Philosophy Of Ricoeur Research Articles

Living with schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes and the implication for diabetes self-care: A qualitative study.

To achieve an in-depth understanding of the challenges associated with diabetes management when having both schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes, while also identifying the needs for improved diabetes self-care. The study employed a qualitative explorative design utilizing a phenomenological-hermeneutic inspired approach, involving field observations and individual semistructured interviews. Data were collected during 2020-2021 through 17 field observations of outpatient consultations and 13 individual semistructured interviews. Data, including field notes and verbatim transcribed interviews, underwent analysis following Ricoeur's interpretive philosophy, encompassing three levels: naïve reading, structural analysis and critical interpretation and discussion. This study adheres to the COREQ guidelines for qualitative research. Three key themes emerged: 'Diabetes when life is noisy', 'Sacrifices and compromises in life' and 'The double silence'. Everyday life is significantly affected when having both schizophrenia and T2D. The mental health state dominates in relation to diabetes self-care and individuals experience challenges balancing between the two conditions. However, there exists a general acknowledgement for diabetes and its long-term complications as a serious medical condition demanding careful attention and treatment. Self-managing two such complex conditions can be overwhelming and make it difficult for the individual to differentiate symptoms and prioritize diabetes care. Moreover, the existing fragmentation within healthcare systems poses communication challenges, resulting in disjointed patient pathways. The study emphasizes the need for a holistic re that addresses the physical, emotional and social challenges. There is also a need for increased awareness and education among informal caregivers and healthcare professionals to foster better understanding and support.

Patients' and Family Members' Experiences of a Novel Nurse-Led Intervention Using Family Conversations Targeting Families Afflicted by Chronic Non-Cancer Pain.

To explore patients' and family members' experiences of participating in an intervention using nurse-led family nursing conversations (NLFCs) targeting families affected by chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), including the perceived impact of the intervention on the individual and the family. CNCP substantially impacts patients and families. Due to a lack of simple treatment solutions, the condition needs to be managed rather than cured. Family involvement seems a promising tool, but research evaluating specific approaches is limited. Interventions based on the family systems nursing framework by Wright and Leahey have been helpful in other populations. Nonetheless, the approach warrants further investigation and evaluation in patients with CNCP. A phenomenological hermeneutical design was applied, and individual interviews were conducted with ten patients and ten family members who received the intervention. The analysis was inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy of text interpretation. Three themes emerged during the analysis. "Taking part in the intervention while being affected by previous experiences" showed that patients and family members were affected by different experiences and burdens and therefore entered the intervention with varied starting points. "Being empowered through validation and understanding" showed that participants mainly viewed the intervention as beneficial, increasing patients' and family members' mutual understanding and underpinning acceptance of the chronic pain condition. "Being receptive to the intervention - mechanisms contributing to achieving benefit" identified contributing mechanisms influencing patients' and family members' experiences of the intervention. These mechanisms included confidence in the nurses' facilitation of the intervention, the timing of the intervention, the participant's level of acceptance, and readiness to engage in the intervention. The intervention was mainly experienced as helpful. Thus, healthcare settings treating CNCP should consider implementing NLFC in clinical practice with adjustments to meet the vulnerability of the CNCP population.

Person-centred conversations in nursing and health: A theoretical analysis based on perspectives on communication.

In this paper we use the concept of the person to examine person-centred dialogue and show how person-centred dialogue is different from and significantly more than transfer of information, which is the dominant notion in health care. A further motivation for the study is that although person-centredness as an idea has a strong heritage in nursing and the broader healthcare discourse, person-centred conversation is usually discussed as a distinct and unitary approach to communication, primarily related to the philosophy of dialogue-the philosophy of Martin Buber. In this paper we start with the concept of person to critically reflect on theoretical perspectives on communication to understand person-centred conversations in the context of nursing and health. We position the concept of the person through the use of Paul Ricoeur's philosophy and follow by distinguishing four theoretical perspectives on communication before reflecting on the relevance of each of these for person-centred communication. These perspectives are: a linear view of communication as transfer of information, communication as a relation in the sense of philosophy of dialogue, practice-based communication on constructionist grounds, and communication as a practice to create social community. In relation to the concept of the person, we do not find transfer of information relevant as a theoretical underpinning for person-centred conversations. From the other three perspectives that are relevant we distinguish five types of person-centred conversations pertinent to nursing and health: problem identifying conversations, instructive conversations, guiding and supportive conversations, caring and existential conversations, and therapeutic conversations. Through this analysis it is argued that person-centred communication and conversations are substantially different to transfer of information. We also discuss the significance of communication adjusted to specific situations, including emphasis on how we speak in relation to the aim or topic of a conversation.

