Philosophical Inquiry Research Articles

Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of ICT Interventions on Teaching and Learning at Midlands State University

Objectives: This study explored the benefits and challenges of ICT interventions in teaching and learning at Midlands State University. Methods: A qualitative research approach based on the interpretivism research philosophy was employed by researchers, in addition to a case study research design. Researchers conducted face-to-face interviews with a sample of twenty purposively chosen individuals using a semi-structured interview guide. This qualitative research study employed the inductive thematic data analysis method. Results: The investigation uncovered that ICT resources can improve service delivery in the host organization. However, there was a paucity of learning/teaching resources and tools (data and computers for both students and lecturers). Many participants expressed concern that there was no sufficient support for learners and educators to use ICT tools effectively. Conclusion: University management was advised to prioritize investments in teaching and learning technology to ensure effective service delivery as per the institution's mandate. To conduct a thorough analysis of the problem, future researchers can utilize the mixed method and associated research designs such as embedded, convergent parallel and sequential exploratory/explanatory. Particularly, the utilization of diverse data collection methods would assist in achieving credible outcomes.

Role of Corporate Transparency on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks Listed in the Nairobi Security Exchange

Financial stability and integrity of the system heavily rely on corporate transparency. Despite existing regulatory requirements, persistent issues such as unclear financial statements, questionable accounting practices, and insufficient disclosures undermine investor confidence and market efficiency. These shortcomings can lead to conflicts of interest, mismanagement, and increased exposure to financial risks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of corporate transparency on the performance of listed commercial banks in Kenya, specifically focusing on financial transparency and governance transparency. Guided by theories such as agency theory and stewardship theory, the study adopted a positivism research philosophy and a correlation design. The target population consisted of employees from listed commercial banks that have consistently operated on the securities exchange between 2008 and 2023. A census sampling method was employed, where data was collected from all 11 listed commercial banks in Kenya, using secondary data from financial reports, regulatory filings, and other publicly available sources from the period 2008 to 2023. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics, such Pearson correlation, multiple regression, the coefficient of determination (R²) and p-values. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between corporate transparency and commercial bank performance. Financial transparency and governance transparency were found to have positive and significant effects on commercial bank performance, with β coefficients of 0.553 and 0.728, respectively, and p-values < 0.05, leading to the rejection of the null hypotheses for both variables. Descriptive statistics indicated that listed commercial banks had an average return on capital employed (ROCE) of 7% annually, with a minimum of 9% and a maximum of 17%. Regression results demonstrated that 64.2% of the variation in bank performance could be explained by financial and governance transparency, with an adjusted R² of 61.2%. The study concluded that corporate transparency significantly enhances the performance of listed commercial banks and provides valuable insights to improve corporate governance and financial stability in Kenya’s banking sector.

Influence of Risk Acceptance on Implementation of KeRRA Road Construction Projects in Migori County, Kenya

Implementation of Government of Kenya (KeRRA) road construction projects face high levels of risks, but often these risks are not dealt with adequately, which is reflected in low quality of work as well as cost and time overruns. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of risk acceptance on implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County. Implementation was measured as a function of project completion within the set time frame and being within budget. This study was anchored on Risk Management theory which offer a foundation for interrogating the influence of the variables under study. The research philosophy was based on pragmatism. Concurrent triangulation research design was used as it factors in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of research study. The target population for the study consisted of 92 contractors, 459 constituency roads committee members (CRCs) and 2 Consultant Engineers. Through a sampling size formula, a total of 39 contractors and 193 CRC members were selected using simple random sampling technique. Primary data was obtained through self-administered questionnaires to contractors and CRC members. Validity of research instruments was obtained through piloting and expert evaluation while reliability was tested using test retest method. Inferential statistics of Multiple Linear Regression was applied to determine the influence of risk management strategies on implementation of KeRRA road construction projects by testing the hypotheses for the study. Statistical significance was assessed at p<0.05. Qualitative data obtained from the interview schedules was analysed using content analysis. The study found out that risk acceptance accounted for 70.0% of change in implementation of KeRRA road construction projects. The study concluded that risk acceptance influenced implementation of KeRRA road construction projects significantly (p<0.05). The study recommends that there is need for effective system for risk based identification, analysis and management needs to be activated and KeRRA should ensure that all manpower and machinery used in road constructions are insured and properly certified in accordance with occupational health and safety standards policies.

