Phosphamidon Research Articles

Sorption of phosphamidon onto microwave synthesized zeolitic material

Bagasse fly ash (BFA) a sugar industry waste had been collected and converted to zeolitic material (MZBFA) by combined conventional and microwave reflux method. The synthesized sorbent has been characterized using various techniques such as FTIR, XRD, and SEM. BFA and MZBFA were used for the removal of phosphamidon (PSM), an organophosphorus pesticide from aqueous solution. The PSM sorption capacities of MZBFA and BFA were determined by batch sorption technique. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin Redushkwich, and Temkin isotherms were estimated for the sorption nature and efficiency of sorbents. The sorption kinetics is better reflected by pseudo second order model and thermodynamics parameters exhibited specified endothermic nature of sorption. The overall sorption was approximated well by film diffusion at lower concentrations and pore diffusion at higher concentrations simultaneously. From the results, it was observed that MZBFA exhibited higher removal capacity than BFA. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 114–122, 2014

Effect of phosphamidon on cognition and oxidative stress and its modulation by ascorbic acid and 4′-chlorodiazepam in rats

Neurosteroids and micronutrient are known to possess neuromodulator and neuroprotective activities. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 4′-chlorodiazepam (4CD) or ascorbic acid (Vit C) on phosphamidon (PM) induced modulation of cognitive function and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Cognitive function was measured by using step-down latency (SDL) on a continuous avoidance apparatus and transfer latency (TL) on an elevated plus maze. Oxidative stress was estimated by measuring brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level, protein carbonyl (PC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity. A significant reduction in both acquisition and retention in SDL was found for the PM treated group at weeks 6 and 8 as compared to the control (p<0.001). PM caused a significant prolongation in both acquisition and retention in TL at 6 and 8weeks as compared to the control (p<0.001). Two-week treatment of 4CD or Vit C antagonized the effect of PM on SDL and TL at 8th week. PM produced a statistically significant increase in the brain MDA and PC levels (p<0.001) and a significant decrease in the brain GSH activity (p<0.001). Treatment with 4CD or Vit C attenuated the effect of PM on MDA, PC and GSH activities. Results of this study suggest that Vit C and 4CD have potential in reversing cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by toxicants like PM in the brain.

Effect of piracetam and vitamin E on phosphamidon-induced impairment of memory and oxidative stress in rats

Organophosphate pesticides, such as phosphamidon (PHOS), have been shown to adversely affect memory and induce oxidative stress after both acute and chronic exposure. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of piracetam (PIR) and vitamin E on PHOS-induced modulation of cognitive function and oxidative stress in rats. Cognitive function was assessed using step-down latency (SDL) on a passive avoidance apparatus and transfer latency (TL) on an elevated plus maze. Oxidative stress was assessed by examining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nonprotein thiols (NP-SH) in isolated homogenized whole brain samples. The results showed a significant reduction in SDL and a prolongation of TL in the PHOS (1.74 mg/kg/day per oral; p.o.)-treated group at weeks 6 and 8, as compared to the control group. Administration of PIR (600 mg/kg/day p.o.) or vitamin E (125 mg/kg/day p.o.) for 2 weeks antagonized the effect of PHOS on SDL as well as TL. PHOS per se produced a significant increase in brain MDA levels and a decrease in brain NP-SH levels, whereas administration of PIR (600 mg/kg/day p.o.) or vitamin E (125 mg/kg/day p.o.) attenuated these effects. Thus, the results of the study showed that both PIR and vitamin E attenuated the cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by PHOS in the rat brain.

Melatonin attenuates cognitive dysfunction and reduces neural oxidative stress induced by phosphamidon

Melatonin is an important modulator of nervous system functioning and important neural antioxidant. Organophosphate pesticides like phosphamidon (PHOS) have been shown to adversely affect memory and induce oxidative stress on both acute and chronic exposure. This study was designed to explore the modulation of the effects of PHOS on cognitive function by melatonin (MEL). Cognitive function was assessed using step-down latency (SDL) on a passive avoidance apparatus and transfer latency (TL) on an elevated plus maze. Oxidative stress was assessed by examining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nonprotein thiols (NP-SH) in isolated homogenized whole brain samples. The results showed a significant reduction in SDL and prolongation of TL in the PHOS (1.74 mg/kg/day; p.o.)-treated group at weeks 6 and 8 as compared to the control group. Two-week treatment with MEL (5 mg/kg/day; i.p.) antagonized the effect of PHOS on SDL as well as TL. PHOS alone produced a significant increase in the brain MDA levels and decrease in the brain NP-SH levels. Treatment with MEL attenuated the effect of PHOS on oxidative stress. Together the results showed that MEL attenuated the cognitive dysfunction and decreased oxidative stress induced by PHOS in the brain.

