Phosphatase Producing Bacteria Research Articles

Assessment of Phosphorus Mobilizing Capacity of Bacillus spp. Isolated from Mangrove Rhizospheric Sediment and its Potential Application in Aquaculture

Background: Phosphatase producing bacteria (PPB) plays a major role in mineralising organic P into inorganic form. Though application of bacterial biofertilizers are practiced in agriculture, their application is very limited in aquaculture. Method: The PPB isolates were screened and isolated from rhizospheric sediment of mangrove, Avicennia marina of Ennore creek, Tamil Nadu. Their P transformation potential and the possibilities of their application in aquaculture to mineralise organic P to inorganic P were studied. Result: Twenty PPB isolates were screened in the study site and their Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity was in the range of 13.6-20.4 µmol.ml-1.hr-1. Out of this, five Bacillus sp isolates were selected to assess their P transformation potential at various salinity. The P mobilizing potential of these isolates were compared with the commercial PPB following a microcosm study for a period of 14 days. During the study period, there is a significant increase in phosphorus in water as well as ALP activity and available phosphorus concentrations in sediments were observed between control and treatment tanks. Among the treatment groups, B. subtilis treatment tanks showed maximum P in water ie. 1.60mg.L-1, followed by B. altitudinis –1.49mg.L-1; B. pumilus –1.47mg.L-1; the soil ALP activity was in the order of commercial P products greater than B. pumilus greater than B. subtilis greater than B. paramycoides greater than B. altitudinis greater than B. aryabhattai. In terms of available phosphorus content in sediments on 14th day, there is no significant difference observed between B. pumilus and commercial product with respect to available P content of sediment.

Isolation and identification of high-yielding alkaline phosphatase strain: a novel mutagenesis technique and optimization of fermentation conditions

Isolating and screening enzyme-producing strains from microorganisms and the commercial production of ALPs from microorganisms are of increasing interest. In this work, isolation and identification of high-yielding alkaline phosphatase strain were carried out using atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis (ARTP) for optimization of fermentation conditions. A strain of alkaline phosphatase-producing bacteria was screened from soil and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and named S-1. This strain had an alkaline phosphatase activity of 2594.73 U/L. Later, mutagenesis breeding of the alkaline phosphatase-producing S-1 strain was conducted using (ARTP), from which a higher alkaline phosphatase-producing positive mutant strain S-52 was screened. A central combination of five factors, including corn starch, yeast extract, metal ions, fermentation temperature and inoculum ratio, was then used to influence the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Results from the response surface methodology showed that the maximum enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase was 12,110.6 U/L at corn starch, yeast extract and magnesium ions concentrations of 17.48 g/L, 18.052 g/L and 0.744 g/L, respectively; fermentation temperature of 37.192 °C; and inoculation ratio of 5.59%. This study is important for further exploring ARTP mutagenesis in B. amyloliquefaciens and the commercialization of ALPs.

Addition of fructose to the maize hyphosphere increases phosphatase activity by changing bacterial community structure

Organic forms of phosphorus (P) tend to accumulate in soils with long-term fertilization, however they are generally not easily available to crops. Many crop plants are obligately arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and AM fungi are known for not being able to produce phosphatases, the enzyme involved in the mineralization of organic P. AM fungi are able to recruit bacteria in the hyphosphere which can produce phosphatases and access organic P. It is thought that fructose produced by AM fungi acts as a signal to select these bacteria. We designed a system to test whether fructose could stimulate phosphatase activity in the maize hyphosphere. The concentration of fructose produced by AM fungi and the large concentration of fructose equivalent to the entire concentration of hyphal exudate carbon, were added. Small concentrations of fructose did not stimulate phosphatase activity in soil, cause shifts in bacterial community structure or select phosphatase producing species. However, at large concentrations of fructose, phosphatase activity was increased and this was associated with a larger bacterial population and a shift in bacterial community structure towards species which specialized in using fructose and glucose for energy metabolism, such as Saccharibacteria. Nevertheless, there was no specific shift towards species which harbored alkaline phosphatase genes and it is suggested that the change in phosphatase activity was due to subtle shifts in the properties of the phosphatases being produced. These results suggest that fructose was unable to act as a signal to select phosphatase producing bacteria in soil, but could act as an energy source to stimulate phosphatase activity by shifting soil bacterial community structure.