Moderating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the strength of the mediated relationship between networking capabilities and SME performance via entrepreneurial competencies

The purpose of this study was determine the effect of networking capabilities on firm performance while controlling for entrepreneurial competencies, to determined the moderating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and SME performance and ultimatrely to establish the moderating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the strength of the mediated relationship between networking capabilities and Small and Mediam Enterprises (SME) performance via entrepreneurial competencies. The study sdopted the positivist research philosophy asserting the existence of an objective reality that can be quantified, offering both explanatory and predictive capabilities. The research adopted an explanatory research design. Hayes Model 4 and 59 process Macro approach was used to analyse data and test the hypotheses. The results showed that networking capabilities had a significant direct effect on firm performance. The study also revealed that the interaction of entrepreneurial self- efficacy between the entrepreneurial competencies and firm performance was significant. Ultimately, the study determined the conditional indirect effect of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) on the strength of the mediated relationship between networking capabilities and SME performance via entrepreneurial competencies. The study concluded that positive and significant moderated mediation analysis was evident. More importantly, the conditional indirect effect was much stronger with firms having lower levels of ESE. The study concluded that entrepreneurial self-efficacy has significant conditional indirect effect on the strength of the mediated relationship between networking capabilities and SME performance via entrepreneurial competencies. These findings emphasise the importance of self-efficacy, networking capabilities and competencies of the entrepreneurs as a predictor to improved firm performance.

Beyond dissonance: the transformative power of thought analysis in philosophical practice

This paper provides a comprehensive examination of thought analysis as a contemporary practice within philosophical inquiry, exploring its theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and practical implications. Rooted in classical philosophical traditions yet acutely relevant to modern life, thought analysis—officially conceptualized by Tianqun Pan—serves as a bridge between knowledge and action, addressing the cognitive dissonance that often hinders personal growth and rational decision-making. Through an analysis of historical and recent sources, including case studies from the laboratory of thought analysis at Nanjing University, we investigate whether logical reasoning is an innate human capacity or developed through education and practice, highlighting the importance of fostering logical skills in thought analysis. Ethical considerations, such as trust between analyst and visitor and the principle of value neutrality, are critically examined to underscore the necessity of maintaining visitor autonomy and preventing bias. We explore the relationship between thought analysis and therapeutic practices, emphasizing that while thought analysis is not inherently therapeutic, it possesses qualities that can lead to psychological relief and personal development through the clarification of thought. Comparative analyses with Logic-based Therapy and Logotherapy illustrate the unique position of thought analysis within philosophical practice. By reframing thought analysis as a form of humanistic care rather than clinical therapy, the paper advocates for its role in promoting clear thinking, self-awareness, and ethical living, thereby contributing to individual well-being and social harmony. Ultimately, the study affirms thought analysis as a transformative practice that aligns philosophical inquiry with practical life, empowering individuals to achieve greater coherence between their beliefs and actions.

Unveiling the nature of philosophical problems: Formal and conceptual aspects

AbstractThis paper approximates an intensional definitional distinction between philosophical problems and non‐philosophical problems. It contends that a philosophical problem consists of an inconsistent set M of propositions that satisfies certain characteristics. Among these are its minimality, the plausibility of its individual propositions, the non‐empirical character of some of these propositions, and the fact that a discursive context exists within which some of M's non‐mathematical non‐empirical propositions are challenged by argument. The extrinsic and pragmatic criterion marks the key novelty of the presented definition. Building on the analysed concept of a philosophical problem, the paper explores the question of how the definition relates to philosophy as a discipline, whether it should be interpreted as descriptively adequate and exclusive, and whether there is space for genuine philosophical research that does not deal with philosophical problems in the presented sense.