Effect of phosphamidon on convulsive behavior and biochemical parameters: modulation by progesterone and 4′-chlorodiazepam in rats

Phosphamidon (PHOS) has been shown to affect nervous system adversely. The present study was designed to explore the modulation of the effects of PHOS on convulsions by neurosteroids, progesterone (PROG), and 4'-chlorodiazepam (4'-CD), in both acute and chronic seizure models. In acute study, seizures were induced by either pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection or maximal electroshock seizures, while in the chronic study, kindling was induced by injecting PTZ (30mg/kg, s.c.) on alternate days three times in a week. Oxidative stress was assessed in the brain by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and non-protein thiol (NP-SH). PROG and 4'-CD were able to modulate the PHOS-induced convulsions in acute PTZ convulsions as well as in chronic kindling model. However, they failed to reverse the derangements in oxidative stress parameters of MDA and NP-SH produced by PHOS in kindled animals. PROG significantly increased the AChE activity in untreated rats, while PROG and 4'-CD reversed the AChE activity inhibition induced by PHOS. The study indicates a possible anticonvulsive mechanism of neurosteroids, since both PROG and 4'-CD reversed PHOS-induced inhibition of AChE activity. The neurosteroids seem to play a protective role in PHOS-induced convulsions besides their antioxidant property.

The combined action of dieldrin and phosphamidon in goats.

Summary A mixture of dieldrin (1 mg./kg./day) and phosphamidon (3 mg./kg./day) given daily to 3 goats caused death in 10, 14 and 20 days, whereas the individual compounds caused no clinical changes when the same doses were given continuously for 227 days. There was a rise in the activity of GOT and in the concentration of ammonia and urea in serum, and a greater reduction in cholinesterase activity of serum and tissues of animals which had been given both compounds. One possible explanation is that the effect of phosphamidon was potentiated due to the stimulatory action of dieldrin on the liver microsomal enzymes. Zusammenfassung Kombinierte Wirkung von Dieldrin und Phosphamidon bei Ziegen Die gleichzeitige orale Verabreichung von Dieldrin (1 mg/kg/Tag) und Phosphamidon (3 mg/kg/Tag) an 3 Ziegen führte nach 10, 14 und 20 Tagen zum Tod der Tiere, während die kontinuierliche Verabreichung der einzelnen Komponenten in den gleichen Dosierungen während 227 Tagen keinerlei klinische Veränderungen verursachte. Nach Verabreichung beider Verbindungen wurde ein Anstieg der GOT, des Ammoniums und des Harnstoffes im Serum sowie eine stärkere Reduktion der Cholinesteraseaktivität in Serum und Gewebe beobachtet. Eine mögliche Erklärung besteht darin, daß die Wirkung des Phosphamidons durch die Dieldrinbedingte Aktivierung der mikrosomalen Leberenzyme potenziert wurde. Résumé Action combinée de la dieldrine et du phosphamidon chez des chèvres L'application orale simultanée de dieldrine (1 mg/kg/jour) et de phosphamidon (3 mg/kg/jour) chez 3 chèvres a provoqué la mort des animaux après 10, 14 et 20 jours. L'application continue d'un seul de ces composants aux mêmes doses pendant 227 jours n'a provoqué aucun symptôme clinique. Après l'application des deux éléments, on a observé une augmentation de TGO, de l'ammonium et de l'urée dans le sérum ainsi qu'une plus forte diminution de l'activité de la cholestérase dans le sérum et les tissus. Une explication possible indique que l'action du phosphamidon serait potentialisée par une activation de l'enzyme microsomique hépatique due à la dieldrine. Resumen La acción combinada de dieldrina y fosfamidón en cabras La administración oral de dieldrina (1 mg./kg./día) y de fosfamidón (3 mg./kg./día) a 3 cabras condujo al cabo de 10, 14 y 20 días a la muerte de los animales, mientras que la administración continuada de cada uno de los componentes, por separado, con las mismas dosificaciones durante 227 días no provocaba ningún síntoma clínico. Tras la administración de ambas combinaciones se observó un aumento en la actividad de la GOT, en la concentración de amoníaco y de urea en el suero sanguíneo así como una reducción muy fuerte de la actividad de la colinesterasa en el suero sanguíneo y en los tejidos. Una explicación posible consistiría en que la acción del fosfamidón sería potenciada por el efecto estimulador de la dieldrina sobre las enzimas hepáticas microsómicas.

