29 compounds were found, respectively, including furans, sulfocompounds, terpenoids, benzenes, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and esters. With K2HPO4 as the sole P source, the VOC emission increased with reducing P amount, and the maximum emission was found under Non-P condition. In the treatments of M. flos-aquae VOCs under Non-P condition and two main terpenoids (eucalyptol and limonene) in the VOCs, remarkable decreases were found in C. reinhardtii cell growth, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic abilities. Therefore, we deduce that multiple P nutrients in eutrophicated waters induce different VOC emissions from cyanobacteria, and P amount reduction caused by natural precipitation and algal massive growth results in more VOC emissions. These VOCs play toxic roles in cyanobacteria becoming dominant species, and eucalyptol and limonene are two toxic agents.

Residue of Phosphorus Sources Broadcast and Applied on Rows in Forages during Off-Season Crops

This study aimed to evaluate the residual effect of phosphorus sources and application techniques in the intercropping of forages during off-season crops. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4 × 2 + 1 factorial, being four sources of phosphorus [Bayóvar Reactive Phosphate (BRP), Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP), Simple Superphosphate (SS) and Triple Superphosphate (TS)], two application techniques (broadcasting and on rows) and an additional without phosphorus. The experiment was conducted during the off-season crop. The residual effect of phosphorus fertilization increased the growth and the production of biomass of forage sorghum regarding broadcast SS and TS sources. The lowest P contents in the tissue of plants fertilized with SS and TS may be attributed to the diluting effect, as it achieved the highest production of biomass. The application of TS favored a greater dry matter production in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã. At the depth 0.00-0.05 m, there was a higher P content with the application of BRP. However, the production of biomass was low, a factor that may be related to an overestimation of P bound to Ca by the Mehlich-1 extractor. Under cultivation conditions, broadcast SS and TS had a higher residual effect.

Effect of nutrients and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of black gram in sandy loam soils of Cauvery new delta zone, India

AbstractPulse productivity is very low in some of the sandy soil areas where, soils are having poor water and nutrient holding capacity. To improve the pulse productivity, field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu for two consecutive years to study the effect of phosphorus sources (mono- and diammonium phosphate) with brassinolide and salicylic acid on growth and yield of black gram in sandy loam soils. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications during kharif season. The treatments include 100% recommended dose of NPK along with foliar application of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), brassinolide (0.25 ppm), and salicylic acid (100 ppm) along with the combination of these treatments. TNAU pulse wonder at 5.0 kg ha−1 and TNAU micronutrient mixture (MN) at 5 kg ha−1 were also tried. The results revealed that application of 100% recommended dose of NPK + DAP 2% + TNAU pulse wonder 5.0 kg ha−1 was statisticall...

Optimization of Medium Components for the Production of Phytase by R. Oryzae using Statistical Approaches

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum levels of nutrients for the production of phytase by heat stressed Rhizopus oryzae in submerged fermentation. Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) was initially adopted for evaluating the medium components (mannitol, K2HPO4, Na2HPO4 and sodium phytate) affecting the phytase production most. The optimum levels were estimated by Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The interactive effects of phosphorus sources were found to have significant effect on phytase yield. Application of Genetic Algorithm (GA)/Nelder-Mead Downhill Simplex (NMDS) with RSM model was proved to be more efficient approach for optimization of phytase production by Rhizopus oryzae. A 7.95-fold increase in phytase production (12640 ± 1450 Ul-1) was achieved at the GA-predicted optimum concentration of (gl-1); mannitol 22.8, K2HPO4 5.18, Na2HPO4 3.25, and sodium phytate 9.68, compared with the phytase yield before optimization (1589 ± 135 Ul-1). In the bioreactor studies, the enzyme yields were sustainable to that of the shake flask however, the time required for maximum phytase production was significantly reduced (288 h to 96 h), resulting in an increase in productivity by 3.32-fold.