Caught between competing emotions and tensions while adjusting to a new everyday life: a focus group study with family caregivers of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors.

Caring for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivor may impact family caregivers' lives due to the sudden onset of the illness and possible secondary cognitive, emotional, and physical challenges. However, experiences of caring for an OHCA survivor are sparsely described. Thus, this study aimed to explore how family caregivers of OHCA survivors experience the potential burden. Using an explorative qualitative approach, six focus group interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 family caregivers of OHCA survivors and analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. The OHCA survivors attended a rehabilitation course, and the family caregivers were interviewed as part of the course.Based on the analysis, three themes emerged: (i) feeling unexpectedly alone and invisible; the family caregivers experienced an emotional burden that could not be shared-leading to caregiving being a lonely experience, (ii) fear of loss; the fear of losing a loved one was a constant companion contributing to the burden, and (iii) adjusting to a new everyday life; the family caregivers had difficulties adjusting to living their lives on the premise of the survivors' needs. The findings of this study emphasize the burden experienced by family caregivers and how they can be trapped in competing emotions and tensions. The possible caregiver burden following OHCA should be acknowledged. Interventions to reduce the burden should be tested and implemented as part of the clinical care of OHCA survivors and their families.

Caught between competing emotions and tensions - a focus group study exploring experiences of family caregivers of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background/Introduction Being a family member caring for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivor may impact family caregivers’ lives due to the sudden onset of the illness and possible secondary cognitive, emotional and physical challenges. However, experiences of caring for an OHCA survivor are sparsely described. Purpose This purpose of this study was to explore the subjective experiences of family caregivers of OHCA survivors as a means of understanding the potential burden they face. Methods Using an explorative qualitative approach, six focus group interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 family caregivers of OHCA survivors and analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. OHCA survivors and their family caregivers were attenting at a residential rehabilitation course, where the caregivers were interviewed as part of the course. Results Three themes emerged: i) Feeling unexpectedly alone and invisible; the family caregivers felt an emotional burden that could not be shared – leading to caregiving being a lonely and anxious experience. The family caregiver felt alone with the responsibility of the shared life, ii) Fear of loss; the fear of losing a loved one was a constant companion contributing to the burden of caregiving, and iii) Adjusting to a new everyday life; the family caregivers had difficulties adjusting to living their lives on the basis of the survivors’ needs. This often resulted in an existential crisis trying to adapt (Figure 1). Conclusion The findings of this study illuminate and emphasise the burden experienced by family caregivers and how they can be caught between competing emotions and tensions. The possible caregiver burden following OHCA should be acknowledged. Systematic screening is needed to identify those at risk of high caregiver burden. Further, collaboration with family care givers should be an essential part of post-cardiac arrest care, and interventions to reduce the burden should be tested and implemented as part of the clinical care of OHCA survivors and their families.

Reflections of the collaborative care planning as a person-centred practice.

The ageing population is increasing worldwide with an increase in chronic disorders. At the same time, person‐centred care has become a policy within both health and social care. To facilitate coordination and collaboration and integrate the older adult's perspective in the decision‐making process the collaborative care planning process with the development of a written care plan can be used. In this study, the result of an interpreted analysis of four empirical studies of the collaborative care planning as a person‐centred practice will be discussed and reflected on. A framework based on the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur's little ethics was used in the synthesis of the studies. The findings revealed two common threads: personhood and power asymmetry. Both challenges in achieving a person‐centred collaborative care planning. Ricoeur's dialogical thinking and description of a person served as an underpinning in discussing and reflecting upon the findings of the interpreted synthesis. Collaborative care planning is a complex process. However, Ricoeur's philosophy contributed to a greater understanding of the collaborative care planning as a person‐centred practice and accentuated that ethics, human values, and the older adults and care partners perspectives need to be given the same importance and considerations as the medical and social sciences perspectives for the collaborative care planning process to truly become person‐centred.