In Vitro Inhibition of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Growth by Different Commonly Used Insecticides in Rice

In vitro inhibition of 13 different insecticides and one botanical on Beauveria bassiana growth was tested. Two doses of chemical insecticides, one at recommended dose (RD) and another at half of recommended dose (½. RD) and for botanicals three doses, first one at recommended and one at ½ and another at ½ of the recommended dose were tested. 100 per cent of mycelial growth was observed when the entomopathogen was grown in presence of monocrotophos (0.31%) and dichlorvos (0.12%). Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, alphamethrin and phosphamidon at recommended dose showed growth inhibition of < 50 per cent. Half of the recommended dose of deltamethrin was found having lowest inhibition (14.06 %).

Induction of micronuclei in bone marrow by two pesticides and their differentiation with CREST staining: an in vivo study in mice

Two pesticides, organophosphate phosphamidon (PHO) and organochlorine dieldrin (DED) were assayed by the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, to ascertain whether they showed genotoxic activity in vivo. Two doses, sub-lethal (PHO=3 mg/kg b.wt.; DED=60 mg/kg b.wt.) and lethal (PHO=5 mg/kg b.wt.; DED=90 mg/kg b.wt.), of each substance were administered intraperitoneally to 9–10-week old CBA male mice, in acute and repeated exposure. The sub-lethal dose was also administered at two different times and twice at 24-h intervals. Both PHO and DED proved able to induce a dose-dependent increase of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE). The two pesticides also showed a different detoxification time. Furthermore, the CREST staining with antikinetochore antibodies allowed us to conclude that the two chemicals are clastogens.

Interaction of phosphamidon with neuropathy target esterase and acetylcholinesterase of hen brain.

Phosphamidon (PSM) is an organophosphorus insecticide widely used in agriculture. This study was undertaken to examine the interaction of PSM with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) of hen brain in vitro and in vivo. PSM was a potent inhibitor of AChE, with an I50 of 2.9 microM and second-order rate constant (ka) of 1.2 x 10(4) M-1 min-1 at 37 degrees C. PSM-inhibited AChE aged rapidly (t1/2 = 1.9 h). Pyridinium oximes pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime and HI-6 were effective reactivators of PSM-inhibited AChE, providing up to 75% reactivation. PSM was one of the weakest inhibitors of NTE among organophosphorus compounds, with an I50 of 19 mM and ka of 1.8 M-1 min-1 at 37 degrees C. Inhibited NTE did not reactivate spontaneously and KF-induced reactivation was not obtained even at the earliest tested moments, so it was not clear whether aging of PSM-inhibited NTE occurred very quickly or the KF molecule could not affect the stability of phosphoryl-NTE bond. From the ratio of kas for NTE and AChE (0.00015) it was predicted that delayed neuropathic effects of PSM in vivo would appear only at doses far above the acute LD50. The LD50 value of PSM p.o. for hens was 9 mg/kg. Hens were treated with a single oral dose of PSM, combined with standard antidotal treatment which included atropine, physostigmine, pralidoxime and anticonvulsant midazolam. Doses of 90 and 250 mg/kg caused up to 27% and 45% NTE inhibition 48 h after poisoning, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Interaction between salinity and toxicity of phosphamidon in Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius).

Examen des DL50 obtenues par 4 methodes (methode de Karber, methode graphique, mortalite cumulative, analyse des probabilites) pour le phosphamiton vis-a-vis de cette crevette, et ceci pour deux taux de salinite (15% et 25%)

Toxicity of phosphamidon to the common south Indian earthworm Lampeto mauritii.

Toxicity of phosphamidon to the common south Indian earthworm Lampeto mauritii.