A Comparative Analysis of Twelve Research Paradigms Across Six Knowledge Acquisitions and Twelve Sources of Knowledge: A Philosophical Discourse

This study investigates whether a single research paradigm can dominate knowledge acquisition across empirical and interpretive domains or if a multi-paradigm approach is essential for achieving a holistic understanding. Twelve paradigms, including Positivism, Pragmatism, Hermeneutics, and Feminism, were evaluated across six domains: Science, Philosophy, History, Art, Religion, and Culture. The methodology employed comparative analysis, factor analysis, sensitivity testing, and inter-rater reliability assessment to quantify paradigm performance. The findings confirm Positivism's strength in empirical fields like Science and Philosophy but reveal its limitations in addressing ethical, cultural, and interpretive dimensions, where paradigms like Hermeneutics and Feminism excel. Pragmatism and Critical Realism bridge empirical rigor with interpretive depth, offering integrative solutions for interdisciplinary challenges. By applying statistical tools within a philosophical inquiry, this research highlights the necessity of humility and open-mindedness in selecting paradigms to address complex questions. The study concludes that no single paradigm suffices across all domains, advocating for a multi-paradigm approach to foster collaboration, inclusivity, and a more comprehensive understanding of knowledge production. These insights have implications for interdisciplinary research, education, and policymaking, emphasizing the importance of integrating diverse epistemological perspectives.

Human Rights and Transhumanism: From Natural Rights to Trans-Natural Rights

This text explores the evolution of human rights throughout the 20th century. The text analyses the transition from traditional conceptions of human dignity rooted in human nature to emerging notions influenced by transhumanist ideologies. The analysis delves into contrasting perspectives on human dignity, comparing the Aristotelian-Christian tradition, which values the unity of body and soul, with materialist philosophies that prioritize intellect over physicality. The document outlines how these philosophical shifts have led to the emergence of “disembodied dignity” and the promotion of “anti-natural” and eventually “trans-natural” rights, which prioritize individual will over inherent human nature. Through historical analysis and philosophical inquiry, this text examines how these evolving ideologies have influenced legal interpretations, societal values, and the trajectory of human rights discourse.

Trickster teaching and the anthropocene: disrupting the explicitification of pedagogy, people and planet

In cultures committed to making everything explicit, calling for trickery in education seems suspicious. However, for better or worse, trickery is already prevalent in education. In particular, it quietly persists in assumptions it is possible and desirable to be explicit about many educational matters, including learning intentions, and knowledge of self and others. In this philosophical and autobiographical inquiry, we explore trickery’s role in disrupting and exposing this presumptive transparency, and in working with the educational possibilities that then arise. In parallel, we take note that the Anthropocene is an ambiguous and undetermined situation, which promises to trick whoever seeks secure diagnoses and prescriptions of what is at stake. There are therefore confluences between disrupting explicitification in classroom ecologies and ecologies of the broader world. Suspicious of habits that foreclose people’s ability to respond to events as they arise, trickery surfaces and engage ambiguities, contradictions, and potentials inherent in the invisible and assumed. Despite such antics, the trickster is no mere jokester. As she deals in duplicity, confusion, and concealment, she attends evermore carefully to sincerity, trust, and revelation, to the freedom of people and planet, and to the ongoing threats and promises of a perpetual return to harmony.

Collective leadership in nonprofit sport boards

ABSTRACT This study examines perceptions of collective leadership within nonprofit sport boards. Situated within literature that draws from both board processes and the growing phenomenon of collective leadership, we contribute to the study and practice of sport governance, specifically, the leadership dynamic within the boardroom setting. Grounded in interpretative-constructivist research philosophies, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted across three nonprofit sport boards. After probing perceptions of collective leadership, our data analysis enabled us to illuminate in what ways collective leadership is understood within selected boardroom settings. We found a continuum of perceptions ranging from what we termed “collective voice”, “first among equals”, and “the individual in charge”. We concluded that, in using the lens of collective leadership, the importance of board member influence on the leadership dynamic is accentuated, which extends notions of shared leadership between CEO and chair. This has strengthened the basis for future investigations that might probe the conditions that facilitate or hinder the development of collective leadership and thus nonprofit board and sport organisation performance.

