Phonetic Units Research Articles

Similarities and differences between phonological phenomena in Arabic and Tamil languages: syllable-focused study

Phonological phenomena mean the rules and phonetic characteristics that help to build words and vocabulary, create and use speech, and differentiate between them according to context. Accordingly, in a language there are phonetic units that are studied at non-structual level and structual level. They have an impact on teaching the Arabic language to native speakers in general and to non-native speakers in particular. Errors in phonetic phenomena lead to linguistic errors. The research problem is defined by the question: “Is there a similarity in the syllable system of phonological phenomena between the Arabic and Tamil languages, which are from two different language families? This research aims to clarify the syllabic system of phonological phenomena between Arabic and Tamil languages, and to identify the similarities and differences in syllabic system of phonological phenomena between them. This research relies on qualitative methodology under contrastive descriptive analysis to identify similarities and differences in phonological phenomena between the languages. Secondary data were gathered from books, researches and literary studies. This research titled “Similarities and differences between phonological phenomena in Arabic and Tamil languages: syllable-focused study” finds that the syllables are divided based on length and the closing and opening in the two languages are in the same form. There are no two consecutive consonants at the beginning of the word in them. In terms of differences, the Arabic syllable begins with a consonant only, and there is no Arabic syllable that begins with a vowel, while the Tamil syllable begins with a consonant and a vowel. More than two consonants can not exceed in the middle of the Arabic word, meanwhile can exceed in Tamil. The places where the syllables occur in the two languages are differed according to characteristics of both languages. The Arabic syllable system is very similar to Tamil language.

SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONOLOGICAL UNITS IN LINGUODIDACTIC TRAINING OF FUTURE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE TEACHERS

This publication examines linguistic and linguodidactic sources on the study and mastery of suprasegmental phonetic units, including stress, intonation, pauses, and prosody. The research is conducted using methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison. The acoustic, perceptual, and functional characteristics of these suprasegmental features are explored. It is revealed that in the field of linguodidactics, the information regarding suprasegmental phonetic elements is often simplified, with limited consideration given to the theoretical and methodological foundations of prosody and intonation. Furthermore, the connection between these suprasegmental features and the accentual subsystem of phonetics is not consistently traced.The content of the case study titled “Suprasegmental Phonetic Units in the Methodological System of Teaching Phonetics to Future Ukrainian Literature Teachers” has been developed and made open for discussion, critical analysis, and enhancement within the interactive technology of the “Linguodidactic Studio”. The content of the case study aims at facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the linguistic material concerning the suprasegmental level of language, which represents both prosody and intonation and is viewed differently by researchers. The linguistic units at this level include accentemes, prosodemes, and intonemes. It has been observed that in spoken language, accentemes correlate with stress, while prosodemes and intonemes correlate with stress, tempo, timbre, rhythm, tone, melody, loudness, and pauses. Considering this, the case study includes research on the interconnectedness of the accentual system of the Ukrainian language with intonation and prosody, as well as the influence of stress on the functioning of a combination of prosodic and intonational components that overlay segmental phonetic units such as sounds, syllables, consonant clusters, rhythmic structures, phrases, and sentences. Through an analysis of the locational sphere of intonation (phrase segments) and prosody (all speech segments, from syllables to text), their relationship has been clarified. It is argued that suprasegmental units in linguodidactics can be studied within the structure of the accentological sub-level.
 Keywords: Suprasegmental Units of Phonetics; Stress; Prosody; Intonation; Accentological Sublevel; Teacher-Wordist; Linguistic Case; “Linguodidactic Studies”.

THE SECONDARY PHONEME FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF KAMAL BISHR AN APPLIED STUDY IN THE IRAQI VERNACULAR

Secondary phoneme: It is the term that was approved by a number of researchers for the concept of stress.. they called it a (secondary phoneme) according to a concept that preceded it and they called it: (phoneme). from which the word is composed in any language in the world, so the letter - for example - is a phonetic unit with significance, which contributes with other phonemic units in building the word, and revolves around each phoneme, a possible package of articulatory colors, which has no effect on the meaning, called (phones)... In terms of the functional importance with which the (phoneme) was distinguished; We found another importance in (emphasis), which means in the term: an intentional increase in the amount of utterance that diverts the meaning from its destination. In order to prove and confirm it, or turn it around and deny it, this addition - which may come, excuse me, at no cost, is important. Because it often carries a new connotation that was not present in the original phoneme.. In this study, we found that the (colloquial) devoid of the syntactic industry is suitable in terms of application in the phonetic study; Because it leads to accurate results that cannot be obtained in the standard sentence, and Kamal Bishr took advantage of the Egyptian spoken in his applications and examples in his book (Science of Phonetics) without indicating the reason that prompted him to do so, so we expanded on the statement of what he concluded, with applications reproduced from our linguistic reality. The Iraqi, full of spontaneity, the results of (spontaneity) - as we can see - are more accurate than the results of the decoration and care that surrounded it (the standard artifact)

