Phonetic Stress Research Articles

가정접속사 ‘要是’ 형성의 조건 분석

The present study analyzed the process of arriving to the use of ‘要是’ as a subjunctive mood conjunction. The use of ‘要是’ was divided into two aspects, ‘要’ and ‘是’, during the analysis. Firstly, the study examined the semantical characteristics of ‘要’ that enabled the expansion of function from an auxiliary verb to a conjunctive particle. The fundamental semantic function of ‘要’ could be summarized using the irrealis mood concept. The auxiliary verb ‘要’ indicates a future tense that is in an unreal time and unreal domain. The conjunctive particle, ‘要’ further evolves the potentiality of irrealis, expanding its meaning to the subjunctive mood. Next, the study examined the reasons for including ‘是’ in the subjunctive mood conjunction ‘要是’. This study analyzed the fixture of ‘要’ and ‘是’ being used together from the framework of lexicalization. The reason why ‘要是’ was able to be lexicalized was because ‘是’ first became grammaticalized. Diachronically, ‘是’ was developed in the order of a demonstrative-copula-focus marker. The ‘是’ in ‘要是’ is a further grammaticalization, in that it functions as a component in a word. More specifically, the conceptual basis that enabled ‘是’ to be included in a subjunctive expression is because ‘是’ has a temporal persistence that connects the past, the present, and the future. Furthermore, although ‘是’ accompanies a noun component as an object, functioning as a copula verb, this changed as the scope of the subsequent component expanded into the verb component. Subsequently, ‘是’ lost its lexical meaning and phonetic stress and became dependent on ‘要’ to create a subjunctive mood conjunction.

Psychometric Characteristics of Spanish Monosyllabic, Bisyllabic, and Trisyllabic Words for Use in Word-Recognition Protocols

English materials for speech audiometry are well established. In Spanish, speech-recognition materials are not standardized with monosyllables, bisyllables, and trisyllables used in word-recognition protocols. This study aimed to establish the psychometric characteristics of common Spanish monosyllabic, bisyllabic, and trisyllabic words for potential use in word-recognition procedures. Prospective descriptive study. Eighteen adult Puerto Ricans (M = 25.6 years) with normal hearing [M = 7.8-dB hearing level (HL) pure-tone average] were recruited for two experiments. A digital recording of 575 Spanish words was created (139 monosyllables, 359 bisyllables, and 77 trisyllables), incorporating materials from a variety of Spanish word-recognition lists. Experiment 1 (n = 6) used 25 randomly selected words from each of the three syllabic categories to estimate the presentation level ranges needed to obtain recognition performances over the 10 to 90% range. In Experiment 2 (n = 12) the 575 words were presented over five 1-hour sessions using presentation levels from 0- to 30-dB HL in 5-dB steps (monosyllables), 0- to 25-dB HL in 5-dB steps (bisyllables), and -3- to 17-dB HL in 4-dB steps (trisyllables). The presentation order of both the words and the presentation levels were randomized for each listener. The functions for each listener and each word were fit with polynomial equations from which the 50% points and slopes at the 50% point were calculated. The mean 50% points and slopes at 50% were 8.9-dB HL, 4.0%/dB (monosyllables), 6.9-dB HL, 5.1%/dB (bisyllables), and 1.4-dB HL, 6.3%/dB (trisyllables). The Kruskal-Wallis test with Mann-Whitney U post-hoc analysis indicated that the mean 50% points and slopes at the 50% points of the individual word functions were significantly different among the syllabic categories. Although significant differences were observed among the syllabic categories, substantial overlap was noted in the individual word functions, indicating that the psychometric characteristics of the words were not dictated exclusively by the syllabic number. Influences associated with word difficulty, word familiarity, singular and plural form words, phonetic stress patterns, and gender word patterns also were evaluated. The main finding was the direct relation between the number of syllables in a word and word-recognition performance. In general, words with more syllables were more easily recognized; there were, however, exceptions. The current data from young adults with normal hearing established the psychometric characteristics of the 575 Spanish words on which the formulation of word lists for both threshold and suprathreshold measures of word-recognition abilities in quiet and in noise and other word-recognition protocols can be based.

