Phomopsis Species Research Articles

Survey on Latent Infection of Canker-Causing Pathogens in Budwood and Young Trees from Almond and Prune Nurseries in California.

Almond band canker and prune Cytospora canker have become more severe in the last decade, especially in young orchards, in California. To test our hypothesis that young trees from nurseries could carry the canker-causing pathogens at latency phase to new orchards through transplanting, a multiyear survey on latent infection of canker-causing pathogens of budwood and young trees of almond and prune nurseries in California was conducted. A total of more than 1,730 samples including shoots of rootstocks and scions and grafting union cuttings were collected from 11 nurseries. A real-time quantitative PCR assay was applied to quantify the latent infection levels by six canker-causing pathogen taxa: Botryosphaeria dothidea and species of Cytospora, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, and Phomopsis. For almond, the average incidences of latent infection caused by Lasiodiplodia spp. (43.6%) and Neofusicoccum spp. (24.2%) were significantly greater than those by the other four pathogen taxa. The molecular severity (MS) of latent infection caused by Neofusicoccum spp. (3.6) was significantly greater than those caused by other pathogen taxa, except for Lasiodiplodia spp. (2.6). For prune, the average incidence of latent infection caused by Cytospora spp. (13.5%) was significantly higher than those caused by B. dothidea (1.5%) and Diplodia spp. (1.3%) but not significantly higher than those caused by Lasiodiplodia spp. (6.9%), Neofusicoccum spp. (6.3%), and Phomopsis spp. (7.7%), respectively. Moreover, the average MS values caused by Cytospora spp. (3.8) and Neofusicoccum spp. (3.2) were the highest followed by those caused by B. dothidea (1.4), Lasiodiplodia spp. (2.2), and Phomopsis spp. (2.3). Different almond varieties showed various levels of susceptibilities to different canker-causing pathogens. This study concluded that Lasiodiplodia and Neofusicoccum are the predominant pathogen species in almond, and Cytospora is the most important canker-causing pathogen species in prune in nurseries. These findings confirmed the observations of predominancy of canker-causing pathogens in almond and prune orchards in California.

Diversity analysis of different Diaporthe (Phomopsis) species and development of molecular marker to identify quarantine important species Phomopsis phaseolorum.

The genus Diaporthe Nitschke (Phomopsis Sacc. & Harter) infect various agricultural and horticultural important crops and cause diseases such as damping off, leaf spots, blights, canker, dieback, wilt, root and fruit rots. P. vexans, P. helianthi and P. phaseolorum are the important species within genus causing huge yield and economic loss. Being primarily seed borne it also hinders import and export of germplasm and seeds. Therefore, extensive characterization is required to diagnose and manage the disease. Seventeen isolates collected from ITCC, IARI and ICAR-NBPGR belonging to eight species were morphological and molecularly characterized and diversity was analyzed. Several morphological and cultural characters were studied and analyzed. Due to lack of sufficient morphological variation to identify/differentiate species, molecular characterization using house-keeping genes, internal transcriber spacer (ITS) was carried out. ITS produced amplicon of ~ 600bp in the isolates of Phomopsis and phylogenetic tree obtained revealed that isolates of a species belonging same geographic region had more sequence similarity than isolates belonging to different geographic regions this might be due to population adaption under varied environments. Development of EF-1alpha-based marker specific to P. phaseolorum helps in easily detection of pathogen in quarantine stations. In addition, species of Phomopsis were previously named based on host association which has led to misidentification and proliferation of species. Cross pathogenicity of isolates on three important hosts, brinjal, soybean and chilli revealed its broad host range and naming only basis of host association is unjustified.

Limited Evidence for Accumulation of Latent Infections of Canker-Causing Pathogens in Shoots of Stone Fruit and Nut Crops in California.

