Phonological Character Research Articles

PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL CONTENT OF THE VOWEL [E] IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The paper deals with the phonetic and phonological character of the vowel phoneme /e/. Also, the vowel phoneme /e/ is presented in modern textbooks, and scientific research, as open, compressed, and semi-open. In this regard, the present study analyzes the vowel phoneme /e/ based on scientific conclusions. Because the vowel sound /e/ is classified differently. There are also studies in which the vowel sound /e/ is treated as a diphthong. In the general Kazakh phonetics, the phonetic and phonological content of vowel sounds, and their distinctive features are considered in detail in the works of researchers. When dealing with the issue concerning the vowel sound /e/, the paper considered the research of A. Baitursynuly, K. Kemengeruly, K. Zhubanov, I. Kenesbayev, S. Myrzabekov, A. Zhunusbek, and N.Uali. Their scientific conclusions about the vowel phoneme /e/ were analyzed. The study's results will be effective for students, undergraduates, and doctoral students to determine the phoneme of the vowel e, which is described differently in textbooks, and scientific papers, for further research.

ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY AMONG SOYBEAN EXOTIC GENOTYPES FOR ADAPTABILITY AND YIELD

Comprehensive research was performed in the experimental area in Plant Breeding and Genetics situated in the University of Agriculture Faisalabad to estimate the analysis of variance and correlation of the soybean exotic accessions conducting a randomized complete block design comprising four check varieties. All recommended cultural and agronomic practices were followed homogenously for each experimental genotype during the study. The data for various morphological and phonological characters were recorded from sowing to harvesting and was subjected to measure the analysis of variance of amplified block design and analysis of simple correlation. The analysis of variance revealed that accessions were significantly dissimilar with one another parameter except for days to germination. The findings indicated the variation in the experimental population, reporting the scope of improvement in these traits. The breeding material carries the different ranges of characters such as height of plant starting 14 to 57cm, hundred seed weight from 6 to 42g, number of pods in plant from 4 to 42, number of grains per plant from 8 to 96, germination days from 4 to 10, weight of fresh plant ranges 7 to 186g, maturity days 74 to 135, day to flowering from 24 to 54 and weight of seeds per plant was 9 to 89g. SUMTER, 9831, STARR, Maxcy, 9041, Leslie, ada, and Norman were identi9fied as promising genotypes i9n terms of high yield with better adaptability. Results concluded that considering the plant height, number of pods, and number of seeds are the promising traits for the selection standards and to attain soybean yield.

Advanced Foreign Language Learners: Prosodic Transition from L1 to L3

This study provides more data from more typologically distant languages and focusing on interrogative sentences. Thus, this research addresses a key gap from previous studies that have only studied prosodic transitions between more typologically close languages. Moreover, this study successfully controls for the background of participants in a more detailed way by setting limitations on participants’ language proficiency and the recency of their language usage. These limitations are necessary since it is difficult to conduct research on prosodic transitions within 3 languages due to the limited number of trilingual participants. Finally, this paper finds that for people who speak second language (L2) and third language (L3) with high proficiency, the influence of phonological characters from L1 will be more prominent than that of L2 on L3 intonational status. This study can be improved, as the amount of data collected is limited. Besides this problem, intonational typology considered in this paper should be reevaluated in further studies.

КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛИНДЕГИ ПОЗИЦИЯЛЫК СОЗУЛМАЛАР

In the Kyrgyz language, along with the secondary longitude, which developed as a result of the loss of intervocalic consonants with the subsequent contraction of vowels into one long sound, the functioning of the positional longitude of the vowels is noted. Positional longitude results from the influence of sounds on each other in the stream of speech. Such lengthening of vowels refers to positional changes in sounds, and in a number of Turkic languages has a phonological character. The positional longitude of a wide vowel of an open syllable before a narrow vowel of the next syllable is characteristic of the Kypchak and Kypchakized Turkic languages. The conditions for the formation of positional longitudes in the Turkic languages, including the Kyrgyz language, are basically the same. There are more positional longitudes in dialects than in the literary Kyrgyz language. This type of vowel length in the Kyrgyz language, which has not been noted before in the scientific literature, requires further research.