Near-Optimal Active Learning for Multilingual Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion

The construction of pronunciation dictionaries relies on high-quality and extensive training data in data-driven way. However, the manual annotation of corpus for this purpose is both costly and time consuming, especially for low-resource languages that lack sufficient data and resources. A multilingual pronunciation dictionary includes some common phonemes or phonetic units, which means that these phonemes or units have similarities in the pronunciation of different languages and can be used in the construction process of pronunciation dictionaries for low-resource languages. By using a multilingual pronunciation dictionary, knowledge can be shared among different languages, thus improving the quality and accuracy of pronunciation dictionaries for low-resource languages. In this paper, we propose using shared articulatory features among multiple languages to construct a universal phoneme set, which is then used to label words for multiple languages. To achieve this, we first developed a grapheme−phoneme (G2P) model based on an encoder−decoder deep neural network. We then adopted a near-optimal active learning method in the process of building the pronunciation dictionary to select informative samples from a large, unlabeled corpus and had them labeled by experts. Our experiments demonstrate that this method selected about 1/5 of the unlabeled data and achieved an even higher conversion accuracy than the results of the large data training method. By selectively labeling samples with a high uncertainty in the model, while avoiding labeling samples that were accurately predicted by the current model, our method greatly enhances the efficiency of pronunciation dictionary construction.

Cross-language information retrieval for poetry form of literature-based on machine transliteration using CNN

Transliteration is phonetically translating a language’s words into an international or non-native screenplay. The machine translation process now plays an essential role in scholarly research. The most crucial complement criterion of the English translation system is preserving the phonetic qualities of the language specification after English translation in the chosen language. However, a suitable bilingual text corpus is necessary for statistical models to attain improved transliteration accuracy. Marathi-to-English direct machine translation is done through a cross-language information retrieval system using the CNN classifier model in this proposed research. The proposed method considers a sequence labelling issue brought on by the split transliteration units used in the process. All half-consonant clusters in the Devanagari script are effectively mapped as half-consonant “a” s and labelled using the Modified Intermediate Phonetic Code (MIPC). After generating the phonetic units for each feature in the base and aim languages, the weight is assigned to a phonetic unit in both languages, and individual phonetic unit probabilities are computed. If the probability is zero, then segments are established and recalculated for each segment based on the target phonetic unit location in the word. Therefore, the proposed approach classifies the required phonetic unit with a high accuracy rate.

Neural substrate underlying the learning of a passage with unfamiliar vocabulary and syntax.

Speech comprehension is a complex process involving multiple stages, such as decoding of phonetic units, recognizing words, and understanding sentences and passages. In this study, we identify cortical networks beyond basic phonetic processing using a novel passage learning paradigm. Participants learn to comprehend a story composed of syllables of their native language, but containing unfamiliar vocabulary and syntax. Three learning methods are employed, each resulting in some degree of learning within a 12-min learning session. Functional magnetic resonance imaging results reveal that, when listening to the same story, the classic temporal-frontal language network is significantly enhanced by learning. Critically, activation of the left anterior and posterior temporal lobe correlates with the learning outcome that is assessed behaviorally through, e.g. word recognition and passage comprehension tests. This study demonstrates that a brief learning session is sufficient to induce neural plasticity in the left temporal lobe, which underlies the transformation from phonetic units to the units of meaning, such as words and sentences.