Influence of Intellectual Stimulation on Organizational Performance of Water Service Companies in Western Region, Kenya

Leadership practices remain a major challenge facing many organizations with a significant impact on performance. Because leadership is crucial for achieving organizational performance and gaining competitive advantage, intellectual stimulation styles of leadership are lacking. This matter seems contentious as is the case, since the prevailing global business environment has become dynamic and challenging for most organizations. Therefore, to attain a remarkable performance in the current volatile and competitive socio-economic environment, a combination of buoyant leadership practices is essential. This study sought to ascertain the influence of intellectual stimulation on the performance of water service companies in the Western Region, of Kenya. The study was anchored on institutional theory. The research followed a positivist research philosophy and used a descriptive and correlational research design. The target population was 638 with a sample size of 245 employees who comprised 97 Top level Managers, 149 Technical Staff and 392 Support Staff from four purposefully selected Water service companies. For data collection close-ended questionnaires were used. A pilot study was done by Siaya-Bondo Water and Sanitation Company. To test validity, the study used content, construct, and face validity. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics which included frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation while inferential statistics employed simple linear regression. The results were presented in tables. The study found that intellectual stimulation had a positive and significant correlation effect on the performance of water service companies in Western Region, Kenya by 0.589 units (β1=0.589, p=0.000). Thus, the null hypothesis that intellectual stimulation has no significant influence on the performance of water service companies in Western Region, Kenya is rejected, as intellectual stimulation positively and significantly impacts organizational performance. The study thus concludes that intellectual stimulation can develop employees periodically when given leadership roles where they can be allowed to make important decisions and also be able to participate in decision-making as leaders, hence relying on personal judgment in making those important decisions. The findings of this study contributed to the knowledge gap and linked intellectual stimulation leadership that develops employees periodically; the study recommends by giving leadership roles, employees can be allowed to make important decisions and also participate in decision making as leaders.

The Relationship between Communication Technologies and Performance of Shipping Lines in Kenya: The Moderating Effect of International Maritime Regulations

Proper implementation and use of technology are reputed to offer a major capability in enhancing a firm’s achievement of its goals. The maritime sector in Kenya, more so shipping, has been experiencing low logistics efficiency, which is usually characterized by poor track and trace, high transportation costs, customs clearance, and delayed delivery. The performance of these firms, much as the rest of organizations’ performance, is greatly dependent on the adoption and use of the requisite technology. The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between communication technologies and the performance of shipping lines in Kenya as moderated by international maritime regulations. The study was anchored on Technology Acceptance Model, Institutional Theory and Task Technology Fit Theory. The explanatory survey research design was utilized. Positivist research philosophy was employed in this study to create a practical solution to the problem bedevilling this sector, such as dismal performance. 2835 respondents formed the target population for this study and were drawn from the Sales and Marketing, Logistics, Finance and IT staff of the 53 shipping lines listed in Kenya business directory 2021. 438 respondents formed the appropriate sample size for the research study, which included: 103 Finance staff, 109 logistics staff, 130 sales and marketing staff, and 96 IT staff. In order to arrive at a specific respondent, a random stratified sampling design was used. The required data for research was gathered through self-administered structured questionnaires. In order to check the reliability and validity of the research instrument, a pilot study was done in 6 shipping lines from Mombasa, and 44 questionnaires, which formed 10% of the target population, were administered. Reliability was ascertained by the use of Cronbach’s alpha index at 0.7, while validity was checked through KMO Bartlett’s test and factor analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 after being well-coded. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression and hierarchical regression model) were generated and presented in tables and graphs. The research findings indicated the existence of a direct and positive association between the use of Communication technologies and shipping lines’ performance. The study further indicated that the moderating variable positively influenced the relationship between Communication technologies. The study concluded that shipping lines should invest more in communication technologies to improve their performance.

Shadowplay: Interactions of Artificial Illumination and Darkness

This article explores the aesthetic and philosophical aspects of shadowplay: the multiple and layered interactions between artificial illumination and darkness in urban environments. By examining the concept of shadows through the perspectives of theorists Roy Sorensen and Jun'ichiro Tanizaki, I explore the dynamic tension between darkness, seen as a natural phenomenon, and the fragmented light created by modern technology. The study delves into how artificial light transforms the nocturnal city, influencing both urban life and aesthetic experiences. The first section of the paper addresses darkness in philosophical aesthetics, referencing thinkers such as Kant and Burke, and considers recent research on artificial illumination's ecological and social impacts. The second part analyzes the unique qualities of shadows, drawing from Tanizaki's appreciation for traditional Japanese aesthetics and Sorensen's analytic dissection of shadow phenomena in terms of privation. Through a combination of philosophical inquiry and visual artistic research, the article seeks to provide a deeper understanding of how shadows and artificial light contribute to the aesthetic and emotional experience of contemporary urban nights.

