Phorate Granules Research Articles

Management of false wire worm, Gonocephalum beetle (Tenebrionidae: coleoptera) in chickpea raised under residual moisture conditions

False wire worm, Gonocephalum indicum, incidence was observed for the first time in severe form in Rabi 2008-09 on chickpea, confined to saline tracts of Vidarbha (MS). Gonocephalum adults inflicts injury near collar region of chickpea resulting in collapsing and drying of plants translating into re-sowing of crop due to poor plantstand. Field study revealed 5.8 – 32.3% damaged plants with lowest damage in Module 9 (Seed treatment with clothianidin 2 gm/kg seed + spaying of chlorpyriphos 2 ml/liter water 20 days after crop emergence), Module 10 (Application of phorate granules 10 kg/ha at sowing + spraying of chlorpyriphos 2 ml/liter water 20 days after crop emergence) and Module 11(Seed treatment with clothianidin 2 gm/kg seed + application of clothianidin granules 200 gm/ha 20 days after crop emergence) with 5.8, 6.2 and 8.7% affected plants. The % drying of plants due to injury was in the range of 4.3 – 21.6 % with lowest in Module 11, Module 10 and Module 9 with 4.3, 6.0 and 6.2 % drying of plants, respectively. Superiority of Module 9 (20.4 q/ha) and Module 11 (19.7 q/ha) was evident in yield, whereas, lowest yield was observed in control plot (13.2 q/ha). Module 9 and Module 11 registered higher net returns of Rs. 13887 and Rs. 9948 per ha, respectively, whereas, Module 9 and Module 10 had highest ICBR of 1: 6.0 indicating the suitability of modules in terms of bioefficacy and cost effectiveness for the management of Gonocephalum in problematic area.

Ambiguous Phorate Granules for Sesame Seeds Linked to Accidental Organophosphate Fatal Poisoning

Ingestion of organophosphate compound for suicidal attempt is a major health problem in developing countries. However, unintentional ingestion by an adult is rare. An 80-year-old lady and her 30-year-old granddaughter consumed phorate (organophosphate) granules thinking it to be the seeds of sesame. After grinding the granules and mixing with pickle, they consumed the preparation with rice. The granddaughter was brought dead at emergency department and the older lady after resuscitation shifted to intensive care unit. She was extubated on 17th day and discharged on 23rd day. Pesticide formulation resembling any edible items must be withdrawn from the market at the earliest. Stringent regulation on vendors, apparent formulation or packaging and education about the hazards of these compounds can prevent this type of unintentional poisoning. Ambiguous, organophosphate, phorate, sesame seeds, unintentional poisoning.

Imidacloprid seed treatments for the control of springtails in seedling brassicas

Two pot trials and two field trials were conducted to evaluate imidacloprid seed treatments for springtail control in forage brassica seedlings Imidacloprid at rates from 175 to 210 g ai/kg seed reduced garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) numbers by 6888 relative to the untreated controls Springtail damage was reduced and seedling establishment enhanced Imidacloprid proved as or more effective than furathiocarb or thiodicarb seed treatments and phorate granules Imidacloprid seed treatment had no adverse effect on either brassica germination or early seedling growth

Modifying the location and application rate of insecticides for carrot rust fly (Psila rosae F.) control in New Zealand

Carrot rust fly damage levels at different distances from the crop edge into the carrot field were studied. Overall root damage was up to 40% at crop edge, but was 0- 5% at 30 m into the field. Application of phorate granules at reduced-rate only around the edges of carrot fields (10 m-strip), controlled larval damage effectively, requiring approximately 10% of the recommended rate (i.e. 0.22 kg a.i./ha) (i.e. the midfield remaining untreated).