Медиатизация англоязычного мотивационного дискурса сквозь призму TED Talks

This article examines a special form of motivational discourse in the format of TED Talks, which have become popular and accessible to a wide audience thanks to the use of various media formats such as video, audio, live broadcasts, and the TED Talks Internet platform. The aim of the article is to conduct a cognitive and discursive analysis of the expressive means used by TED Talk speakers to have an impact on the cognitive and emotional sphere of the audience. Based on the method of complete text sampling, the author compiles a limited corpus of texts on the topics of “Language Learning” and “Business”, which are subjected to further cognitive and discursive analysis, revealing the features of the organization of the TED Talks media text, phonetic, lexical and grammatical units related to the lecture topic and used by the TED speaker to convey information. In particular, the author identifies the use of techniques such as pausing, intonation, vocal expression, rhetorical questions, repetition, and parallelism. The author concludes that changes in intonation and pausing are used by the speaker to enhance the expression of emotions, emphasize important points, and provide additional emphasis. Analysis of semantic and syntactic features has revealed a number of speech peculiarities of TED lecturers that are capable of influencing message perception. It has been found that the special nature of the speech pragmatics of TED Talks lectures, such as the use of repetitions, analogies, and metaphors, parallel constructions, short sentences, etc., helps the TED speaker to emphasize the key ideas or concepts in speech, inspire, tune the listener to a certain action or behavior, as well as promote the memorization of information and the retention of listeners’ attention. The author emphasizes that the motivational discourse of TED Talks lectures is extremely interesting and promising for modern linguistic research in the context of its media coverage and popularization.

Internal features of modern phonetics

This article provides extensive information about the phonological layer in English, the specific types of linguistics, the department of phonology, and phonetic units. In addition, examples are given through scientific analyzes of the units that make up phonetics. This article covers scientifically the phonetic features of the English language. The rules were cited and scientifically explained.

LANGUAGE MEANS OF MEDICAL ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

The article updates the opinion of the relevance of a comprehensive study of the phonetic and lexical units functioning peculiarities in medical advertising discourse as a means to influence the consciousness of a potential consumer. The linguopragmatic orientation of linguistic means in the given discourse is revealed and their frequency of use in medical advertising texts is determined.
 It has been proven that phonetic and lexical means of expression have the significant suggestive potential for creating an effective advertising discourse. They are used to enhance the emotional impact of the advertising message, attract the attention of the addressee, and stimulate memorization of the content of the text. Due to phonostylistic means, a bright image of a medicine is created.
 The peculiarities of the phonetic means functioning were investigated through the analysis of the most common techniques: rhyme, alliteration, assonance, anaphora, epiphora, onomatopoeia, phonemic repetition, and anadiplosis. The features of the lexical means persuasive effect on the recipient are considered on the example of the most commonly used stylistic figures, namely: metaphor, metaphorization, epithet, comparison, antonyms, euphemisms, anaphora, epiphora, inversion, oxymoron, wordplay (pun), etc.
 It was established that phonetic and lexical means serve to achieve the advertiser's manipulative goal. The use of expressive techniques in medical advertising discourse is aimed at quick involuntary memorization of the advertised medicine. The phonostylistic means increase the expressiveness of the advertising text, stimulate the addressee's interest, contribute to the coherence of statements, and have a mnemonic and suggestive effect, which contributes to the realization of the addressee's motivational goal.
 The methodological basis of the research consists of descriptive, functional, structural and semantic, quantitative and statistical methods.
 More than 400 advertising texts from the Ukrainian mass media (television, Internet) and printed advertising publications (booklets, leaflets) became the material for linguistic investigation.

A Review on Grapheme-to-Phoneme Modelling Techniques to Transcribe Pronunciation Variants for Under-Resourced Language

A pronunciation dictionary (PD) is one of the components in an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, a system that is used to convert speech to text. The dictionary consists of word-phoneme pairs that map sound units to phonetic units for modelling and predictions. Research has shown that words can be transcribed to phoneme sequences using grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) models, which could expedite building PDs. The G2P models can be developed by training seed PD data using statistical approaches requiring large amounts of data. Consequently, building PD for under-resourced languages is a great challenge due to poor grapheme and phoneme systems in these languages. Moreover, some PDs must include pronunciation variants, including regional accents that native speakers practice. For example, recent work on a pronunciation dictionary for an ASR in Iban, an under-resourced language from Malaysia, was built through a bootstrapping G2P method. However, the current Iban pronunciation dictionary has yet to include pronunciation variants that the Ibans practice. Researchers have done recent studies on Iban pronunciation variants, but no computational methods for generating the variants are available yet. Thus, this paper reviews G2P algorithms and processes we would use to develop pronunciation variants automatically. Specifically, we discuss data-driven techniques such as CRF, JSM, and JMM. These methods were used to build PDs for Thai, Arabic, Tunisian, and Swiss-German languages. Moreover, this paper also highlights the importance of pronunciation variants and how they can affect ASR performance.