Spatiotemporal variation of alkaline phosphatase activity in coastal waters off Trivandrum

Summary Phosphatase is an extracellular enzyme which releases inorganic phosphate (Pi) from dissolved organic phosphate and indirectly organic carbon as nutrients for aquatic communities. Here, we have examined spatiotemporal variation in total alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) over a short period off Trivandrum, SW India. Sampling was at 50 m water depth at 5, 15, 25 and 45 m for 5 consecutive days at 6 h intervals during post-monsoon season. Total APA and phosphatase producing bacteria (PPB) were estimated along with pertinent environmental parameters. APA increased with depth up to 3.98 µM P h−1 at 45 m. Increase in pigment concentration with depth is responsible for an increase in APA and Pi uptake. There is a marginal increase in APA towards 18–24 h suggesting feeding activities of secondary producers. On the whole, chlorophyll and phaeophytin were responsible for nearly 45 and 55% variation in APA (p

Alkaline phosphatase activity at the southwest coast of India: A comparison of locations differently affected by upwelling

The realization of the potential importance of phosphorus (P) as a limiting nutrient in marine ecosystem is increasing globally. Hence, the contribution of biotic variables in mobilizing this nutrient would be relevant especially in productive coastal waters. As alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) indicates the status of P for primary production in aquatic environments, we asked the following question: is the level of APA indicative of P sufficiency or deficiency in coastal waters, especially, where upwelling is a regular phenomenon? Therefore, we have examined the total APA, chlorophyll a along with phosphatase producing bacteria (PPB) and related environmental parameters from nearshore to offshore in coastal waters off Trivandrum and Kochi regions differently affected by upwelling during the onset of monsoon. Off Trivandrum, APA in the offshore waters of 5-m layer at 2.23μMPh−1 was >4 times higher than nearshore. Thus, low APA could be indicative of P sufficiency in coastal waters and higher activity suggestive of deficiency in offshore waters off Trivandrum. In contrast, there was less difference in APA between near and offshore surface waters off Kochi. Our results show that the regions differently affected by upwelling respond differently according to ambient P concentration, distance from shore or depth of water. These observations could apparently be applicable to other coastal systems as well, where gradients in upwelling and phosphate runoff have been noticed. Further studies on other transects would throw more light on the extent and direction of the relationship between APA and ambient P concentration. Such studies would help in understanding the level of control of this nutrient on the productivity of coastal waters.

Síndrome de la bolsa de orina púrpura en dos pacientes institucionalizados

Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is an uncommon but particularly striking phenomenon characterised by a chemical reaction involving the urine, plastic and certain enzymes from some sulphatase- and phosphatase-producing bacteria, including Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Morganella morganii, amongst others. Following this reaction, the catheter and the bag may be stained red, blue or purple. This phenomenon tends to occur in patients with multiple pathology and with urinary catheters, as part of a urinary tract infection. We describe two clinical cases of PUBS in institutionalised patients with permanent urinary catheters.

Phosphatase-producing bacteria isolated from Sanggabuana forest and their capability to hydrolyze organic phosphate

Some free living microorganisms in soil have the capability to produce extracellular enzymes such as phosphatase. This enzyme is able to mineralize organic phosphates into inorganic phosphates that provides high P for plant. Exploration and laboratory experiments were carried out to obtain the most excellent bacterial isolates for producing phosphatase and solubilizing phosphate and also to study the capabilities of pre-eminent isolates to hydrolyze synthetic and natural organic phosphate. Exploration and selection processes resulted in ten isolates which were then tested to examine their capabilities to hydrolyze synthetic organic phosphate (phytic acid) and natural organic phosphate (extract of cow dung manure). Three pre-eminent isolates [Bacillus mycoides (obtained from rhizosphere of Gleichenia linearis), Bacillus laterosporus(from rhizosphere of Lithocarpus sundaicus) and Flavobacterium balustinum (fromrhizosphere of Altingia excelsa)] were found to have excellent capabilities in mineralizing organic phosphate. Hydrolysis of organic phosphate was affected by the types of organic P substrates. Phytic acid as organic P substrate gave higher phosphatase activity and dissolvedP higher than the extract of cow dung manure. Key words: Phosphatase, hydrolyze, organic phosphate P, Sanggabuana.