Prevalence of latent infections of the canker-causing fungi Botryosphaeria dothidea and species of Cytospora, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, and Phomopsis in young shoots of almond, prune, and walnut trees in California was studied to test the hypotheses that latent infections accumulate from current-season shoots to 1-year-old shoots in the orchard and there are distinct associations among pathogen taxa present as latent infections in the same shoot. Samples of newly emerged and 1-year-old shoots were periodically collected in each almond, prune, and walnut orchard for two growing seasons. A real-time quantitative PCR assay was used to quantify latent infection with three parameters: incidence, molecular severity, and latent infection index. Diplodia spp. were absent from most samples. For almond, Lasiodiplodia spp. and Cytospora spp. were detected with a maximum incidence >90%, while B. dothidea and Neofusicoccum spp. incidence was <20% in most cases. In prune orchards, the incidence levels of B. dothidea were >50% in most cases, while those of Cytospora spp. and Lasiodiplodia spp. were 30 to 60% and 30 to 100%, respectively. For walnut, many samplings showed higher incidence in 1-year-old (30 to 80%) than in newly emerged shoots (10 to 50%). Accumulation of latent infection between the two shoot age classes was detected in only a few cases. The percentages of samples showing coexistence of two, three, and four pathogen taxa in the same shoot were 20 to 25, <10, and <5%, respectively. Pairwise associations among pathogen taxa in the same shoot were significant in many cases.

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Diaporthe and Anamorph Phomopsis from Terrestrial and Marine Habitats and Endophytes: 2010-2019.

The genus Diaporthe and its anamorph Phomopsis are distributed worldwide in many ecosystems. They are regarded as potential sources for producing diverse bioactive metabolites. Most species are attributed to plant pathogens, non-pathogenic endophytes, or saprobes in terrestrial host plants. They colonize in the early parasitic tissue of plants, provide a variety of nutrients in the cycle of parasitism and saprophytism, and participate in the basic metabolic process of plants. In the past ten years, many studies have been focused on the discovery of new species and biological secondary metabolites from this genus. In this review, we summarize a total of 335 bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from 26 known species and various unidentified species of Diaporthe and Phomopsis during 2010–2019. Overall, there are 106 bioactive compounds derived from Diaporthe and 246 from Phomopsis, while 17 compounds are found in both of them. They are classified into polyketides, terpenoids, steroids, macrolides, ten-membered lactones, alkaloids, flavonoids, and fatty acids. Polyketides constitute the main chemical population, accounting for 64%. Meanwhile, their bioactivities mainly involve cytotoxic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-algae, phytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities. Diaporthe and Phomopsis exhibit their potent talents in the discovery of small molecules for drug candidates.

Molecular docking study on biomolecules isolated from endophytic fungi

Recently, growing interest has been devoted to the investigation of compounds with antimicrobial activity due to rising cases of resistance of microbes to known therapies. A reliable and versatile source of novel drug discovery was recently found among endophytic fungi. Hitherto, the research usually enclosed the in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity and chemical structure elucidation of biomolecules extracted from fungal material. Therefore, this research was designed as an extension to previous investigations of endophytic fungi growing on conifer needles by means of conducting a molecular docking study. The in silico methods were used with the main goal to make a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction of biomolecules isolated from fungus Phomopsis species and eight different types of receptors that belong to usually multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens. The results revealed valuable interactions with receptors 3G7B (Staphylococcus aureus?s gyrase B), 1F0K (1.9 ? structure of Escherichia coli?s transferase) and 1SHV (Klebsiella pneumoniae?s SHV-1 ?-lactamase) thus pointing out the receptors that trigger antibiotic response upon activation by the most potent compounds 325-3, 325-5, phomoenamide and phomol. These findings also recommended further discovery of novel potent and broadspectrum antibiotics based on the structure of selected molecules.

Characterization of Biomolecules with Antibiotic Activity from Endophytic Fungi Phomopsis Species

Recently, growing interest is devoted to investigation of bioactive secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi. Thus, as an extension to our previous achievements related to antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi, Phomopsis species isolated from conifer needles was selected as appropriately promising natural source for drug discovery. Its dichloromethane and ethanol extracts considerably inhibited growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the individual compounds of dichloromethane extract have been separated, collected and purified using semi preparative liquid chromatographic analysis and comprehensively characterized using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Based on their antimicrobial activity and unique structural characteristics in comparison with well-established drugs from the same therapeutic category, two dominant compounds (Z)-(Z)-2-acetoxyprop-1-en-1-yl-3-(3-((E)-3,4-dihydroxypent-1-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)acrylate (denoted as 325-3) and (Z)-(Z)-2-acetoxyprop-1-en-1-yl 3-(3-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-oxopent-1-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)acrylate (denoted as 325-5) were recognized as valuable leading structures for future discovery of novel antibiotics.