Paul Ricoeur, a educação e a docência: uma reflexão a partir de Novaski

Initially we sought to analyze in this article how we could examine the theme of education in the work of Paul Ricoeur, as he left no texts focused on this subject. In this context, Novaski's work intends to follow, in its own way, the same path that we seek by pointing out three striking features in Ricoeur's philosophy which contribute to the philosophy of education, namely, contemporaneity, hermeneutics and psychoanalysis. Based on the established horizon and Novaski's contribution, we present our own contribution, by revealing the Ricoeurian philosophy as a fair perspective not only for pondering over the philosophy of education, but also teaching.

Paul Ricoeur on the Recognition of Anxiety: Phenomenological Hermeneutics in Action

The philosophical concept of anxiety, which is usually associated with Kierkegaard and Heidegger's existential philosophy, seems to be an underestimated notion in Paul Ricoeur's phenomenological hermeneutics, while its role is important - anxiety appears to serve as the grounding for hope in his hermeneutics of self. The article aims to show how the anxiety is explained in Ricoeur's philosophy through attention and recognition, and how the anxiety is reflected in the narrative forms, or descriptions of vivencia . These descriptions may be seen as the verbal explanation of the so-called affective niche or affective scaffolding , which is a form of cultural adaptation, attempting to interpret and comprehend one's state of mind and way of the perception of the world as such in the given moment. The research and further dialogue based on these narrations may become an important source to recover from anxiety disorder, by discovering its existential meaning and, at the same time, accepting personal responsibility for it. Ricoeur's phenomenological hermeneutics made an important theoretical contribution in understanding the essential aspects of anxiety and hope; but it also developed prolific methods of interpretation, that could be practically applied in health care and psychotherapy; these can be shown on the example of the psychotherapeutic method of the usage of so-called 'anxiety protocols', which aim to arrange the hermeneutical co-research to help patient/client to recognize and overcome its anxiety disorders.

Participation amongst people ageing with neuromuscular disease: a qualitative study of lived experiences.

AimTo explore the lived experiences of participation in everyday life ageing with neuromuscular disease (NMD).DesignA qualitative study using a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach.MethodsData were gathered through interviews with 15 persons living with NMD in 2018. A three‐levelled analysis and interpretation influenced by Paul Ricoeur's philosophy were conducted.The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist was used from May 2018 to December 2018.ResultsThree themes were identified: “Endless adaptations change the fundamentals of everyday life ageing with NMD,” “The ‘swamp’ of deterioration” is traversed through experiences of belonging and relationship,” “Being disabled by a professional knowledge gap and stereotypical images.” In these themes, the experience of participation in everyday life ageing with NMD appeared to depend on the ability to adapt constantly. Through participation, a sense of belonging and purpose was maintained. Lack of knowledge amongst professionals may negatively affect the ongoing participation of people ageing with NMD.

The marked body - a qualitative study on survivors embodied experiences of a COVID-19 illness trajectory.

BackgroundResearch on COVID‐19 has reported data on epidemiology and pathophysiology but less about what it means to be a person living through this illness. Research involving the patients’ perspectives may help to improve healthcare professionals' understanding of ways to support patients.AimsTo gain in‐depth understanding of the meaning of a COVID‐19 illness trajectory from the patients’ perspective.MethodsFifteen participants who had undergone an illness trajectory due to confirmed COVID‐19 infection participated in individual qualitative interviews. Data collection, analysis and interpretation were inspired by Ricoeur’s philosophy and Merleau‐Ponty’s phenomenology of perception and embodiment has been applied as a theoretical frame.FindingsBeing infected with coronavirus is expressed as an experience in which the participants oscillate between relief, security, imprisonment and raw fear. A predominant focus on the physical dimensions of the diseased body was found in the encounters between patient and healthcare system, and distance may furthermore be a consequence of use of protective equipment. Stigma and fear of infection were also expressed. After COVID‐19, an overwhelming feeling of a door opening to freedom is perceived. However, the body is marked, and bears witness to decay from this insidious and frightening virus. The responsibility for assessing their bodily symptoms is placed with the individual patients themselves, who feel lonely and fearful and this keeps them indoors.ConclusionsDuring a COVID‐19 illness, trajectory concerns about the unknown course of this disease are highlighted. Isolation is confrontational; however, a companionship between patients might emerge. The study shed light on an unavoidable gap between the patients and healthcare professionals due to the use protective equipment. After COVID‐19, the body is labelled as something others fear and become a symbol of awe and alienation for others.