Phonemic parallelism in diwan min 'ard bilqis

The research aims to study the phenomenon of phonetic parallelism in the poetry of Abdullah Al-Bardouni, who is one of the contemporary Yemeni poets who influenced the poetic and literary movement in the Yemeni cultural scene. The various capabilities of the language, and he employed them to serve the poetic content, and there is no doubt that the phonetic units have the deepest impact in the formation of the poetic language, and a diwan was chosen from the land of Bilqis, as one of his first poetic works in terms of arranging, As for the research method, it is the descriptive analytical method, which is based on tracking poetic texts, observing the phenomenon of phonemic parallelism, its formations in the text, and its impact on the semantic and aesthetic level. And finally, the poet employs rhythmic phenomena at the level of the sentence, and it appears at these levels the poet’s desire to create a musical effect parallel to the external music represented in meter and rhyme. The research assumes a set of results, perhaps the most important of which is that the poet Abdullah Al-Bardouni employed phonetic parallelism in this text in an appropriate poetic manner, using the rhythmic and aesthetic aspect, and this extended to the moral aspect bearing the poetic content, and the literary message through the poetic journey through which he proclaimed. Keywords: parallelism - sounds - poetry - al-Baradouni - Yemen.

Theoretical grounds targeted at phonetics teaching and the topic of its discussion

The article dwells on the issue concerned with theoretical grounds of phonetics teaching and the topic of its discussion. Adducing the result of the analysis beset with the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that while canvassing phonetic units three of their aspects, such as: generative, acoustic and functional ones being taken into account as well. The relevant aspects of phonetic units are of various contributions into the implementation of the main function of the language.

Синтаксистік синтагманың грамматикалық статусы

The article deals with the problem of studying syntagma in relation to phonetics, vocabulary, semantics, intonation, also highlights the issue of classification of syntagma by scientists in the form of a phonetic unit, semantic-intonation unit, multicomponent syntagma, one-component syntagma, lexical syntagmatics, syntactic syntagmatics, it is shown that it is not part of a a single system, and the connection of syntagma with the specified areas is recognized as a linguistic unit of the sentence. The sentence is formed from the words that have fallen into the flow of speech, and the syntagma is a syntactic category that serves to convey thought, determining the role and meaning 134Н.А. Ильясова, Г.А. Еркегалиева Turkic Studies Journal 3 (2023) 123-135of the words that come into contact within a sentence. As a result, the term syntactic syntagma is proposed. Syntactic syntagma refers to a category that has a grammatical status closely related to the structural, semantic, intonation, and communicative system of the language. During the analysis of the activity of interrelated words and linguistic units linking them within a sentence, it is proved that there is a connection between syntactic syntagma and the structural system of the language. The semantic compatibility of words as part of a syntactic syntagma is considered through the relationship of the semantic field with the lexical meaning. Intonation pause and consecutive intonation serve to link syntactic syntagma and intonation. The connection between communication and syntagma is reflected in the definition of information meanings. A comprehensive analysis of each syntagma is carried out, which serves to convey certain information, as well as the function of words and affixes as part of a syntactic syntagma, the features of the interaction of syntactic syntagmas and syntagmatic connections. Syntactic syntagma is considered as a grammatical category arising from the connection of words in the flow of speech.

PHONETIC MEANS EXPRESSIONS OF CONNOTATIVE SEMANTICS IN ARTISTIC TEXT (based on the works of Myroslav Dochinets)

The article describes and analyzes the phonetic means of expressing connotative semantics in the literary texts of the modern Ukrainian writer and scholarly thinker Myroslav Dochinets. Particular attention is paid to lexemes with phonetic indicators of connotation, i.e. such language units (sound-symbolic words) that have markers of qualitative and quantitative sound expression. Words with quantitative intensification of respective sounds and sound combinations in them are interpreted as phonetically expressive, which is elucidated in emphatic sound stretching. It was found that connotative semantics is better manifested in qualitative intensification of certain elements of the phonetic-phonological system of the modern Ukrainian language, which is connected with the theory of sound symbolism. Here, sound intensity of either the first or the last word in a sentence acts as a vivid expression of connotation.The research results showed that phonetic units being structural components of text formation, in particular prose, in combination with other components (lexical-semantic, grammatical, etc.) play an important role in the organization of the integral connotative semantics of the literary text with all its elements (emotionality, intensity, semantic element and figurative constituent). In addition, they contribute to the expression of the literary text dynamics and aesthetics.The obtained research results may be employed to expand the possibilities of studying connotative semantics in literary discourse and deepen the effectiveness of linguistic research in the field of ethno-, socio- and psycholinguistics.