Dynamics and diversity of phosphate mineralizing bacteria in the coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar

Phosphatase Producing Bacteria (PPB) and Inorganic Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (IPSB) are important to reef nutrition. These microbes and phosphate concentration play a significant role in the productivity of coral reef ecosystems. A study was conducted in Gulf of Mannar coral reef ecosystem to understand the diversity of these groups of bacteria and their competence in mineralizing the phosphate. The PPB isolates were identified under six genera i.e. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Vibrio, Arthrobacter and Brevibacterium. Likewise, the IPSB isolates were also identified that belong to six genera i.e. Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Flavomonas and Micrococcus. Among the PPB and IPSB strains, Bacillus represented more number of species than others. PPB exhibited maximum activity between pH 8 and 9 and the lowest was at pH 6. Among the phosphatase producers Bacillus cereus (546) showed maximum activity (0.333 mmol/l P) at pH 8. In general, the phosphatase activity in most of the Bacillus species varied with reference to different pH. The species Bacillus megaterium (573) showed highest phosphate solubilizing activity (0.906 mmol/l P) by producing 2-ketogluconic acid. The production of organic acids and phosphatase enzymes by these bacterial groups are responsible for the conversion of insoluble inorganic and organic phosphates into soluble forms which are available for the reef organisms.

Novel method for screening bacterial colonies for phosphatase activity

Current methods for screening large numbers of bacterial colonies for phosphatase activity, rely heavily on the use of colorimetric assays. While such methods have been applied extensively in the laboratory, they are not without their drawbacks. We here describe a precipitating fluorescent probe that can be used to screen phosphatase activity in bacterial colonies. This probe can be incorporated directly into agar plates used to culture the organisms of interest. The approach offers several advantages over current methodologies including the ability to monitor the development of phosphatase activity with colony development, and the ability to distinguish between activity arising from cell-bound and cell-free enzyme. This enzyme probe was successfully used to detect and isolate phosphatase-producing bacteria from activated sludge.

震生湖のホスファターゼ産生菌の分布と単離菌の生理的性状

震生湖のホスファターゼ産生菌の分布と単離菌の生理的性状

Phosphatase activity and its rôle in the mineralization of organic phosphorus in coastal sea water

Alkaline phosphatase activity in sea-water samples taken from Tokyo, Sagami, and Suruga Bays in Japan was measured by a sensitive fluorometric method. There is a relationship between the phosphatase activity and bacterial biomasses in these three bays. The phosphatase-producing bacteria accounted for 40, 46, and 41% of heterotrophic bacteria in Tokyo, Sagami and Suruga Bays, respectively. Significant amounts of phosphatase-hydrolysable organic phosphorus were found in the euphotic zones of these bays and this organic phosphorus fraction accounted for 19 and 50% of organic phosphorus in Tokyo and Sagami Bays, respectively. Phosphatase-hydrolysable organic phosphorus was decomposed completely in the euphotic zone suggesting that this organic fraction is re-cycled in the primary production of the bays. Decomposition of natural organic phosphorus by enzymes was followed by measuring the release of inorganic orthophosphate from samples saturated with chloroform. Release of inorganic phosphorus proceeds rapidly for 2 or 3 days followed by a slow release. Enzymes present in the samples contributed to the decomposition of 50% of the organic phosphorus and the phosphatase enzyme was responsible for the decomposition of one-third of the hydrolysable organic phosphorus in the samples. Potential phosphatase activity in the samples was found to be indicative of the extent and rate of decomposition of organic phosphorus in coastal waters.

Properties and generic composition of phosphatase-producing bacteria in coastal and oceanic seawater.

A total of 319 heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from seawater samples of Tokyo, Sagami and Suruga Bays, and the north Pacific Ocean, and their phosphatase production was tested. The ratio of phosphatase producers increased with the distance from the coast; that is, the proportions were 11% in Tokyo Bay, 48% and 55% in Sagami and Suruga Bays, respectively, and 63% in the Pacific Ocean. The constitutive phosphatase producers accounted for 75% of phosphatase-producing bacteria in oceanic regions, whereas they accounted for only 25% in coastal regions. The dominant genera of phosphatase producers in each region were Vibrio in Tokyo Bay, Vibrio and Pseudomonas is Sagami and Suruga Bays, and Pseudomonas in the Pacific Ocean. The proportion of phosphatase producers in the Pseudomonas group increased with distance from the coast.