Improving management of psoriasis patients receiving biological treatment: A qualitative approach.

AimTo investigate psoriasis patients’ and healthcare professionals’ experiences and perspectives of follow‐up consultations.DesignA qualitative study with a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach.MethodParticipant observations of consultations and semi‐structured interviews were conducted with patients receiving biological treatment, together with two focus groups with healthcare professionals, from June 2018–January 2019. Data were analysed using a qualitative structured approach based on Paul Ricoeur's philosophy of interpretation.ResultsConsultations had a strong biomedical and corrective approach focusing on lifestyle behaviour change, measurements and permanent routines. Healthcare professionals felt the need for enhanced competencies providing lifestyle behaviour change support and the possibility of providing patients more specific strategies. They were faced with a dilemma between lacking the right skills and having a professional duty. The frequent follow‐up visits did not fit in with the patients’ everyday lives.

Wahyu Alkitabiah dalam Tinjauan Hermeneutika Ricoeur

<p><em>This article attempts to explain the idea of revelation in the Scripture according to Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutic philosophy. This paper consists of two parts. The first part describes the theory of text in Ricoeur's hermeneutics. Ricoeur's most important contributions to this section are his description of threefold semantic autonomy: semantic autonomy with respect to the author's subjective intention outside the text, semantic autonomy with respect to the original cultural context in which the text was written, and semantic autonomy with respect to the original audience or addressee. An important consequence of semantic autonomy is that interpretation of a text is never reproductive but productive. The second part explains that the language of Scripture is much more like poetic language than scientific language. Poetic language is the language of disclosure, which expresses a deeper dimension of reality. The next five literary genres in the Scriptures are discussed, through which divine revelation is expressed: namely, narrative, prophetic, prescriptive, wisdom and hymnic genre. With that Ricoeur shows the richness of biblical revelation in its various dimensions, which together form “a polysemic and polyphonic concept of revelation”.</em></p><strong>Keywords</strong>:<em> text, discourse, literary genre, semantic autonomy, revelation, narrative, hymn</em>

Filosofia da existência, existencialismo e o problema do sentido na filosofia da história de Paul Ricoeur

O problema do sentido na filosofia da história de Paul Ricoeur é o tema central deste trabalho. A interpretação é desenvolvida a partir da hipótese segundo a qual existiria uma dialética entre existência e linguagem na constituição de sentido. O caminho escolhido para a investigação foi a leitura estratégica de obras que recobrem a primeira parte da trajetória filosófica do autor. Nesse sentido, focalizamos a leitura de Ricoeur sobre a filosofia da existência de Karl Jaspers e o seu contraponto com o existencialismo de Sartre. Durante toda a pesquisa procuramos compreender os contornos da compreensão de Ricoeur sobre a dialética entre ontologia e epistemologia presente na filosofia da história.

Sheltering under a shield of love-A phenomenological-hermeneutic study of relatives' experiences in an acute neurological ward.

AimTo investigate the lived experience of being a relative to a patient admitted to an acute neurological ward to bring knowledge of what is essential to them.DesignThe study takes a phenomenological–hermeneutic approach.MethodsData were gathered through six individual semi‐structured interviews with relatives from an acute neurological ward. A three‐levelled analysis and interpretation inspired by Paul Ricoeur's philosophy was applied.ResultsTwo main themes were identified: To make yourself strong while feeling vulnerable inside and To live in a changed everyday life. Within these themes, the connection between the relatives and the patients appeared to be a relationship of love. In this relationship, the relatives experience existential vulnerability. The lives of relatives undergo a difficult upheaval, which is challenged by deep emotional feelings. However, to be able to be there for their loved ones they are sheltering under a shield of love.