Writing vowels in Punic

Abstract This paper traces the employment of original Phoenician-Punic guttural graphemes, <ˀ>, <ˁ>, <h>, and <ḥ>, to represent vowel phonemes in later Punic. Three typologically distinct treatments are identified: (1) morphographic, where the grapheme <ˀ> indicates the etymological glottal stop /ˀ/ (its original function) as well as vowel morphemes without specifying their phonological character; (2) morpho-phonographic, where guttural graphemes continue to indicate etymological guttural consonants, but now both the presence of a vowel morpheme and (potentially) the vowel quality of that morpheme; and (3) phonographic, where the same set of guttural graphemes serve to denote vowel phonemes only, and do not any longer indicate guttural consonants. The threefold division is argued for on the basis of the Late Punic language written in Punic and Neopunic scripts. Despite the availability of dedicated vowel graphemes, these are not obligatorily written in any period of written Punic. It is suggested that a typologically significant path of development may be observed across these three uses of guttural graphemes, with (3) the endpoint of a development from morphography to phonography.

Comparação entre três sistemas de notação da configuração de mão com base em dados da Libras

A configuração de mão é um dos parâmetros articulatórios com base no qual os sinais podem ser analisados. Ela se refere, especificamente, aos diferentes estados das juntas dos dedos, potencialmente distintivos, mas também sujeitos à grande variação intra e intersujeito. Neste trabalho, são comparados três sistemas de notação propostos para esse parâmetro, o de Stokoe, o de Liddell e Johnson e o de Johnson e Liddell, com vistas a demonstrar, com base em dados da libras, que o terceiro deles é mais apropriado para a análise fonética das línguas sinalizadas. Os dados analisados se referem a uma das três produções de 26 dos 60 sinais originalmente coletados por Xavier e Barbosa (2014) de 12 sujeitos surdos (seis homens e seis mulheres) da cidade de São Paulo. O critério de seleção desses sinais foi a presença da configuração de mão em B (dedos abertos e unidos pelas laterais) e da configuração de mão em 5 (dedos abertos e espalmados). Com isso, 185 produções foram selecionadas e analisadas. Os resultados indicam que o sistema de Stokoe tem caráter mais fonológico, o de Johnson e Liddell, um caráter mais fonético e o de Liddell e Johnson, um caráter intermediário entre os dois primeiros.

Evaluation of Black Rice under Different Fertilizer Doses in Western Terai, Nepal

The black rice varieties are considered to have multiplier benefits in human health due to the presence of different antioxidants. An experiment was conducted at RARS, Khajura during rainy season of 2014 to evaluate the response of black rice with different doses of fertilizers and to document the basic phonological characters. It was found to be of short duration, low productive and non-responsive towards the fertilizer doses. Due to health benefiting qualities, the market price could easily compensate the low productivity and be of high commercial value in farming communities. However, more detail studies required on agronomy, protection, quality and breeding aspects before going to commercialization.Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN), Vol.4, Page: 136-141, 2016

A Relaxed Admixture Model of Language Contact

Under conditions of language contact, a language may gain features from its neighbors that it is unlikely to have gained endogenously. We describe a method for evaluating pairs of languages for potential contact by comparing a null hypothesis, in which a target language obtained all its features by inheritance, with an alternative hypothesis in which the target language obtained its features via inheritance and via contact with a proposed donor language. Under the alternative hypothesis, the donor may influence the target to gain features, but not to lose features. When applied to a database of phonological characters in South American languages, this method proves useful for detecting the effects of relatively mild and recent contact, and for highlighting several potential linguistic areas in South America.

