Starch Phosphate Research Articles

Highly efficient flame retardancy and fire spread behavior of rigid polyurethane foams with extremely low content of flame retardant

In recent years, flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has once again captured the scholars’ attention due to the growing the growing demands in the field of building energy efficiency. However, the inherent flammability of RPUF is high and the complexities of its flame-retardant mechanisms remain inadequately understood. In this study, a modified biomass material, amino starch phosphate ester was successfully synthesized which was then combined with expandable graphite (EG) and incorporated into RPUF. The research delved into the optimal ratio and minimal flame-retardant additive required to achieve the stringent UL-94 V-0 rating, while also thoroughly investigating the flame retardancy and thermal properties of the composite system. The findings revealed that with just 6 wt.% of flame retardants, the RPUF achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating, with a 41.1 % reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and a 23.7 % decrease in total heat release (THR). Additionally, it diminishes the flame's size and width, leading to quicker extinction, while also lowering the internal combustion temperature of the polyurethane, thereby delaying both preheating and combustion times. The synergistic interaction between amino starch phosphate ester and EG during combustion results in the formation of a dense, continuous char layer, effectively inhibiting the pyrolysis and combustion of RPUF. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of efficient flame-retardant systems for RPUF.

Studies on the pyrolysis and potential flame retardancy of low-substituted starch phosphates

Investigations on the pyrolysis and potential flame retardancy imparted by solvent-free and semi-dry phosphorylation of different starches using sodium orthophosphates were conducted. The samples – low-substituted starch phosphates (SP) with degrees of substitution DSP < 0.5 - were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry coupled with evolved gas analysis and pyrolysis – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The data obtained as well as features of charring residues examined using microscopic and spectroscopic methods were related to structural aspects of SP – analysed by means of various spectroscopic techniques - and compared with those of native starches. It was found that charring and polyphosphate formation and the thermal resistance of the solid SP residues increased significantly if the DSP was at least 0.1. Accordingly, the exothermal decomposition, the temperature-induced loss of mass and the decomposition rates of SP decreased distinctly compared to native starch. The activation temperatures of SP and the formation of low-molecular pyrolysis products including aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic aldehydes and ketones as well as anhydrosugars decreased markedly, even at DSP < 0.1. The results confirm the potential flame-retardancy of SP achieved by flame-inhibiting effects, despite low phosphorylation degrees, in both the gas and condensed phases.

The maltose-related starch degradation pathway promotes the formation of large and spherical transitory starch granules.

Previously, in Arabidopsis thaliana, we found atypical spherical starch granules in dpe2ss4 and dpe2phs1ss4. However, the mechanism of such abnormal morphogenesis is still obscure. By tracking starch granule length and thickness with leaf ageing, we reported that the starch granules in dpe2phs1ss4 gradually change to a spherical shape over time. In comparison, Col-0 and the parental line ss4 did not exhibit macroscopic morphological alteration. In this study, firstly, we specify that the additional lack of DPE2 resulted in the gradual alteration of starch granule morphology over time. Similar gradual morphological alterations were also found in dpe2, mex1, and sex4 but not in the other starch degradation-related mutants, such as sex1-8, pwd, and bam3. The gradual alteration of starch morphology can be eliminated by omitting the dark phase, suggesting that the particular impaired starch degradation in dpe2- and mex1-related mutants influences starch morphology. Secondly, we observed that spherical starch morphology generation was accompanied by prominent elevated short glucan chains of amylopectin and an increased amylose proportion. Thirdly, the interplay between soluble starch synthase 2 and branching enzymes was affected and resulted in the formation of spherical starch granules. The resulting spherical starch granules allow for elevated starch synthesis efficiency. Fourthly, the starch phosphate content at the granule surface correlated with the morphology alteration of the starch granules. Herewith, we propose a model that spherical starch granules, accumulated in mutants with a misbalance of the starch degradation pathway, are result of elevated starch synthesis to cope with overloaded carbohydrates.