Effectiveness of some controlled-release insecticides against larvae of Inopus rubriceps (Macquart) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), a pest of Australian sugarcane

The biological activity of insecticides formulated as controlled-release plastic granules was evaluated against larvae of the sugarcane soldier fly Inopus rubriceps in laboratory bioassays. Five different active ingredients, chlorpyrifos, phorate, carbofuran, carbosulfan and tefluthrin, were tested in a range of granule sizes. For most compounds, smaller granules were more active in the short term but lost activity more rapidly than the larger granules. Rates of loss of activity during storage varied between active ingredients, and granules containing carbofuran and carbosulfan showed increased activity after 1 year. Eight field trials were established using 2 mm chlorpyrifos granules (14% a.i., suSCon ® Blue), 1 mm chlorpyrifos granules (10% a.i., suSCon ® Green) or 1.5 mm phorate granules (10% a.i., suSCon ® FuMing). Granules containing chlorpyrifos were not effective. The short-term efficacy of granules containing phorate could not be evaluated because of low infestation levels in the trial. However, any activity was short-lived and not detected in larval numbers more than 1 year after application.

Efficacy of reduced-rate insecticide applications for the control of the carrot fly (Psila rosae F.) in New Zealand

Two field experiments were conducted in 1993- 94 to investigate the efficacy of the insecticides phorate, diazinon and furathiocarb at field rates and at a range of lower rates for the control of carrot fly larval damage. Phorate granules drilled with the seeds effectively controlled the first generation larvae, even at one third the recommended rate (0 .73 kg a.i./ha); recommended (2 .2 kg a.i./ha) and half rate were equally efficient in controlling second generation larvae. Third generation damage (the most important economically) was not significantly reduced by any rate of phorate granules applied at drilling. Phorate applied as mid- or late-season granules gave better control of second-generation damage, even athalf rate, than did fullrate at drilling. The furathiocarb seed-coated treatment at 4% (40 g a.i./kg seed) controlled the first generation damage, but had no significant effect on the second generation. Furathiocarb seed coated at2% (20 g a.i./ha) did not prevent either first or second generation damage. This crop was harvested before third generation damage occurred. A diazinon midseason spray controlled third generation damage at field rate (0 .8 kg a.i./ ha) but not at half, one third and one eighth field rates. Prospects for the reduction of insecticide rates in New Zealand carrot crops are discussed with reference to these and other methods.

The performance of phorate against the carrot fly ( Psila rosae (F.)) in trials done during a 15 year period on carrots in mineral soil

Experiments at Wellesbourne over a 15 year period, evaluated the effectiveness of various insecticidal treatments for controlling carrot fly on carrots. Throughout this period, phorate granules were used as a standard treatment and this permitted the efficiency of phorate to be studied over time. In trials conducted using Russell drill units, the efficacy of phorate varied greatly between years. This variation could be accounted for by the length of time between drilling and harvest, and by the moisture content of the soil. In trials involving a Stanhay drill, there was little variation between years. The reason for this is not known. There was no indication that the effectiveness of phorate had declined over the 15 year period.

Control of Brachycorynella asparagi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Irrigated Asparagus with Granular Systemic Insecticides, and Disulfoton Degradation in Asparagus Fern

A single shank side-dressing of phorate, aldicarb, or disulfoton granules in furrow-irrigated asparagus controlled Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko) for up to 79 d after harvest. Concentrations of disulfoton metabolites in asparagus fern after 66 d suggest that protection may last longer. Disulfoton and aldicarb were superior to phorate in efficacy. Uptake of insecticides in sprinkler-irrigated asparagus was poor as shown by low levels of disulfoton residues in the fern throughout the growing season. Applied rates of disulfoton were correlated positively with residues recovered from asparagus fern and negatively correlated with resultant aphid population levels. Residue analyses also provided evidence that rooting habit of the asparagus plant, the application technique, and irrigation methods significantly affected insecticide uptake.