Vowel lengthening in Juraj Križanić’s subdialect in comparison with Čakavian and Kajkavian data

The article discusses neo-circumflex, neo-acute and pre-resonant vowel lengthenings in Juraj Križanić’s “Čakavian-Kajkavian” subdialect, as evidenced by his writings. All (non-)lengthening positions in Križanić’s subdialect are thoroughly analyzed and systematically compared with the same positions in Štokavian, Čakavian, Kajkavian and Slovenian. This confirms the Čakavian genetic base of Križanić’s subdialect (which, unlike Kajkavian, displays the results of Čakavian pre-resonant lengthening) with an additional, probably morphonological, but quite early, isogloss of neo-circumflex lengthening in some of the Kajkavian positions, as well as perhaps a phonetic isogloss of neo-acute lengthening in a greater number of positions (the latter, too, may in fact be morphonological, yet lacking phonetic counterexamples). As shown by the data from Križanić’s dialect area, his subdialect, in terms of the lengthenings discussed, coincides with what we can deduce about the older situation in Ribnik, Križanić’s birthplace (the subdialect spoken in Ribnik has subsequently undergone considerable phonetic stress retractions and some later Kajkavian influence).

Digital processing of stress in Standard Arabic

Given that accurate stress assignment rules can help enhance speech technology applications, the present paper provides a digital processing of stress in Standard Arabic. The findings indicate that stress in this language is manifested by a variety of correlates, namely duration, intensity and fundamental frequency. Nevertheless, only duration and intensity have proved to be the most reliable phonetic stress correlates. The digital processing also shows that there is an important interaction between syllable structure and stress assignment.

Latent feet in prosodic phonology

Lee, Yongsung. 2008. Latent feet in prosodic phonology. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 14.3. 445-463. Not all foot-heads are stressed. Latent feet are the feet that do not have phonetic stress, though they have head elements. They surfaces when the constraint, FTHD=STRESS, is violated by being dominated by other related constraints such as PWD-PROM or NOCLASH. This interaction explains the absence of secondary stresses in Cairene Arabic, which crucially refers to maximally parsed foot structure for locating the primary stress. In Tiberian Hebrew, we see that secondary stresses show up on a selective basis. Secondary stress is assigned to the foot-heads which are not in the clash environments. The latent foot proposal, an OT extension of stressless feet, offers simpler and more consistent analysis of the lack of secondary stresses in Cairene Arabic and the selective presence of secondary stress in Tiberian Hebrew than previous related proposals. Further the same proposal can explain the selective absence of secondary stress in English. (Pusan University of Foreign Studies)

Phonetic stress in Indian English vs. American English

A recent article in World Englishes (Pickering and Wiltshire, 2000) suggests that one difference between Indian English (IE) and American English (AE) varieties is the phonetic realization of prominence. In IE, the syllable considered prominent by Pickering and Wiltshire falls in pitch, while the amplitude changes little. In this study, we show that the results of Pickering and Wiltshire (2000) may be due to a misinterpretation of the positioning of stress in IE. We show that by considering the louder syllable to be the stressed one, IE stress correlates differ in magnitude but not in direction from AE. However, our results confirm Pickering and Wiltshire's in that the phonetic correlates of AE and IE stressed syllables do differ; furthermore, the position of stress may differ, and hence the potential for communication problems between speakers of different varieties remains.

San Duanmu (2000). The phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xv+300.