Synthesis of an ion-imprinted starch phosphate porous carbonaceous material removing U(VI) from wastewater: Kinetics and mechanism

Uranium enrichment and separation are important for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. In this study, reverse-phase emulsion crosslinking polymerization was used to synthesize spherical hollow porous carbon materials (II-CLSPC) with a “red blood cell” morphology after roasting. The soft template method was used to modify II-CLSPC to obtain an open pore structure, which increased its contact area. Based on this, ion imprinting was conducted to improve the selective adsorption of U(VI). A spatial site matching the size of U(VI) was formed after ion template removal, which played a crucial role in this process. Multifaceted and multilevel improvements of II-CLSPC facilitated rapid adsorption, reaching equilibrium at 40 min and a removal rate of 94.6 % (pH 5, 298 K). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isothermal model indicated that the adsorption process of uranyl ions by II-CLSPC involved via monolayer chemisorption with a theoretical saturation adsorption capacity of 653.6 mg g−1. In addition, II-CLSPC exhibited excellent selectivity (KdU = 3.7 × 104 mL g−1), cyclic stability, and salt tolerance, making it a promising candidate for uranium removal from wastewater.

Preparation and characterization of slow-release urea fertilizer encapsulated by a blend of starch derivative and polyvinyl alcohol with desirable biodegradability and availability

In this study, a novel double-layer slow-release fertilizer (SRF) was developed utilizing stearic acid (SA) as a hydrophobic inner coating and a blend of starch phosphate carbamate (abbreviated as SPC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a hydrophilic outer coating (designated as SPCP). The mass ratios of SPC and PVA in the SPCP matrices were systematically optimized by comprehensively checking the water absorbency, water contact angle (WCA), water retention property (WR), and mechanical properties such as percentage elongation at break and tensile strength with FTIR, XRD, EDS, and XPS techniques, etc. Moreover, the optimal SPCP/5:5 demonstrated superior water absorbency with an 80.2 % increase for the total mass compared to natural starch/PVA(NSP), along with desirable water retention capacity in the soil, exhibiting a weight loss of only 48 % over 13 d. Relative to pure urea and SA/NSPU/5:5, SA/SPCPU/5:5 released 50.3 % of its nutrient within 15 h, leading to nearly complete release over 25 h in the aqueous phase, while only 46.6 % of urea was released within 20 d in soil, extending to approximately 30 d. The slow release performance of urea reveals that the diffusion rate of urea release shows a significant decrease with an increase in coating layers. Consequently, this work demonstrated a prospective technology for the exploration of environmentally friendly SRF by integrating biodegradable starch derivatives with other polymers.

Differential roles of C-3 and C-6 phosphate monoesters in affecting potato starch properties

The effects of starch phosphate monoester content (SPC), namely C-3 (C3P) and C-6 phosphate monoesters (C6P), on the starch properties were investigated using four potato starches with varied SPC/C3P/C6P and two non-phosphorylated maize starches with a similar range of amylose content (AC) as controls. The starch property results showed that a higher SPC is associated with lower turbidity, storage and loss modulus after storage, and water solubility, but higher swelling power (SP) and pasting viscosities. These findings suggested that SPC inhibited molecular rearrangement during storage and starch leaching during heating, and enhanced swelling and viscosities due to increased hydration and water uptake caused by the repulsion effect of phosphate groups and a less ordered crystalline structure. Increased SPC also resulted in lower resistant starch (RS) content in a native granular state but higher RS after retrogradation. Pearson correlations further indicated that SPC/C3P/C6P were positively correlated with peak (r2 = 0.925, 0.873 and 0.930, respectively), trough (r2 = 0.994, 0.968 and 0.988, respectively), and final viscosities (r2 = 0.981, 0.968 and 0.971, respectively). Notably, SPC, mainly C3P, exhibited a significantly positive correlation with SP (r2 = 0.859) and setback viscosity (r2 = 0.867), whereas SPC, mainly C6P, showed a weak positive correlation with RS after retrogradation (r2 = 0.746). However, SPC had no significant correlations with water solubility, turbidity and rheology properties, which were more correlated with AC. These findings are helpful for the food industry to select potato starches with desired properties based on their contents of SPC, C3P, or C6P.