Unsupervised extraction of phonetic units in sign language videos for natural language processing

Unsupervised extraction of phonetic units in sign language videos for natural language processing

The The Associative Influence of Phonetic Nonce Words (Occasionalisms) in Modern Ukrainian Poetical Discourse

The article presents the results of three linguistic associative experiments. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of specific linguistic units – phonetic nonce words (occasionalisms) – on the perception of modern Ukrainian poetical discourse by addressees (readers). As stimuli for linguistic analysis of phonetic occasional units in modern Ukrainian poetical discourse used the most frequent phonetic nonce words in their graphic actualization (total 16 different stimuli). The three experimentally groups of respondents include 105 students of three Poltava high schools. A result of these experiments are 1684 reactions, among which 1146 (68%) – positive, 300 (18%) – negative, 238 (14%) – neutral. The lowest per cent of neutral reactions is motivated because phonetic nonce words are power intensifiers for the expressiveness of sound background in poetical discourse. The phonetic nonce words positively influence the perception of modern verbal discourse by addressees. The special role in decoding of sound information belongs to acoustic-articulator characteristics of vowels and consonants.

Computational Modelling of Tone Perception Based on Direct Processing of f0 Contours.

It has been widely assumed that in speech perception it is imperative to first detect a set of distinctive properties or features and then use them to recognize phonetic units like consonants, vowels, and tones. Those features can be auditory cues or articulatory gestures, or a combination of both. There have been no clear demonstrations of how exactly such a two-phase process would work in the perception of continuous speech, however. Here we used computational modelling to explore whether it is possible to recognize phonetic categories from syllable-sized continuous acoustic signals of connected speech without intermediate featural representations. We used Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Self-organizing Map (SOM) to simulate tone perception in Mandarin, by either directly processing f0 trajectories, or extracting various tonal features. The results show that direct tone recognition not only yields better performance than any of the feature extraction schemes, but also requires less computational power. These results suggest that prior extraction of features is unlikely the operational mechanism of speech perception.

Neural Acoustic-Phonetic Approach for Speaker Verification With Phonetic Attention Mask

Traditional acoustic-phonetic approach makes use of both spectral and phonetic information when comparing the voice of speakers. While phonetic units are not equally informative, the phonetic context of speech plays an important role in speaker verification (SV). In this paper, we propose a neural acoustic-phonetic approach that learns to dynamically assign differentiated weights to spectral features for SV. Such differentiated weights form a phonetic attention mask (PAM). The neural acoustic-phonetic framework consists of two training pipelines, one for SV and another for speech recognition. Through the PAM, we leverage the phonetic information for SV. We evaluate the proposed neural acoustic-phonetic framework on the RSR2015 database Part III corpus, that consists of random digit strings. We show that the proposed framework with PAM consistently outperforms baseline with an equal error rate reduction of 13.45% and 10.20% for female and male data, respectively.

THE STRUCTURE OF SYMBOLIZING IN THE NOVEL "TESTIMONY OF WARTIME" IN THE LIGHT OF CHARLES SANDERS PIERCE'S THEORY

Symbolizing means the transition from the significance of the phonetic, morphological and syntactic units to the implicated meaning arising from the relations and common knowledge between the interlocutors and the circumstances surrounding them at the moment of the speech. The study seeks to present the symbolizing mechanism presented by Charles Sanders Peirce in the theory of signs, test the value of this mechanism and search for the linguistic structures responsible for symbolizing in the novel "Testimony from Wartime.

VOCALIC SYSTEM OF THE NORTH-EASTERN DIALECT OF ENGLAND WITHIN THE PERIOD OF 1990-2000

The article presents the experimental study results of the specificity of the deviations in the vocalic system registered in the pronunciation of the English north-eastern dialect speakers within the period of 1990-2000 years. With the regard to the current tendencies of including dialect not only to the scope of geographic dialectology but also to the scope of sociolinguistics, as well as aiming to provide the detailed study of functionality characteristics of any dialect and the north-eastern dialect of England as a such it was decided to analyse the vocalic system present in the speech of the local men and women who represent different socio-cultural level within the period of 1990-2000. Moreover, it was proven that the period of 1990-2000 is crucial for the development of the dialect under study, since the end of the XXth century witnessed major changes in the development of the society.The nomenclature of segmental units of the north-eastern dialect vocalic system was determined by means of auditory and comparative analyses of segmental phonetic units’ deviations from the orthoepic norm of the English language. The article also presents the percentage rates of the mentioned deviations actualizations as well as gives a graphical interpretation of the quantitative relation between the specific types of deviations in the vowel system and the speakers’ socio-cultural level (high, middle, low) and their sex (the speakers were represented by females and males in the age from 16 to 80 years old). The formed frequency rate matrixes of such deviations show that the social changes which took place in the Northern East of England within the period of 1990-2000 strongly influence the tendency shift of speech standardization among speakers with high and middle socio-cultural levels.