Understanding the Process of Latent Infection of Canker-Causing Pathogens in Stone Fruit and Nut Crops in California.

The Botryosphaeriaceae family is considered a fungal family that includes pathogens causing latent infection of woody plants, and a number of species were identified as causal pathogens of canker and shoot blight diseases. To better understand the process of latent infection of major canker-causing pathogens in woody tissues in different tree crops important in California, shoot and bud samples were randomly collected from four tree crops: almond, dried plum, pistachio, and walnut. The previously developed DNA primers and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay systems were applied to detect six canker-causing pathogen groups, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, and species of Cytospora, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, and Phomopsis. The concepts of molecular severity (MS) and latent infection index (LII) were introduced and applied to quantify the latent infection levels for these samples. Variation in incidence of latent infection among pathogen groups was observed, whereas the incidences were relatively low among species of Phomopsis and Diplodia. High incidences of Cytospora spp. were observed in two dried plum (prune) orchards. Most orchards showed high incidences of B. dothidea and Lasiodiplodia spp. and moderate incidences of Neofusicoccum spp. Variations in MS were observed among samples of the studied orchards, ranging from 4 to 8. The overall results of LII demonstrated that species of Diplodia and Phomopsis were less important in population development of canker-causing pathogens at the latent phase. Lasiodiplodia spp. were the most aggressive and had been well developed in populations among the studied tree crops. Cytospora spp. became predominant in two of the three dried plum orchards, whereas B. dothidea and Neofusicoccum spp. showed trends of increase in incidence across various tree crops. This study also demonstrated the usefulness of this sensitive qPCR approach in providing evidence of the latent phase of major canker-causing pathogens of stone fruit and nut crops at an early stage of latent infection in woody plant tissues.

Cytotoxic activity of endophytes isolated from Allamanda blanchetii A. DC

AIM: To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of endophytic fungi isolated from A. blanchetii. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endophytic fungi were isolated from A. blanchetii using surface sterilization methods, grown in different types of media to ascertain their suitability for growth. Mass culture was prepared using suitable media and extracts using several solvents were prepared and dried. These extracts were later evaluated using MTT assay for their cytotoxic potential. RESULTS: Hydroalcoholic extract of Phomopsis species exhibited better cytotoxicity (80 μg/ml) when compared ethyl acetate extract of the same 160 μg/ml. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract of Phomopsis species, ethyl acetate extract of Alternaria aff. raphani J. W. Groves and Skolko also demonstrated cytotoxicity of 160 μg/ml in MTT assay against MCF 7 cell line. CONCLUSION: Both the species of Phomopsis and Alternaria have shown significant cytotoxicity in MTT assay.

The Host Range of Multi-Host Endophytic Fungi

Mature leaves of 224 angiosperm plant species belonging to 60 families and growing in Andaman Islands,and the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu were sampled for the presence of endophytic fungi. Fungal genera such as Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Glomerella/ Colletotrichum, Drechslera, Fusarium, Fusicoccum,Lasiodiplodia, Paecilomyces, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma,Diaporthe/Phomopsis, Guignardia/Phyllosticta, Sporormiella and Xylaria showed an isolation frequency of 5% or more. Species of Colletotrichum, Phyllosticta,Phomopsis and Xylaria occurred as endophytes in the leaves of many plant hosts including those that were taxonomically not closely related. The need to address the broad host range of some genera of fungal endophytes is discussed

Antifungal activities of cytochalasins produced by Diaporthe miriciae, an endophytic fungus associated with tropical medicinal plants.