Optimization of Synthesis of Cassava Starch Phosphates by Response Surface Methodology and Characterization of the Modified Starches

AbstractCassava starch has not been widely exploited in modified starch sector, despite its beneficial and peculiar properties including bland taste and flavor, easy extractability, and good paste clarity. In this study, cassava starch is phosphorylated using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) at different pH levels according to a central composite design and optimized reaction conditions for maximum phosphorus content. The granule morphology, crystalline pattern, pasting properties, physicochemical properties, and in vitro starch digestibility of the modified starches are determined. The reaction conditions have significant effects on the P content. The highest P content (0.160%) is obtained for the sample synthesized using 8% of STMP and 4% of STPP (based on starch dry weight) at a pH of 9.0. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed no noticeable change in crystalline properties of the modified starches in comparison to native starch. Samples with lower %P have similar granule morphology as the native starch, whereas at higher levels of P, granule rupture and agglomeration are noticed. Wide differences in the pasting and swelling properties are observed among the modified starches. Crosslinked starches formed at higher levels of pH show highly reduced paste viscosity and restricted in vitro starch digestibility.

Formulation and Evaluation of Starch Phosphate-Based Cream Derived from Manihot esculentus

AbstractStarch is an important excipient employed in the pharmaceutical industry but irrespective of its source, the native starch is undesirable for many applications because of its inability to withstand processing conditions and hence needs its modification to achieve the desired properties. This study aimed to synthesize starch phosphate through the modification of starch obtained from Manihot esculentus, and then explore its potential in the preparation of cream formulations. In the present study, the starch was extracted from M. esculentus (cassava), then phosphorylated by reacting with varied concentrations of disodium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous (Na2HPO4, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mol/dm3) under pH 6. A standard wet chemistry method was used for the determination of the degree of substitution by phosphate (DSp) of modified starch, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used for structure identification. The starch phosphate obtained was employed to develop a cream formulation. The physicochemical properties of the formulation were further evaluated. Calamine cream BP was utilized as a control. Our result indicated that a higher concentration of Na2HPO4 favors a higher DSp (0.047). FTIR spectra of the modified starch suggested a new peak at 1,090 cm−1 (P-OR). The cream formulated with a high DSp of starch phosphate demonstrated good physicochemical properties with spreadability (7.84–8.65 gcm/s), pH (6.5–7.0), viscosity (267–296 cp), extrudability (2.05–2.62%) and physical stability, and were smooth, opaque, greasy, homogeneous, and easily removed on washing with water. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the starch phosphate-based cream and the control, but a significant difference between the starch phosphate-based cream and a native starch-based cream. Given the above, starch phosphate with a high DSp can be prepared from M. esculentus starch and utilized as a promising emulsifying agent in cream formulation due to its being more widely available, more stable, and cost-effective.

Characterization of aqueous Pb2+ adsorption onto cross-linked-carboxymethyl legume starch phosphate using FTIR and SEM-EDX

Characterization of aqueous Pb2+ adsorption onto cross-linked-carboxymethyl legume starch phosphate using FTIR and SEM-EDX

Effects of natural starch-phosphate monoester content on the multi-scale structures of potato starches

Starch phosphate content (SPC) is an important structural parameter affecting the functionality of tuber starches, but how different phosphate groups affect starch structures is still unknown. In this study, four potato starches with different SPC were selected as models to investigate the effects of SPC on their multi-scale structures. A higher SPC is related to more long amylopectin (AP) chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) >24, fewer short AP chains with DP ≤ 24, lower double helical content and crystallinity, higher long period distance, and lower scattering intensity (Imax), indicating that potato starch with a higher SPC is less ordered and has a more flexible nano-lamellar structure. Notably, two types of phosphate monoesters, namely C-3 (C3P) and C-6 phosphate monoesters (C6P), were both significantly positively correlated with the average chain lengths (ACL) of AP chains with DP 25–36 (fb2) and negatively correlated with Imax; however, only C3P was significantly positively correlated with ACL of AP chains with DP 13–24 (fb1) and negatively correlated with the absorbance ratio at 1047/1016 cm−1. C3P was the main reason for the disordered structure of starches with high SPC. These findings can be helpful for potato breeding to generate different functionality by controlling SPC.