Potato, Wireworm Control, Hermiston, Oregon, 1982

Abstract A test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler-irrigated field at the Oregon State Univ. Columbia Basin Agric. Res. Cent. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthids) with an organic matter content of less than 1%. On 13 Mar., 50 soil samples were obtained with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches; 11 wireworms were found for an estimated density of 0.88 wireworms/ft2 . The application methods were: preplant broadcast (BCST), at-plant sidedress (APSD), seed-piece furrow (FURR), and postemergence sidedress (PESD). However, not all chemicals were applied by all four methods. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (four rows; 34-inch rows), and each treatment was replicated 3 times, in a randomized complete block design. On 4 May, BCST applications were made; granules were applied with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt and applied with handheld, two-row boom sprayer consisting of 4 TeeJet (No. AL80015) nozzles at a rate of 24 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 lb/in2. The treated plots were rototilled to a depth of 4 to 6 inches within 1 h after application. On 4-5 May, potatoes were planted with a two-row planter, and APSD and FURR applications were made with applicators mounted on the planter. Sidedress applications were shanked 3 to 4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces; granules were applied in 1-inch bands with Gandy applicators, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 pt, then applied at a pressure of 40 psi with TeeJet (No. 4916-35) nozzles attached to the rear of the shanks. Furrow applications were made in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces; granules were placed in 1-inch bands, and liquid formulations were applied with TeeJet (No. 8004E) nozzles. On 8 June, PESD applications were made two rows at a time with a tractormounted Gandy and liquid applications in a manner similar to that of APSD. The Temik + phorate treatment was a formulation consisting of these two compounds, while the Temik + Mocap and Temik + Dyfonate treatments were separate formulations combined during application. Before the layby operation on 9 June, phorate granules were applied topically over the rows in one treatment. All plots were similarly treated with Temik (3 lb (AI)/acre), except those that had already received Temik and those that were treated with Dyfonate (2 lb (AI)/acre) or phorate as FURR or PESD. All plots were then hilled with a rotary cultivator. On 5-6 Oct., tuber samples were harvested from the two center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). All tubers were washed and examined for wireworm feeding, and the percentages, by weight, of tubers damaged were determined. Damage was defined as any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. Since significant differences in percentages of damaged tubers among the untreated checks were noted, the percentages were converted to percentages of check before they were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT.

Potato, Wireworm Control, Moxee, Washington, 1982

Abstract A test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler irrigated field. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxerolls) with an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 16 Apr., 50 soil samples were obtained with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches; three wireworms were found for an estimated density of 0.24 wireworms/ft2 . The application methods were: preplant broadcast (BCST), at-plant sidedress (APSD), seed-piece furrow (FURR), and postemergence sidedress (PESD). However, not all chemicals were applied by all four methods. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows; 34-inch rows), and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. On 26 Apr., BCST applications were made; granules were applied with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt and applied with a handheld, two-row boom sprayer consisting of four TeeJet (No. AL 80015) nozzles at a rate of 24 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 lb/in2 . The treated plots were rototilled to a depth of 4 to 6 inches within 1 h after application. On 10-11 May, potatoes were planted with a two-row planter, and APSD and FURR applications were mde with applicators mounted on the planter. Sidedress applications were shanked 3 to 4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces; granules were applied in 1-inch bands with Gandy applicators, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 pt, then applied at a pressure of 40 lb/in2 with TeeJet (No. 4916-35) nozzles attached to the rear of the shanks. Furrow applications were made in the planter shoe level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces; granules were placed in 1-inch bands, and liquid formulations were applied with TeeJet (No. 8004E) nozzles. On 15 June, PESD applications were made two rows at a time with tractor-mounted Gandy and liquid applications in a manner similar to that of APSD. The Temik + phorate treatment was a formulation consisting of these two compounds, while the Temik + Mocap and Temik + Dyfonate treatments were separate formulations combined during application. Before the layby operation on the same day, phorate granules were applied topically over the rows in one treatment. All plots were similarly treated with Temik (3 lb (AI)/acre), except those that had already received Temik and those that were treated with Dyfonate (2 lb (AI)/acre) or phorate as FURR or PESD. All plots were then hilled with a rotary cultivator. On 19-20 Oct., tuber samples were harvested from the two center rows of each plot (ca 15 ft/row). All tubers were washed and examined for wireworm feeding, and the percentages, by weight, of tubers damaged were determined. Damage was defined as an injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. Since significant differences in percentages of damaged tubers among the untreated checks were noted, the percentages were converted to percentages of check before they were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test.