Effects of Phosphorus Source, Phosphorus Rate, and Liming Rate on Growth and Quality of Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple’ and Lantana camara L. ‘New Gold’

Phosphate rock ores, rich in phosphorus (P), are mined in great quantities around the world for the production of P fertilizers. However, availability of phosphate reserves is in question due to decreasing global supplies. Therefore, application of alternative, renewable P sources is of interest. Poultry litter ash (PLA), a byproduct of bioenergy production, contains P concentrations comparable to conventional fertilizers. In this experiment, two P sources, PLA and superphosphate (SP), were compared at two P application rates and two liming rates as fertilizer sources for the production of two commonly-grown greenhouse crops (Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple’ and Lantana camara L.‘New Gold’). Application of PLA produced plants of comparable biomass and quality to those fertilized with SP. Increasing P application rate, across both P sources, increased total flower numbers 42 and 26% for verbena and lantana, respectively. Foliar P concentrations of verbena and lantana increased 27 and 62% for PLA-fertilized plants compared to SP. In addition, substrate pH increased 25% using PLA versus SP. Overall, PLA supplies adequate P fertility and does not reduce pH compared to the more water-soluble, rock phosphate based SP fertilizer.

Comparison of effects of phosphorus sources on soil acidity, available phosphorus and maize yields at two sites in western Kenya

The effects of farmyard manure (FYM), Tithonia diversifolia (tithonia) and urea when applied alone or in combination with Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR), Busumbu phosphate rock (BPR) or triple superphosphate (TSP) on soil acidity, P availability, maize yields and financial benefits were evaluated at Bukura and Kakamega in western Kenya. A reduction in exchangeable acidity and Al was observed in most tithonia- and FYM-treated soils, but not with inorganic P sources when applied in combination with urea. The effectiveness in increasing available soil P followed the order; TSP > MPR > BPR among inorganic P sources, and FYM > tithonia among organic materials at both sites. At Bukura, a site higher in both available P and Al saturation compared with Kakamega, maize did not respond to inorganic P sources applied in combination with urea. Maize, however, responded when inorganic P sources were applied in combination with FYM or tithonia at this site. At Kakamega, maize responded to TSP but not to MPR or BPR when applied with urea. Application of TSP in combination with tithonia gave the highest maize yields at both sites. Of the tested technologies, only FYM when applied alone at Bukura was economically attractive.

FONTES DE FÓSFORO PARA ADUBAÇÃO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR FORRAGEIRA NO CERRADO

Due to the expansion of sugarcane in areas of Cerrado (Brazilian savannah), it is necessary to study the fertilization management, mainly for phosphorus (P), since it is the nutrient that most limits yield, in this ecosystem. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of phosphorus sources over two sugarcane cultivars. The study was carried out in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in a Hapludox soil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 4x2 factorial scheme, being evaluated the effect of P sources (bone flour, Arad phosphate, and triple superphosphate), at a 100 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 dose, a control without nutrient application, and the IAC 86 2480 and SP 79 1011 cultivars, with four replications. Plant height, stem diameter, tiller number, yield (fresh and dry matter), P content efficiency on the plant, P extraction, and economic viability were evaluated for selecting source and oBrix. Phosphorus fertilization affected plant number and height, P concentration, and fresh and dry matter yield. Concerning the sources studied, similar results were found, but with higher efficiency for bone flour, which increased the P concentration and extraction, as well as economic viability. The IAC 86 2480 cultivar showed higher averages than the SP 79 1011, for all parameters evaluated. KEY-WORDS: Saccharum officinarum ; plant-cane; phosphate fertilization; bone flour.

Phosphorus Source Effects on Corn Utilization and Changes in Soil Test

Estimating crop availability of manure P and changes in soil test P (STP) with manure application are essential components of nutrient management planning. The objectives of this field study were to (i) evaluate manure P availability to crop growth through crop P uptake and yield; (ii) determine if second‐year residual P availability from manure application is different than fertilizer; and (iii) evaluate the effect of P source on changes in STP levels. Research plots were established at Arlington and Marshfield, WI, in 2005 on fields with low STP. All P sources (dairy slurry, dairy solid, swine slurry, pelletized poultry litter, and fertilizer) were applied at three target rates of 39, 79, 118 kg total P ha−1 in spring 2005 before planting corn (Zea mays L.). No additional P was applied in 2006. Phosphorus application increased early season biomass, silage and grain yield, and P uptake. In 2005, all manures had silage and grain yields and P uptakes, along with silage P recoveries, that were not significantly different than fertilizer. In 2006, the residual effect of 2005 P applications rates were observed; however, there was no significant difference in any measure of crop response between any manure and fertilizer. These data suggest that manure total P is as available to corn as fertilizer P in the year of application and in the following year. Manure application changed STP levels as much as fertilizer in terms of total P applied.