Preparation, functional and pasting behavior of starch phosphates of red cocoyam (Colocosia esculenta) and white cocoyam (Colocosia antiquorum): a comparative study

A contemporary strategy in the starch industries is the diversification of raw materials. However, the hydrophilic nature of starch limits its use as a raw material for food and packaging products, resulting in a low level of biodegradation. To address this issue, it is imperative that starch be chemically modified. Starch phosphates are among the most common and commonly used chemically modified starches. In this study, native red cocoyam starch (NRCS) and native white cocoyam starch (NWCS) were chemically modified with di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate as phosphorylating agent to produce red cocoyam starch phosphate (PRCS) and white cocoyam starch phosphate (PWCS). The functional and pasting properties of the native and starch phosphates of both cocoyam species were evaluated and compared. The starch yield increased from ~ 17% for NRCS to ~ 25% for PRCS and from ~ 12% for NWCS to ~ 20% for PWCS. The water and oil absorption capacities were 97.00 &amp; 143.00% for NRCS and 78.00 &amp; 164.00% for NWCS, whereas for PRCS it was 160.00 &amp; 153.00% and for PWCS it was 127.00 &amp; 173.00% respectively. NRCS and PRCS had a foam capacity of 8.80 and 9.00% while NWCS and PWCS had 8.00 and 10.00% respectively. Phosphorylation had a significant impact on the pasting properties leading to a reduction in the peak, breakdown, set back, and final viscosities of the native cocoyam starches. In conclusion, phosphorylation considerably improved the functional and pasting qualities of red and white cocoyam starch, revealing its tremendous application potential in the formulation of food components, as a stabilizer, tablet binders in pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the packaging industries.

Synthesis of bioinspired sorbent and their exploitation for methylene blue remediation

In this research article, novel starch phosphate grafted polyvinyl imidazole (StP-g-PIMDZs) was synthesized. Firstly, a phosphate group was attached to starch polymer via a phosphorylation reaction. Next, 1-vinyl imidazole (VIMDZ) was grafted on the backbone of starch phosphate (StP) through a free radical polymerization reaction. The synthesis of these modified starches was confirmed by 1H NMR, 31P NMR and FT-IR techniques. The grafting of vinyl imidazole onto StP diminished the crystallinity. Due to the insertion of the aromatic imidazole ring, the StP-g-PIMDZs demonstrated greater thermal stability. The StP and StP-g-PIMDZs were used as sorbents for the adsorption of methylene blue dye (MBD) from the model solution. The maximum removal percentage for starch, StP, StP-g-PIMDZ 1, StP-g-PIMDZ 2 and StP-g-PIMDZ 3 was found to be 60.6%, 66.7%, 74.2%, 85.3 and 95.4%, respectively. The Pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm were best suited to the experimental data with R2 = 0.999 and 0.99, respectively. Additionally, the thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic and favored chemi-sorption mechanism.

The molecular structure effects of starches and starch phosphates in the reverse flotation of quartz from hematite

Native starches and their phosphates with various molecular structures was introduced as the depressant to realize the flotation of quartz from hematite in this study. The present starch phosphates (WSP, NSP, GSP) were modified by the reaction between phosphate and three different corn starches (WS, NS, G50). The synthesis and characterization of starch phosphates found that starch with high amylopectin content was easily modified into starch phosphates. Microflotation tests showed that starch phosphates exhibited stronger depressing abilities of hematite flotation than native starches. Zeta potential measurement showed that both starches and starch phosphates could positively shift the zeta potential of hematite, while starch phosphates had more effects than starches. XPS and MDS indicated that the chemisorption occurred between Fe of hematite surface and CO groups of starch-based depressants. In addition, starch phosphates could adsorb onto the hematite surface through PO groups. MDS also presented that the adsorption strength of starch phosphate was mainly determined by the type and number of generating chelating rings, and the molecular structure of starch significantly affected the formation of chelate rings. The proposed adsorption model insights will significantly promote the development of starch-based depressants for iron ore flotation and other mineral processing applications.