Settlement patterns and the eastern boundary of the Northern Cities Shift – ERRATUM

This paper examines the dialectology of eastern New York State. Data are considered from twelve cities and villages bridging the gap between the Inland North dialect region (home to the Northern Cities Shift [NCS]) and the Western New England region. Communities are classified as belonging to the Inland North ‘‘core,’’ the Inland North ‘‘fringe,’’ or a non–Inland North region. The settlement history of these communities is used to explain the boundaries between the dialect regions; presence of the NCS is found to correlate well with heavy migration from southwestern New England early in a community’s history. Looking in detail at the different distributions of the individual sound changes involved in the NCS across the dialect regions established in this paper makes it possible to posit a reconstructed early history for the NCS and make hypotheses about the phonological character of the different sound changes.

Settlement patterns and the eastern boundary of the Northern Cities Shift

This paper examines the dialectology of eastern New York State. Data are considered from twelve cities and villages bridging the gap between the Inland North dialect region (home to the Northern Cities Shift [NCS]) and the Western New England region. Communities are classified as belonging to the Inland North “core,” the Inland North “fringe,” or a non–Inland North region. The settlement history of these communities is used to explain the boundaries between the dialect regions; presence of the NCS is found to correlate well with heavy migration from southwestern New England early in a community's history. Looking in detail at the different distributions of the individual sound changes involved in the NCS across the dialect regions established in this paper makes it possible to posit a reconstructed early history for the NCS and make hypotheses about the phonological character of the different sound changes.

Phonological Character of Morpheme Initial Consonant Clusters in Middle Korean From the Viewpoint of Verbal Conjugations

Phonological Character of Morpheme Initial Consonant Clusters in Middle Korean From the Viewpoint of Verbal Conjugations

A tonal scaling contrast in Majorcan Catalan interrogatives

This paper reports the application of the Categorical Perception paradigm to a pitch height contrast in the nuclear accent between yes-no and what-questions in Majorcan Catalan. Using two natural tokens produced by a female speaker, two intonational continua were created, from yes-no to what-question contour and vice versa, by shifting the peak in 4 steps of 15 Hz each. 42 Majorcan Catalan listeners participated in a two-part experiment, consisting of an identification and a discrimination task. The results from the identification task showed that it is possible to switch the perceived category by manipulating the pitch height of the leading tone. Also, Reaction Times were shorter within categories and longer between categories. Discrimination results revealed that the shift in the identification function corresponded to the peak in the discrimination function. The comparisons between obtained and predicted discrimination results indicated that discrimination can be predicted from identification results on the basis of phonetic categorization. These results confirmed that the difference in pitch height of the leading tone in nuclear accent for yes-no and what-questions in Majorcan Catalan is discrete and has a phonological character. In addition, the discrimination results revealed that Majorcan listeners are more sensitive to F0 differences when the first token is lower in frequency than the second.

Sobre alguns contrastos fonològics en l'entonació del català

The main goal of this article is to provide evidence in favor of the phonological character of some intonational contrasts in Catalan. First, the article shows that tonal alignment differences with respect to metrically strong positions are crucial for the distinction between a yes-no question and a wh-question (cf. ?Que l’ha llogada? vs. ?Qui l’ha llogada?) and between a command and a request (iVine! vs. iVine!) in Central Catalan. Second, the article reports the major results from the application of the Categorical Perception Paradigm to a pitch height contrast in Majorcan Catalan (Vanrell 2006a). Experimental resuls show that a small variation in the pitch height of the pretonic syllable is an important perceptual cue in distinguishing yes-no questions from wh-questions in this dialect (?Que l’hi duries? vs. ?Que li duries?). The Catalan data demonstrate that small phonetic changes in pitch alignment and pitch scaling can be crucial in the perception of intonation contours. Crucially, the data call for a revision of the autosegmental-metrical (AM) model of intonation: while the AM model predicts that differences in tonal alignment have the potential of creating phonological contrasts, it does not allow for phonological differences in pitch range.