Effectiveness of Force Account on Implementation of Construction Projects in Health Sector in Tanzania: A Case of Mbeya Regional Hospita

This study examines the effectiveness of the force account method in implementing construction projects within Tanzania's health sector, specifically at Mbeya Regional Hospital (MRH). Using a pragmatic research philosophy and a mixed-methods approach, the study employed a descriptive design with a sample of 144 respondents selected through stratified random and purposive sampling. Primary data were gathered via questionnaires and interviews, while secondary data were collected through document reviews. The findings revealed strong agreement on the timely completion of projects (mean = 3.7364), the quality of work exceeding traditional methods (mean = 4.4000), and more efficient resource utilization (mean = 3.9455). The study concludes that the force account method is effective in enhancing project timelines, quality, and resource efficiency in healthcare construction. Recommendations include training project teams, improving resource allocation, establishing monitoring frameworks, and engaging local communities to further optimize the effectiveness of force account implementation.

Dual-use research in philosophy: can there be such a thing?

The aim of this article is to explore whether and how the concept of dual-use can be applied to philosophical research, as well as its potential for explaining cases of misuse of philosophical theory and for justifying any restrictions on academic freedom. I argue that there are two ways in which philosophical research can be misused: by using its methods for purposes that contradict the general purposes of philosophy, and by using (parts of) a theory against the purposes intended by its author. Philosophical research is dual-use research of concern (DURC) if the theory can be misused without modification, which is the case when a theory is not entirely conclusive. The misuse of philosophical research differs from the misuse in paradigmatic cases of DURC in that its potential to cause harm depends on social conditions. Given these conditions and the lack of relevant research, the risk of harmful misuse of philosophy as of yet does not constitute a sufficient reason to restrict academic freedom in a meaningful way. Instead, researchers should be aware of any potential for misuse, make their arguments as conclusive as possible, and emphasise the aim of their theory. To prevent harmful misuse in the public sphere, scholars should engage in public philosophy and provide an accurate and conclusive account of their research. Institutions should support this.

Shifting Research Paradigms in Educational Research: From Positivism to Interpretivism

This essay explores the evolution of research philosophy in educational research, highlighting the transition from positivism to interpretivism. The initial reliance on positivist methodologies, which emphasize quantitative research and data analysis, evolved through coursework and practical experiences. Critical turning points in teaching and research projects revealed the limitations of a monolithic approach, prompting the adoption of interpretivism. This shift emphasizes the importance of understanding diverse student backgrounds and the researcher's positionality. Interpretivism, which views knowledge as socially constructed and context-dependent, complements quantitative methods with qualitative insights. The essay advocates for a mixed-methods approach to educational research, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of complex educational phenomena. This integrated approach aims to tailor research methodologies to varied educational contexts, enhancing the relevance and impact of educational research.

Employee Training and Delivery of Services at the Postal Corporation of Kenya

Purpose: Service delivery is an essential aspect for an organization to gain competitive advantage, since service delivery deals with how a service or a product is delivered to the client and whether it’s fairly or unfairly done hence determining prosperity or downfall of organization. A sure way of realizing full potential of an organization is use relevant human resource development mechanisms appropriately. Human resource development mechanisms describe an organization’s strategies of investing in activities and programs that are intended to develop competence, skills, and knowledge of employees. The study aimed to examine possible association between employee training efforts and service delivery in Postal Corporation of Kenya in Nairobi. Methods: The study is anchored on SERVIQAL model and it deployed a positive research philosophy paradigm and quantitative research design, targeting a population of 400 respondents comprising 300 employees and 100 clients, 40% sample size is obtained from target population translating to 160 respondents. Results: Key finding of the study was that employee training is a significant determinant of service delivery at Postal Corporation of Kenya. As such, the corporation’s efforts at enhancing the capacity of its employees were established to be significantly linked to the quality of the corporation’s services. Conclusion: The study recommends deliberate planning and enhancement of the employees’ skills and knowledge to ensure continued competitiveness of the corporation.