Application of TMP-DCMC-BBR/KH-791-SiO2/HPDSP multifunctional protective fluid in paper protection

Abstract A novel paper multifunctional protective solution was prepared by mixing berberine modified trimethoprimed carboxymethyl cellulose (TMP-DCMC-BBR), KH-791 modified nano-SiO2 (KH791-SiO2) and hydroxypropyl starch phosphate (HPDSP), and the mechanical properties, optical properties, antibacterial properties, aging resistance, acid and alkali resistance of the paper coated with the protective solution were investigated. It is shown that the paper coated with the multifunctional protective liquid showed good mechanical properties, and has little influence on optical properties of the paper. At the same time, it had good antibacterial properties, aging resistance and acid and alkali corrosion resistance, and there is no obvious change in paper appearance, no decolorization and ink diffusion, which is in line with the principle of “repairing the old as the old and keeping the original appearance”. Moreover, the compound solution has certain reversibility and can absorb a certain degree of ultraviolet rays, so as to weaken the damage of ultraviolet rays to the paper. It is an ideal multifunctional protective liquid for paper and has broad application prospects in paper protection.

A bio-based macromolecular phosphorus-containing active cotton flame retardant synthesized from starch

A novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant, ammonium starch phosphate (ASTP) based on biomass starch, was synthesized for cotton fabrics, and its structure was characterized by 1D and 2D NMR. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the cotton fabric treated with 30 % ASTP reached 45.2 %, and the LOI remained at 32.1 % after 50 laundry cycles, indicating that the cotton fabrics treated with ASTP had a high flame retardancy and semi-permanent wash durability. The semi-permanent wash durability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the SEM results suggested ASTP was grafted on the surface of cotton fibers by P-O-C covalent bonds. Vertical flammability, the thermogravimetry (TG) and cone calorimetry results showed that the cotton fabrics treated with ASTP had excellent flame retardancy. There were some reductions in the physical properties of the treated cotton fabric. Overall, these results suggested that starch can replace polyhydric alcohols to prepare a more durable formaldehyde-free P-based flame retardants.

Insight into the highly efficient adsorption towards cationic methylene blue dye with a superabsorbent polymer modified by esterified starch

A superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is developed utilizing a synthesized starch phosphate carbamate (SPC) and acrylamide (AM) via radical polymerization and utilized for the adsorption removal of methylene blue (MB). A series of characterization measurements including FT-IR, XRD, EDS, and XPS are conducted to confirm the formation of the SPC-based SAP (SPC-SAP). Due to the rough surface and abundant irregular pores confirmed in SEM, this SPC-SAP shows a prominent adsorption capability toward MB, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity as high as 62.52 mg/g in optimal conditions. The MB adsorption process by the SPC-SAP simultaneously satisfies the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order model of intraparticle diffusion with a spontaneous process. In comparison with natural starch based SAP (NS-SAP), the enhancement of MB adsorption by SPC-SAP can mainly be attributed to the improvement of the hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interaction between SPC-SAP and MB due to the existence of abundant -NH2, -PO4- groups in SPC. Additionally, the SPC-SAP exhibits a better biodegradability in soil. In a conclusion, this work developed a biocompatible and stable SPC-SAP and provided a novel strategy for organic dye pollutants removal.

Addition of amino acids modulates the in vitro digestibility of corn starch

The addition of amino acids (AAs) including glycine (Gly), lysine (Lys) and glutamic acid (Glu) with different concentrations on starch morphological, physicochemical and in vitro digestion properties were studied. While AAs showed no effects on neither morphology nor crystalline characters, they all significantly influenced the starch relative crystallinity and swelling capacity in an order of Glu > Lys > Gly. For all samples, both fastly- and slowly- digestible starch fractions (SF and SS) were observed. While Glu and Gly increased SF content with a faster digestion rate, they reduced SS content with a slower digestion rate. On contrary, Lys reduced SF content and the digestion rate of SS. The inhibitory effects of AAs on starch retrogradation and enzyme activities, the acidic environment and Maillard reaction between starch phosphate monoester and Lys are responsible for altered starch digestibility. This study betters our understanding concerning how AAs interactions affect starch functional properties.