Lenguas en contacto: peculiaridades del español andino peruano. Tres casos de interferencia morfosintáctica

The study of contact languages is an area that has not only acquired a lot of relevance in Europe in the last decades, but especially in Hispanic America. It is in the latter context, that the contact with Guaraní and Quechua indigenous languages with Spanish is being examined and researched. The present article is developed in this same research line, since we refer to the contact between Quechua and Spanish from the perspective of the Andean language without stopping to consider that the influences between both languages is of a bidirectional character. The influence of Quechua in the Spanish language has generated over time the formation of diverse types of linguistic phenomena of interference and convergence, whether lexical, phonetic, phonological character or morphosyntactic whose result is Andean Spanish. This variety or type of Spanish has characteristic linguistic peculiarities that distinguishes it from coastal Spanish. In this study we will look at three types of morphosyntactic interferences and its major role in the south Andean-Peruvian context.

Agro-morphological characterisation of common vetch and its close relatives

The Vicia sativa aggregate, which includes the common vetch, is a complex of six closely related tax a which combines cultivated, weedy and wild forms. In this study 454 accessions with an emphasis on Mediterranean and Central Asian accessions have been compared for 22 key agro-morphological and phonological characters. The agronomic potential of the different members of the aggregate is assessed and useful variation existing in the collection is determined. Geographic patterns of the agronomic variation are studied to determine sources of useful variation. In both sub sp. cordata and sub sp. sativa accessions were found which had higher yields than the checks, consisting of three promising accessions. Sub sp. macrocarpa needs a longer growing season than the other tax a to reach its full potential. The other three tax a in the aggregate all had quite low yields. Important variation in shattering of pod sand in tolerance to moderate frost and resistance to the Sitona weevil was found in most subspecies of the aggregate. Variation in phenological characters appeared to be related to the latitude from which the accession was collected.

Words, Phrases, Pauses and Boundaries

This paper discusses the phonological properties of words and phrases in two Northern Arawak languages of the Upper Rio Negro, Brazil. These features are h-prosody, vowel harmony triggered by the glottal fricative h, vowel nasalization and vowel diphthongization. A feature that is used to mark a word in one language may mark a phrase in the other. There is a regular interdependence between morphemes and syllables. The most unusual characteristic of the languages is the existence of pausal forms which mark phrase-final and utterance-final boundaries. The phonological character of pause marking devices, viewed cross-linguistically, contradicts a wide-spread assumption about the entirely phonetic realization of pauses.

Associations among Morphological and Phonological Characters Representing Apricot Germplasm in Central Mexico

Twenty variables were recorded on 15 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genotypes differing in growth habit and blossom time to detect possible associations among morphological and phonological traits. The widest range of variability observed among phenotypes was for fruit size and factors associated with adaptation to local conditions, such as blossom season and yield potential as expressed by number of buds, flowers, and fruits per length of fruiting spurs. The most important morphological traits correlated with fruit weight were tree growth habit, apical and basal diameter of fruiting spurs, and bud and leaf size. Multivariate analysis allowed tree and variable grouping, which might encompass the basic criteria for apricot breeding programs in central México.

On the Phonology of Icelandic Prespiration

This paper presents a new phonological analysis of preaspiration in Icelandic. Its purpose is to get as close to the phonetic facts as possible while capturing at the same time the regular phonological character of Icelandic preaspiraton.The paper is organized as follows: Section 1 briefly reviews some phonetic descriptions of preaspiration. Section 2 shows why preaspiration must be considered an active phonological rule in Modern Icelandic. Section 3 presents an informal description of what the preaspiration rule has to do. Section 4 gives both an autosegmental and a more conventional generative phonological statement of the rule. Section 5 gives arguments for the autosegmental analysis. Section 6 is a Conclusion, followed by an Appendix on preaspiration in other languages.