O LEITOR-EXERCITANTE

O presente artigo propõe demonstrar que existe uma correlação entre a imaginação ricoeuriana, presente na filosofia hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur e a mistagogia dos Exercícios Espirituais de Santo Inácio de Loyola (EE) que se dá mediante um método próprio de leitura e contemplação dos textos bíblicos. Desta forma, o leitor (no sentido ricoeuriano) e o exercitante (no sentido inaciano) estariam realizando uma atividade interpretativa através da leitura, porém, por óticas díspares, a saber, uma filosófica e a outra espiritual. Se é durante a leitura que se realiza a hermenêutica, é, igualmente na linguagem narrativa em que se faz uma leitura de si. E se interpretação é hermenêutica, é justamente aqui que empregamos a imaginação ricoeuriana numa aproximação dialógica com a contemplação inaciana.

A sense of understanding and belonging when life is at stake-Operable lung cancer patients' lived experiences of participation in exercise.

To explore the lived experiences and social benefits among patients with operable Non-small-cell lung cancer who participated in an exercise intervention. Eighteen patients enrolled in an exercise intervention at 2weeks post-surgery participated in qualitative interviews at three time points. A phenomenological hermeneutical approach comprised the epistemological stance inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy. Analysis and interpretation provided descriptions that captured the meaning of the patients' lived experiences. The exercise intervention was significant in terms of the patients' social capital, and the patients experienced themselves as part of a community. Patients gained access to resources that derived from human interaction in the exercise group, and their illness and treatment became easier to manage when shared with others in the same situation. The intervention helped to create a community for patients after lung cancer surgery, and the patients experienced a feeling of belonging and equality with the other participants. The group-based exercise intervention created opportunities for mutual understanding between patients, making illness and treatment easier to manage. The patients experienced support to reformulate their identity during the exercise intervention in their interaction with peers in the group.

Ricoeur's narrative philosophy: A source of inspiration in critical hermeneutic health research.

Patient-centred care has gained ground in health service following a health policy initiative aimed at changing the paternalistic culture towards one with more patient involvement. Development of knowledge relating to people's lived experiences of illness is important in this context. Literature in the field of health science describes methods for exploring what is at stake for people affected by illness, and the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur has been a significant source of inspiration. Especially, Ricoeur's interpretation theory has been construed and applied in different, often schematic, methodological variations, whereas his narrative philosophy is a little used source of inspiration. Health science has been characterized by a biomedical awareness of method and the idea that there is a direct and immediate path to patients' experiences, a viewpoint that can be traced back to Descartes and the philosophy of subjectivism. Opposed to Descartes, Ricoeur says that we are already embedded in a world of traditions and meanings over which we have no control. According to Ricoeur, we leave traces when we express ourselves, and traces are formed by the world of meanings and traditions to which we belong. Often, the sense in the traces is hidden, making it impossible to directly understand individual's experiences. Reflection on an individual's lived experiences must take place via the narratives in which the individual expresses themselves. The centrepiece of Ricoeur's narrative philosophy is the threefold mimesis, which is an approach to understanding the meaning of peoples' lived experiences. The philosophical hermeneutics of Gadamer plays an important role in Ricoeur's theory of interpretation, although he has criticized Gadamer for failing to include one dimension in his philosophy; he finds this dimension in Habermas' ideology critique. Ricoeur's ideology critique is absent in health science research, which is why it has been made a focal point in this article.