Chinch Bug (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) Control with Insecticides on Wheat, Field Corn, and Grain Sorghum, 19811

The best control of Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) on wheat was obtained with prorate granules with ca. 58% control. Chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and carbonyl sprays were less effective in wheat. Planting time applications, to sorghum, of carbofuran sprays and granules and carbosulfan sprays and granules resulted in significantly larger plant stands than did treatments of aldicarb, chlorpyrifos, and terbufos granules. Postemergence application of phorate granules and chlorpyrifos spray to corn reduced chinch bugs over 90% in one experiment during the first week. In one out of two experiments, carbaryl and carbofuran postemergence sprays to corn reduced chinch bugs by more than 90% during the first week, whereas in the other experiment the reduction was less than 70% (66.6 and 23.8%, respectively). The addition of permethrin to carbaryl increased control ca. 15%. Postemergence application of carbofuran granules to corn provided 70.5% control in 1 week.

Granular Application of Phorate Granules for Control of Chinch Bugs on Winter Wheat, 1981

Abstract An on-farm test was conducted in Lancaster County near Lincoln, NE to assess the effectiveness of phorate granules against an adult population of chinch bugs infesting wheat in late Apr. The field had been in soybeans the previous year and had been planted to wheat in the fall of same year. Phorate granules (15G) at 1.12 kg ai/ha were applied on Apr 29 by a tractor-powered drop spreader 3.6 m wide to 9.1 x 18.2 m plots. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 8 times with phorate treatments appearing twice and the untreated check once per block. Weather conditions at time of application were as follow: clear, light breeze and 21°C. Pre- and post-treatment chinch bug counts were made by at least 3 people independently on each date and bug counts expressed as the mean number of chinch bugs/0.3 m row. Wheat was harvested on Jun 20 by harvesting two 4.57 m rows/plot and threshing the wheat heads with a plot thresher.

Recent advances in the chemical control of the sorghum shootfly

The introduction of high yielding sorghum hybrids in the mid-1960s indicated that the new cultivars were highly susceptible to insect pest attack. Use of chemicals for the control of the snootily, Atherigona soccata (Rondani), became necessary to realise a full yield potential. This paper briefly reviews the earlier work on conventional foliar sprayings and dustings of the available insecticides which generally failed to give an effective control of the shootfly. Work carried out in the early 1960s showed that the application of phorate, disulfoton, aldicarb and carbofuran granules in the soil at the time of sowing was very effective in controlling the pest. Recently two more insecticides, viz. isofenphos and fensulfothion have been found to be equally effective. However, the cost of applying these insecticides is rather high. Seed treatment with carbofuran at 5 parts a.i. per 100 parts of seed proved to be highly effective and economical. It is now being widely used by farmers in the major sorghum growing area of the country. It has been found that dosage of carbofuran can be further reduced by using a 6:4 mixture of treated and untreated seed. Trials have been conducted to determine the residues of effective insecticides in the soil and in plants at different intervals. Investigations have also been carried out to establish the correlation between the residues of different insecticides in plants and their efficacy in controlling the shootfly. A future strategy for the chemical control of the shootfly is outlined.

Woolly Apple Aphid,Eriosoma lanigerum, Research in India

Abstract Wodlly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.) is widely distributed in India. It reproduces all year round on apple and crab apple. Alates are produced from July to November and lay nymphs with degenerate mouth parts. The infestation is spread by nursery plants and air currents. The pest is controlled in the nursery either by dip-treatment with fenitrothion (0.025%) or dichlorvos (0.088%) or by soil application of phorate granules (2.5–3.0 g a.i.) during spring. Subterranean populations can be controlled with granules of dimethoate (15 g a.i.), aldicarb (5.0 g a.i.) or carbofuran (3.0 g a.i.). Aerial populations are controlled by autumn sprays of fenitrothion + dichlorvos + demeton-methyl (0.05%), vamidothion (0.025%), phosophamidon (0.035%) or dimethoate (0.03%). Banding of the trunk base with granules has been found useful in reducing reinfestation by checking the first instar nymphs, which migrate between the aerial and subterranean parts. Resistant root stocks of the ‘M.M.’ series are recommen...