Phosphorus Source and Surface Fluid Band Spacing Effects on Irrigated Alfalfa

Subsurface banding of P fertilizer is more effective than broadcast and incorporation for annual crops on P‐deficient sites. Subsurface banding in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may damage plants. This study compared spring‐applied, broadcast dry monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and fluid ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and APP applied in surface bands with 15‐, 30‐, or 60‐cm spacing, at rates equivalent to 0.5× and 1× the soil test recommendation for yield, tissue P concentration, and P uptake at six sites. There was no difference in soil test P measured after the first cutting between broadcast MAP or APP. Yield responses to P occurred at all sites and ranged from a low of 0.7 Mg ha−1 (7%) averaged across P rate, to 2.6 Mg ha−1 (46%) at the 0.5× rate and 5.4 Mg ha−1 (95%) at the 1× rate above the 0 kg P ha−1 treatment. Yield was higher with MAP than with APP for five of 19 individual harvests, while total yield was 1.0 Mg ha−1 higher with MAP than with APP at one site‐year. Phosphorus source effects on P concentration and uptake were similar to those on dry matter yield. There was a linear decrease in yield with increasing band spacing for one site‐year and a quadratic response for another. Responses to band spacing in tissue P concentration for nine harvests suggest that band spacing of 15 and 30 cm may enhance P availability relative to broadcast or 60‐cm spacing. In only one site‐year did we find a yield advantage of MAP over APP, or of surface band over broadcast APP.

Efeito de fontes de fósforo sobre a digestibilidade “in vitro” da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica e nutrientes digestíveis totais do capim- Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. Cv. Mombaça)

The trial was performed to evaluate the effect of phosphorus sources on forage mass quality of Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça), according to in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility and TDN concentration. Every month, samples of available forage mass were taken, from December, 2002 until April, 2003. The treatments were three phosphate sources (1-YoorinÆÊ magnesium thermophosphate; 2-GafsaÆÊ natural phosphate; 3-simple superphosphate + triple superphosphate) and the control (no fertilizer). They were arranged in a randomised block design with three replications. It was used 12 plots sized from 0,7 to 1,0 hectare, which were delimited by two-line eletric fence. The grazing method was continuous stocking and variable stocking rate (“put-and-take”). The IVDMD, IVOMD and TDN coefficients decreased along sampling period. IVDMD, IVOMD and TDN concentration didn’t show significantly differences among treatments (P>0.05).

Concentrações e quantidades de macronutrientes na excreção de animais em pastagem de capim-mombaça fertilizada com fontes de fósforo

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de fontes de fósforo (Yoorin®, Superfosfato simples + superfosfato triplo e testemunha) em pastagem de capim-mombaça sobre as concentrações de nutrientes da excreção animal em condições de pastejo. O método de pastejo foi o de lotação contínua com cargas variáveis. Utilizaram-se novilhos mestiços com peso médio de 300 kg distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, cada uma com quatro repetições. A produção média de urina animal e a concentração de potássio na urina foram maiores nos animais do tratamento Yoorin e variaram de 7,2 a 20,4 L/animal/dia e 180 a 310 g/L, respectivamente. Os excrementos dos animais dos tratamentos testemunha e SFS + SFT apresentaram maior teor de nitrogênio e fósforo na urina em comparação aos do tratamento Yoorin (154 a 195; 0,2 a 0,29 g/L, respectivamente). A quantidade média de nitrogênio e potássio na urina foi maior nos animais dos tratamentos Yoorin e SFS + SFT em comparação aos do tratamento testemunha (de 51 a 99 e 46 a 149 g/animal/dia, respectivamente). A concentração de cálcio e a quantidade média de fósforo e cálcio na urina foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A produção de fezes, as concentrações e as quantidades de nitrogênio, potássio e cálcio nas fezes foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A quantidade média de fósforo foi maior nas fezes dos animais mantidos nas pastagens fertilizadas com SFS + SFT e Yoorin em comparação aos da pastagem testemunha e variou de 7,5 a 11,6 g/animal/dia. O retorno de nutrientes por meio da excreção animal contribuiu no período experimental com 73, 87, 6 e 28 kg/ha de nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo e cálcio, respectivamente. Os animais da pastagem fertilizada com Yoorin apresentaram maior produção diária de urina, além de mais alta concentração de potássio na urina.