Philosophical Arguments for Increased Aid to Developing Countries

The wealth disparity between developed and developing countries has resulted in widespread poverty and frequent support of terrorism in the developing world. However, developed countries have given only tenths of a percent of their respective gross national products recently to close this wealth gap. A better understanding of this situation requires a philosophical inquiry into the moral and practical implications of providing increased aid to developing countries. First, the author argues there is a moral obligation for people in developing countries to increase developing country aid. Second, the author argues that this increase in developing country aid will decrease the cumulative presence of world poverty and will improve the world economy. To emphasize these benefits, the author employs deontological and contemporary analysis techniques in the context of five potential objections to reinforce the need for increased developing country aid.

Ride-Hailing Drivers’ Preference for Fairwork Principles of Trustworthy Labour-Platform Management and Greater Worker-Autonomy and Willingness to Form and Join Worker-Platform Co-Operatives in Kenya

Ride-hailing worker-platform co-operatives had emerged as part of and for at least fairwork principles. Moreover, studies on e-drivers have recommended the formation of worker-platform co-operatives in Kenya. The actual worker-platform co-operatives by e-drivers are yet to be established. It was against this backdrop that a study was conducted to determine the extent of ride-hailing drivers’ preference for fairwork principles of trustworthy labour-platform management, greater worker-autonomy and willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operatives. The study was grounded in the social exchange theory, affective theory of social exchange, and utility theory. The researcher applied critical-realism research philosophy and multimethod research designs of discrete choice experiments and sequential explanatory mixed method research designs. Using the Yamane sampling formula, the study used quantitative data from 497 respondents from sampled 600 of the 20,000 e-drivers in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region. The quantitative data was analysed using multinominal logistic regression. Moreover, the study used qualitative data from 11 participants, analysed using thematic analysis. Results indicated that the two fairwork principles were statistically significant to e-drivers’ willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operatives. The trustworthy platform management (TPM) principle, in particular, was a highly preferred fairwork principle in terms of e-drivers’ willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operative model (Coeff=2.62; SE = 0.400, Z = 6.54, p< .001), compared to the greater worker-autonomy contract (GAC) principle (Coeff=1.565, SE = 0.202, Z = 7.74, p< .001). This study brings practical and theoretical contributions to improve the e-drivers’ benefits from the ride-hailing sector. Policymakers, promoters, and platform workers like e-drivers could understand how best to promote worker-platform co-operatives to succeed in the country’s societal context.

African indigenous knowledge: Philosophy in history and history in philosophy

Rationale of Study – This paper delves into the interconnectedness of African indigenous knowledge, situating its historical roots and the inherent philosophy embedded in its practice. African indigenous knowledge encompasses formulating a definition of knowledge in an African context and the justification of knowledge, which has its stand on cultural, linguistic, aphorism, and proverbial content. Scholars, however, argue that its historical foundation lies in the depths of time, tracing back to the ancient civilisations that thrived across the continent. On the other hand, its philosophical discourse serves as the guiding force behind the practices and beliefs of various communities. Within this purview, this paper sets out to close this gap.Methodology – This paper adopts primary and secondary data sources, including oral information, books, articles, and journals. However, it uses argumentative and analytic philosophical and historical inquiry methods to highlight that African indigenous knowledge is pivotal in preserving historical and philosophical insights.Findings – The study finds an interlink between history and philosophy in advancing African indigenous knowledge and its practice of knowing and justifying the indubitable truth that cannot be objectively attained in Western epistemology.Implications – The study contributes to the existing debate that the wisdom embedded in proverbs, myths, and folklore is a repository of philosophical principles, offering guidance on ethics, social harmony, and the relationship between humanity and nature through historical insights.Originality – The paper concludes that African indigenous knowledge has its own social and cultural dimension. It addresses the problem of knowledge by dividing its domain into rational, empirical, and mystical components, solving the problem of justification in the African context.