Effects of Several Commonly Used Insecticides on Cornfield Carabids in Iowa1

Adult carabids Scarites substriatus (Haldeman), Harpalus Pensylvanicus (De Geer), Pterostichus chalcites (Say), Bembidion rapidum (LeConte), and, B. quadrimaculatum (L.) were field-collected and exposed to several commonly used cornfield insecticides. The beetles were directly exposed to recommended field rates of carbofuran, phorate, terbufos, aldrin, carbaryl, leptophos, trichorfon, methomyl, and toxaphene. Beetles were also fed dead larva of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), poisoned by carbofuran, carbaryl, trichlorfon, methomyl, and toxaphene. There were significant differences in mortality among beetles species and chemical treatments. Phorate and terbufos granules, carbofuran, methomyl, and carbaryl sprays produced high mortalities, and carbofuran granules, carbaryl, and leptophos baits caused low beetle mortalities.

Chemical control of the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psy Modes chrysocephala, on winter oil‐seed rape

SUMMARYIn East Anglia, from 1974 to 1976, field experiments were carried out on the chemical control of the cabbage stem flea beetle (PsyModes chrysocephala). Carbofuran, 5% granules, proved an outstanding autumn preventive and mid‐winter eradicant treatment under both wet and dry conditions, with 1–5‐2‐24 kg a.i./ha giving virtually 100% control of larvae. Fonofos and phorate granules at 2–24 kg a.i./ha were also effective. AC 92 100 and thiofanox granules were less extensively tested but both gave good control of P. chrysocephala. Several materials showed little or no activity against the pest. The effective preventive granule treatments were all superior to a standard spray of gamma‐HCH.

Control of insects in seedling field brassicas with phorate granules

Control of insects in seedling field brassicas with phorate granules

Some aspects of adult black beetle control in establishing maize with phorate granules

Some aspects of adult black beetle control in establishing maize with phorate granules

Persistence of phorate and its Residual Toxicity to Aphis Craccivora Koch. in Cowpea

Enzymatic assay of internal residues of phorate in cowpea yigiia sinensis following application of the insecticide as granules with seed at 1, 2 and 3 kg a.i. / ha showed that residues of the toxicant persisted within the plants upto 49 days following the application. On the 56th day, there was no residue of the insecticide either in the leaves or in the pods. The mortality of Aphis craccivora exposed to the plants treated with the granules was 100 percent upto 14 days with I and 2 kg a.i / ha and upto 21 days with 3 kg a.i/ha. The mortality showed a gradual reduction corresponding to the reduction of the internal residue of the insecticide, there being no mortality on on 56th day of insecticide application. Application of phorate granules at 2kga.i/ha, with the seeds is considered an effective and safe method for protecting Cowpea from infestation bv A. craccivora up to 8 weeks of its growth.

Effects of phorate placement on carrot fly control, seedling density and terminal residues in the crop

AbstractThe application of granules containing 10 % phorate at 1.12,2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit together with carrot seed significantly reduced seedling emergence in both a mineral and peat soil. When the granules were applied at 2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit 2.5 cm below the seed, seedling emergence was adversely affected only at the higher rate in the mineral soil. Phorate granules applied with the seed in the peat soil gave a significantly lower plant density than when applied below the seed, but subsequent carrot yields were unaffected because much larger roots were produced. All phorate treatments gave effective reduction of carrot fly larval damage to the roots.On the peat soil, there were significant increases in total phorate residues present in mature carrots with increasing rate of phorate granules placed with the seed. Placement of the granules 2.5 cm below the seed resulted in a 50% reduction in total residues of phorate in whole carrots compared with placing the granules with the seed. Residues resulting from 1.12 kg a.i./ha with the seed or 2.24 kg a.i./ha 2.5 cm below the seed were not significantly greater than residues in untreated carrots.