In the present study, we evaluated the antifungal potential of cytochalasins produced by Diaporthe taxa against phytopathogenic fungi. Using molecular methods, seven endophytic fungal strains from the medicinal plants Copaifera pubiflora and Melocactus ernestii were identified as Diaporthe miriciae, while two isolates were identified to the genus level (Diaporthe sp.). All crude extracts of Diaporthe species produced via solid-state fermentation were evaluated by 1H NMR analyses. Crude extracts of the isolates D. miriciae UFMGCB 6350, 7719, 7646, 7653, 7701, 7772, and 7770 and Diaporthe sp. UFMGCB 7696 and 7720 were demonstrated to produce highly functionalized compounds. The extracts of D. miriciae UFMGCB 7719 and 6350 were selected as representative Diaporthe samples and subjected to bioassay-directed fractionation to isolate cytochalasins H and J. Cytochalasins H and J were evaluated for activities against the fungal plant pathogens Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis obscurans, and Phomopsis viticola using microdilution broth assays. Cytochalasins H and J exhibited the most potent activities against the Phomopsis species tested. Our results showed that Diaporthe species were potential producers of different cytochalasins, which exhibit potential for controlling fungal diseases in planta and (or) maintaining antagonism.

Diaporthe is paraphyletic

Previous studies have shown that our understanding of species diversity within Diaporthe (syn. Phomopsis) is limited. In this study, 49 strains obtained from different countries were subjected to DNA sequence analysis. Based on these results, eight new species names are introduced for lineages represented by multiple strains and distinct morphology. Twelve Phomopsis species previously described from China were subjected to DNA sequence analysis, and confirmed to belong to Diaporthe. The genus Diaporthe is shown to be paraphyletic based on multi-locus (LSU, ITS and TEF1) phylogenetic analysis. Several morphologically distinct genera, namely Mazzantia, Ophiodiaporthe, Pustulomyces, Phaeocytostroma, and Stenocarpella, are embedded within Diaporthe s. lat., indicating divergent morphological evolution. However, splitting Diaporthe into many smaller genera to achieve monophyly is still premature, and further collections and phylogenetic datasets need to be obtained to address this situation.

Antibacterial Activities of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Mentha cordifolia Leaves and Their Volatile Constituents

A total of 17 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the leaves of Mentha cordifolia Opiz (Lamiaceae). Seven isolates were identified to the level of genus by using taxonomically relevant morphological traits. Colletotrichum and Phoinopsis species were dominant among these strains. All strains were separated from M cordifolia leaf for the first time. The ethyl acetate extracts of all endophytic fungi were tested for antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium TISTR 1166 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTR781. Most endophytes exhibited antibacterial activity. Ustilago sp. MFLUCC15-1024 presented the highest inhibition zone diameter with a MIC of 31.25 μg/mL against the tesfed pathogens. The chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of this strain was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-one components were identified. 2-Phenylethanol (38.7%), E-ligustilide (12.4%), a-eudesmol (10.2%), β-vetivone (4.6%), β-ylangene (3.7%) and verbanol (3.4%) were the major components of the extract. The strong antibacterial activity of Ustilago sp. MFLUCC15-1024 ethyl acetate extract may be attributed to the presence of a high concentration of bioactive compounds including phenyl ethyl alcohol, E-ligustilide and a-eudesmol. The results indicate that there is high diversity of endophytic fungi in M cordifolia leaf, and that Ustilago sp. MFLUCC l5-1024 strain could be an excellent resource of natural antibacterial compounds.

Phomalactone from a Phytopathogenic Fungus Infecting ZINNIA elegans (ASTERACEAE) Leaves.

Zinnia elegans Jacq. plants are infected by a fungus that causes dark red spots with necrosis on leaves, particularly in late spring to the middle of summer in the Mid-South of the United States. This fungal disease causes the leaves to wilt and eventually kills the plant. The fungus was isolated, cultured in potato dextrose broth, and identified as Nigrospora sphaerica by molecular techniques. Two major lactone metabolites (phomalactone and catenioblin A) were isolated from liquid culture of N. sphaerica isolated from Z. elegans. When injected into leaves of Z. elegans, phomalactone caused lesions similar to those of the fungus. The lesion sizes were proportional to the concentration of the phomalactone. Phomalactone, but not catenioblin A, was phytotoxic to Z. elegans and other plant species by inhibition of seedling growth and by causing electrolyte leakage from photosynthetic tissues of both Z. elegans leaves and cucumber cotyledons. This latter effect may be related to the wilting caused by the fungus in mature Z. elegans plants. Phomalactone was moderately fungicidal to Coletotrichum fragariae and two Phomopsis species, indicating that the compound may keep certain other fungi from encroaching into plant tissue that N. sphaerica has infected. Production of large amounts of phomalactone by N. sphaerica contributes to the pathogenic behavior of this fungus, and may have other ecological functions in the interaction of N. sphaerica with other fungi. This is the first report of isolation of catenioblin A from a plant pathogenic fungus. The function of catenioblin A is unclear, as it was neither significantly phyto- nor fungitoxic.

Morphological Diversity of Phomopsis vaccinii Isolates from Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in Latvia

Abstract Phomopsis vaccinii cause a serious disease of blueberry, cranberry and other Vaccinium crops in the North America and Europe as well. Over 1000 species names are described by Phomopsis spp., but their biology and life style are mostly unknown. Identification of P. vaccinii by methods of classical phytopathology is difficult and complicate, because many species are morphologically similar to P. vaccinii, and P. vaccinii itself has diverse patterns of colony morphology. For this investigation P. vaccinii isolates were obtained from five cranberry plantations in different locations of Latvia (Babite, Alsunga, Rucava, Ape and Pargauja municipality) from berries affected by viscid rot at harvest and storage in 2010. Altogether 44 P. vaccinii isolates were cultivated on potato dextrose agar for description of colony morphology. In order to find some relationships between samples, the isolates were arranged in different groups on the basis of mycelium color and structure (zoning), reverse pigmentation, pycnidium formation time, size, location, number and size of conidia. During this study the colonies of P. vaccinii from cranberry in Latvia showed different morphological features in culture and no relationships between growing regions and groups of isolates were found. P. vaccinii is easy to confuse with other Phomopsis species if only classical phytopathological methods are used.

Isolation of Xanthones from the Fermentation Products of the Endophytic Fungus of Phomopsis amygdali

Two new xanthones, 4,5-dihydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methoxy-8-methoxycarbonylxanthone (1) and 1,8-dihydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxyxanthone (2), and seven known xanthones (3–9) were isolated from the fermentation products of a Phomopsis species fungus. Compounds 1, 2, and 7 were tested for their cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against A549 and PC3 cells with IC50 values of 2.6 and 2.4 μM, respectively. The other compounds also showed moderate cytotoxicity for some tested cell lines with IC50 values between 5.2–9.2 μM.

Species‐Specific PCR‐Based Assay for Identification and Detection of Phomopsis (Diaporthe) azadirachtae Causing Die‐Back Disease in Azadirachta indica

AbstractDie‐back disease caused by Phomopsis (Diaporthe) azadirachtae is the devastating disease of Azadirachta indica. Accurate identification of P. azadirachtae is always problematic due to morphological plasticity and delayed appearance of conidia. A species‐specific PCR‐based assay was developed for rapid and reliable identification of P. azadirachtae by designing a species‐specific primer‐targeting ITS region of P. azadirachtae isolates. The assay was validated with DNA isolated from different Phomopsis species and other fungal isolates. The PCR assay amplified 313‐bp product from all the isolates of P. azadirachtae and not from any other Phomopsis species or any genera indicating its specificity. The assay successfully detected the pathogen DNA in naturally and artificially infected neem seeds and twigs indicating its applicability in seed quarantine and seed health testing. The sensitivity of the assay was 100 fg when genomic DNA of all isolates was analysed. The PCR‐based assay was 92% effective in comparison with seed plating technique in detecting the pathogen. This is the first report on the development of species‐specific PCR assay for identification and detection of P. azadirachtae. Thus, PCR‐based assay developed is very specific, rapid, confirmatory and sensitive tool for detection of pathogen P. azadirachtae at early stages.

Development of a simple and reliable species-specific detection of Phomopsis azadirachtae, using the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene

Phomopsis azadirachtae (PA), a deuteromycetous fungus, is responsible for die-back disease in neem. The conventional method of identification of the causative fungi has been based on morphological and microscopic studies which are inconclusive and laborious. To assist in a reliable and faster detection of the infection, molecular methods are widely used in various studies of characterizing different species of Phomopsis. Lack of adequate polymorphism at the ITS region in most Phomopsis spp. have led to identification of other gene sequences which assist in accurately resolving the species. The translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) locus has assisted in accurate delineation of various fungal species as this is highly consistent and also exhibits sufficient polymorphism. In the present study, EF1-α sequences of 25 PA isolates were considered, along with some of the Phomopsis and Diaporthe spp. obtained using BLAST analyses. Subsequently, a pair of specific primers was designed to amplify a 240-bp product. The results illustrated that the primers were specific to all the PA isolates and could detect 50 ng/μl DNA template. To enhance the sensitivity of detection, a nested PCR protocol was designed which raised the detection limit to 10 fg/μl. In addition, the primers also proved efficient in detection of the pathogen in neem twigs obtained by artificial inoculation one day after infection, with the nested PCR method. The results provide a highly sensitive method in early and rapid detection of PA and facilitate in primary screening of the infection.

Differential production of phytotoxins from Phomopsis sp. from grapevine plants showing esca symptoms.

Nine strains of the fungus Phomopsis spp. were isolated from a vineyard showing decline from the disease esca. Strains were screened for their ability to produce secondary metabolites showing chemical diversity. The culture extracts of each strain were analyzed by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-diode array detection-mass spectrometry. Three strains were selected for the isolation and characterization of eight of the major metabolites. Structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including two-dimensional NMR and mass spectrometry and by comparison to literature data. Among the isolated metabolites were the known phomopsolide B (1), sydowinin A (6), sydowinol (7), cytosporone B (8), and four new furanones named phomopsolidones A-D (2-5). The fungal strains were identified as Phomopsis sp., Phomopsis viticola Sacc and, Phomopsis viticola complex. Biological assays on Vitis vinifera leaves and callus tissue, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities were evaluated. The results revealed variability regarding secondary metabolites with species of Phomopsis sp. associated with grapevine, raising the question of cultivar-driven strain selection and phytotoxins biosynthesis in grapevine plants.

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Diaporthe vaccinii Shear

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform a pest categorisation of Diaporthe vaccinii Shear, the fungal agent responsible for twig blight, canker, viscid rot, fruit rot and storage rot of several Vaccinium species. The pest is listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29EC. D. vaccinii is a single taxonomic entity and methods exist for its discriminative detection. The host is restricted to Vaccinium species, the main cultivated hosts being blueberries and cranberries. Hosts are cultivated throughout Europe, and wild Vaccinium species are common components of forests. Conditions are conducive to disease development in most areas of Europe, but not in all Member States (MSs). The disease is currently present in Latvia with restricted distribution and the pest is under surveillance in The Netherlands. In the one Latvian report, storage losses were observed on cranberry, but these losses were caused by a complex of pathogens, including D. vaccinii, which was isolated with a low incidence. Detection methods are available but cultural and morphological identifications should be confirmed with molecular tools owing to the presence of other Phomopsis species on Vaccinium in Europe. The pathogen can spread via the movement of (asymptomatic) infected or contaminated host plants for planting. No information exists on any methods applied for the control of D. vaccinii in the EU. D. vaccinii does not have the potential to be a quarantine pest as it does not fulfil one of the pest categorisation criteria defined in International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11, that of having a severe impact. Data are not sufficient to conclude on pest categorisation of D. vaccinii based on the criteria of the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 21 because there is no information about the level of potential consequences as a result of the use of infected host plants for planting. © European Food Safety Authority, 2014

A New Xanthone from the Fermentation Products of Endophytic Fungus of Phomopsis Species

A New Xanthone from the Fermentation Products of Endophytic Fungus of Phomopsis Species