Qu’est-ce qu’une narration ? Les fonctions psychiques de la narration

AimsThe purpose of our reflection is to identify the contributions of the “narrativist” approach in psychoanalysis, and to show how they derive from a fundamental philosophical heritage, Paul Ricoeur's work on time and narrative. In this perspective, the psychic functions of the narrative are presented and differentiated. This reflection adopts a clinical and ethical approach, which explores the notion of “narrative identity”. MethodThis article provides a critical exploration of the notion of narrative and the theories of narration through the analysis of the positions of Roy Schafer, Donald Spence and Paul Ricoeur. The psychoanalytic theories of narration are considered in their relationship to Ricoeur's phenomenology. ResultsThis research distinguishes and presents the eight psychic functions of narration: catharsis, linking, sharing, historization, construction, creativity, interpretation, subjectivation. The relationships between these functions are not relations of opposition, but of complementarity and superimposition. Ricoeur's philosophy makes it possible to explore essential notions (“life”, “fiction”, “narrative identity”), to rethink narrative and to propose an epistemological subversion of the concept of the subject. DiscussionThe notion of narration is discussed from theoretical, clinical and ethical points of view. The contributions of the “narrativist” approach in psychoanalysis are discussed and related to their source (Paul Ricoeur). The discussion shows how Ricoeur's approach belongs to a “hermeneutical” dimension that renews our representation of the subject. The narrativist position is a major turning point in contemporary psychoanalytic thought. This epistemological shift is explored. The notions of “narrative identity” and “time” are the subject of specific consideration. ConclusionThe complexity of the narration concept derives from the different “models”. The question of narration is repositioned in the metapsychological field. Narrative activity is thus related to the issues of “psychic life” and “life drive”. Ricoeur's philosophical radicality consists in linking or even identifying one to another “life”, “subject” and “narration”. From this point of view, narration is basically a process of subjectivation. “Narrative identity” is envisaged in its ethical dimension. The detour by phenomenological notions is essential to envisage narrative as mediation, subjectivation and a life process.

¿Es Paul Ricoeur un fenomenólogo? Entre fenomenología y hermenéutica

The article aims show in what sense Paul Ricoeur's philosophy might be considered, beginning end, a phenomenology. Therefore, I argue that phenomenology is not only a stage in his thought that is overcome by his following philosophical encounters. I do not find satisfactory the picture that has been presented of his philosophical itinerary, which he himself agreed with, by saying that he starts from phenomenology and goes to hermeneutics. Regarding such picture, I strongly support the idea of between as a philosophical position: between phenomenology and hermeneutics. Ricoeur is both a phenomenologist and a hermeneutist. His phenomenological commitment leads him hermeneutics and his way of practicing hermeneutics can only be understood the standpoint of phenomenology. Ricoeur is a phenomenologist by choice and a hermeneutist by fate. For a correctly understanding of Ricoeur's relation phenomenology, the great variety of his writings on phenomenology and hermeneutics is considered, bearing in mind his phenomenological and hermeneutical attitude not only in his major works, but also in his short introductions and dissertations concerning phenomenology. I argue that the collection of writings A l’ecole de la phenomenologie turns out be crucial for this issue. It is concluded that Ricoeur's philosophy has a triple composition: reflexive, descriptive and interpretative. Reflexive philosophy, phenomenology and hermeneutics are three ways of doing philosophy. In the thought or Ricoeur they are joined, complemented and strengthened. It is possible argue that for him phenomenology is reflexive, descriptive and interpretative. Being with Ricoeur in the school of phenomenology means being in the own path of philosophy, of which each one of us should practice up the expectations of the time and according our own circumstances.

Getting Out or Remaining in the Cage of Inauthentic Self: The Meaning of Existential Challenges in Patients' with Cancer.

Context:Cancer as a life-threatening disease develops a range of existential challenges in persons. These challenges cause the patients to encounter some existential questions and tensions. This study method focuses on a person's experience about them.Aims:The aim of this study is to illuminate the meaning of existential challenges in patients with cancer in Iran.Subjects and Methods:A hermeneutic phenomenological approach, influenced by the philosophy of Ricoeur, was used to analyze the experiences of 10 Iranian patients with cancer. Data analysis was based on three stages of simple and fast understanding, structural analysis, and comprehensive understanding.Results:The present study showed that existential challenges in patients with cancer can be considered as getting out or remaining in the cage of inauthentic self. This theme consists of two subthemes “Being exposed to the light of awareness that revealed the cage of inauthentic self” and “The tension between getting out of the cage or remaining.” First, being exposed to the light of awareness revealed the cage of inauthentic self which subjectively refers to the emergence of existential questions, the past, the fear of future, and the collapse of physical body identity. Second, the tension between getting out of the cage or still staying which is characterized by anger, denial, sense of loneliness, and depression.Conclusions:According to the results of this qualitative study, it is possible to form discussion groups with peers or have self-reflective practice teaching groups to reflect patients' questions and existential challenges. In this way, participants can express themselves, share their experiences, challenges, learn, and find the answers.