Preparation of Starch Phosphate Microparticle Derived from Cassava Starch

Starch is a vital ingredient that is frequently utilized in the culinary and pharmaceutical industries. However, native starch has drawbacks, namely low solubility and intolerance with extreme pH and temperature treatments. Therefore, the starch needs to be modified. Starch phosphate is one of chemical modification technique for starch that used a cross-linking agent such as sodium trimethaphosphate (STMP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or phosphate chloride (PCl3). This research aims to prepare the microparticles of modified starch from water in oil microemulsion to be applied as a drug delivery matrix. Starch phosphate was modified with a cross-linking method using sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). The starch used was Cassava starch. Water in oil microemulsion was made with various surfactant compositions as emulsifiers according to Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) variations values (4.5; 5.0; 5.5; 6.0) and sonication time 30 minutes. The solubility, swelling, and other physicochemical properties of phosphate starch were investigated. Additionally, the functional group analysis used Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and size particle analysis was performed using Particle Size Analysis (PSA). The result of the FTIR analysis confirmed that the presence of a phosphate groups in the modified starch has been found. The addition of cosurfactants and sonication treatment affected the characteristics of starch microparticles, the higher the HLB value and the addition of cosurfactants reduced the size of starch microparticles.

Allelic variation for alpha-Glucan Water Dikinase is associated with starch phosphate content in tetraploid potato

Key messageAssociation analysis resulted in the identification of specific StGWD alleles causing either an increase or decrease in starch phosphate content which was verified in diploid and tetraploid potato mapping populations.Potatoes are grown for various purposes like French fries, table potatoes, crisps and for their starch. One of the most important aspects of potato starch is that it contains a high amount of phosphate ester groups which are considered to be important for providing improved functionalization after derivatization processes. Little is known about the variation in phosphate content as such in different potato varieties and thus we studied the genetic diversity for this trait. From other studies it was clear that the phosphate content is controlled by a quantitative trait locus (QTL) underlying the candidate gene α-Glucan Water Dikinase (StGWD) on chromosome 5. We performed direct amplicon sequencing of this gene by Sanger sequencing. Sequences of two StGWD amplicons from a global collection of 398 commercial cultivars and progenitor lines were used to identify 16 different haplotypes. By assigning tag SNPs to these haplotypes, each of the four alleles present in a cultivar could be deduced and linked to a phosphate content. A high value for intra-individual heterozygosity was observed (Ho = 0.765). The average number of different haplotypes per individual (Ai) was 3.1. Pedigree analysis confirmed that the haplotypes are identical-by-descent (IBD) and offered insight in the breeding history of elite potato germplasm. Haplotypes originating from introgression of wild potato accessions carrying resistance genes could be traced. Furthermore, association analysis resulted in the identification of specific StGWD alleles causing either an increase or decrease in starch phosphate content varying from 12 nmol PO4/mg starch to 38 nmol PO4/mg starch. These allele effects were verified in diploid and tetraploid mapping populations and offer possibilities to breed and select for this trait.

Phytate-mediated phosphorylation of starch by dry heating with rice bran extract

Rice and corn starches were subjected to dry heating with rice bran extract or sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)/sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) for starch phosphorylation. Phytate in rice bran extract or STMP/STPP increased the concentration of phosphorus in rice and maize starches. The highest concentrations of phosphorus were induced in rice starch with rice bran extract and in corn starch with STMP/STPP. 31P NMR analysis indicated that the rice bran extract and STMP/STPP produced monostarch monophosphate under the same reaction conditions. Rice and corn starches phosphorylated with rice bran extract or STMP/STPP demonstrated great peak viscosity and low pasting temperatures. Although starch phosphorylated with either rice bran extract or STMP/STPP showed higher paste clarity, solubility, and swelling power than native starch, these parameters were optimal in rice starch phosphorylated with rice bran extract. Therefore, dry heating with rice bran extract induced phytate-mediated phosphorylation with the typical physicochemical properties of starch phosphates.