This new addition to the series on the phonology of the world's languages edited by Jacques Durand is the most comprehensive study of the synchronic phonology of Standard Chinese (or Standard Mandarin) since the publication of Cheng's (1973) monograph. Duanmu provides a detailed description of the phonological facts in Standard Chinese (henceforth SC), some of which are new or little studied before, offers new perspectives on old problems and proposes a theoretical analysis of these facts in current frameworks such as feature geometry, metrical phonology and Optimality Theory. The main innovation and, in my opinion, the most significant contribution of this book is the extensive coverage of stress (or metrical structure) and its influence on the order and length of compound words. The role of metrical structure is also extended to the analysis of some long-standing problems of the well-known tone 3 sandhi process. Claiming the existence of stress and its importance to understanding the interaction of phonology and morphosyntax in SC may come as a surprise to some readers since SC is not a stress language and its phonetic stress is notoriously difficult to detect. The proposed metrical analysis, nonetheless, is innovative and convincingly argued, and has clearly established the phonological relevance of metrical structure for SC.

トルコ語における語アクセントの音響音声学的特徴

This paper aims to conduct a basic research of Turkish word accent and to investigate one of its acoustical character, duration in correlation with phonetic stress. It is said that Turkish word accent basically realizes as stress on the final syllable, and that stressed vowels are prolonged. In the final syllable, in addition, stressed vowels undergo final lengthening. Since final stressed vowels are doubly lengthened, their duration does not accurately have an effect on word stress. In order to determine whether duration correlates with stress, it is necessary to compare examples that include final stressed vowels with ones that include non-final stressed vowels.Since the present study is a basic research, and focuses on extracting default phonetic patterns of duration in correlation with phonetic stress, an optimal informant was deliberately selected with due consideration for essential factors such as birth place, native dialect, and voice quality. Speech samples were recorded, and the intensity and duration of stressed vowels was calculated.The conclusions are as follows:(1) In non-final syllables the duration of stressed vowels is longer by 10.7-17.1msec. than that of unstressed vowels. In final syllables, on the other hand, the duration of stressed vowels is longer by -8.3-4.4msec. than that of unstressed vowels, since final lengthening worked in this environment.(2) The results of t-test showed a significant difference between the nonfinal pairs, e. g. i of mi in miser and i of Mi in Misir. But the results of t-test on the final stressed pairs didn't show a significant difference.(3) The results of this experiment show that in non-final syllables, where final lengthening is not applicable, the duration of stressed vowels is longer than that of unstressed vowels, and that the difference is statistically significant. However it is questionable whether the difference in duration can be perceived by native speakers and a stressed syllable is psychologically longer than unstressed one, since the difference in duration between lexically short and long vowels such as ‘i’ and ‘ig’ is clearly much greater (about 40msec.).

Phonetic Stress for Second-Conjugation Infinitives in Italian

Phonetic Stress for Second-Conjugation Infinitives in Italian

Spanish Adjective Position: Phonetic Stress and Emphasis

The position of conjunctive adjective in Spanish is one of most perplexing syntactical and pedagogical problems in this language. For all its difficulties, however, problem has received scant attention from Hispanic linguists and, as a result, two traditional beliefs have developed: first, that dicta of standard authorities (The Academy, Bello, Ramsey, Lenz, etc.) are adequately explanatory of positional phenomena, and, second, that usage apparently cannot be scientifically described and, therefore, its secrets must remain forever locked up in nebulous domain of stylistics, intuition, in short, native's Sprachgefiihl. An analysis of some 8000 examples of conjunctive adjectives in a wide variety of contemporary contexts indicates that problem deserves more serious attention and that neither of these beliefs may be held with complete justification. The problem, despite its complexities, does appear to be amenable to scientific analysis while traditional rules, in many instances, may be shown not to be descriptive of actual contemporary usage. This article, which is to be first in a series on adjective position (1), is concerned primarily with phonetic aspects of problem and traditional belief that stress or determines position of descriptive adjectives. On American scene M. M. Ramsey expounded this principle with assertion that position per se in Spanish syntax is a signal of weakness or force. According to him an adjective in pre-position loses much of its force while one in postposition assumes chief importance in contrast with preceding noun (2). Position in Spanish, according to Ramsey, produces same results as the stress of voice called emphasis in English, and he exemplifies this assertion by paired examples: