Way Of Philosophy Research Articles

The Rise of Individual Personhood in Early Medieval China

The term “Early Medieval China” usually refers to the Wei Jin period, also known as the Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties (Wei Jin Nanbei chao 魏晉南北朝). This era was characterized by extreme sociopolitical circumstances, marked by constant instability, upheavals, wars, corruption, intrigues, external invasions and the exhaustion of the population. These conditions led to significant and unprecedented social and intellectual transformations that profoundly impacted Chinese culture, especially in the fields of philosophy and art. This article explores the cultural and philosophical ideas of the period that contributed to the rise of individual personhood, which emerged as a response to the suppressive and authoritarian Han Confucianism, which was heavily influenced by Legalist doctrines. Neo-Daoism, the most important stream of thought that arose from the political turmoil of the period, provided intellectuals with a refuge during these traumatic times, allowing them to explore new ways of philosophizing and experiencing an aesthetic way of living. The article examines the philosophical inquiries of the School of Profound Learning (Xuanxue 玄學) and Pure Conversations (Qingtan 清談) movement, which gave rise to self-awareness and fostered new perspectives on individual personhood.

Technorealizm wobec społecznych konsekwencji techniki

In the article, I review and analyze the axiological reflection on the role of technology in social life, represented by philosophers whom I classify as techno-realists. Techno-realism is the intermediate position in the axiology of technology, between techno-pessimism and techno-optimism. I briefly present the history of this way of philosophizing. I cover the history of the thinking of techno-realists belonging to philosophy of culture and philosophy of technology, including Lewis Mumford, Martin Heidegger, Leszek Kołakowski, Langdon Winner, Shoshana Zuboff and Juval noi Hararri. Next, I discuss new ideas of techno-realists from the group of philosophers of engineering (including Carl Mitcham), as well as the views of practitioners/engineers. Techno-realism formulates balanced assessments of technological artifacts and thus can provide people with arguments in their problematic encounters with the latest technological products, as well as encourage specific actions in social life in the era of the third modernity, especially in the education of children and youth.

The Haunted Academy: A Whakapapa Approach to Understanding Māori Doctoral Student Belonging in Aotearoa Universities

Hauntings are often misconstrued as strange and often scary supernatural experiences that blur the lines between what is real and what is not. Yet, Indigenous hauntings can not only be confronting, but they can also be comforting and support place belonging. This paper offers a Māori philosophical way of theorising hauntology and its relation to time, space, place, and belonging by privileging a whakapapa perspective. Whakapapa acknowledges not only kinship relations for people, but all things and their relationship to them, from the sky to the lands, and the spiritual connections in between. Employing a whakapapa kōrero theoretical framework, I draw on Māori constructs of time and place through Wā, Wānanga (Māori stories both told and untold), and Te Wāhi Ngaro to offer some insights from my doctoral thesis where Māori PhD students shared their everyday experiences in their institutions. With a backdrop of settler-colonial structures, norms, and daily interactions, I argue that hauntings are an everyday familiar occurrence in Te Ao Māori which play a major role in the way Māori doctoral students establish and maintain a sense of belonging in their universities.

John Henry Newman: Shaping the Philosopher

AbstractThe difficulties in placing Newman in a philosophical school or in putting some sort of shape on Newman the philosopher stem in part from Newman's (understandable) near failure to guide the reader as to his overt philosophical method. On the other hand, in the many discussions and controversies that occupied Newman throughout his life—whether conducted through letters or more formal writings—there is gathering witness to a consistent philosophical way in Newman. This paper seeks to put some shape on Newman the philosopher by two principal methods. First, by considering some inaccurate or wholly misleading philosophical labels which have been attached to Newman both in his day and in contemporary times. These help, as it were, to shape Newman the philosopher from without. Second, by examining those elements of his writing that have a philosophical cast, and teasing out hints and clues to Newman the philosopher. The paper argues that while Newman can most certainly be thought of as a philosopher, his subtle philosophical way situates him only problematically in any particular philosophical school, though there can in his work be traced connections to particular philosophical programmes, such as, for example, British empiricism.

Religious Figures as Philosophers

This article looks at narratives of major religious figures to draw similarities with the philosophical way of dialogue, modeled on the maieutic example set by Socrates, and makes a case that these religious figures ought to be considered and appreciated as philosophers. The study employs Critical Discourse Analysis in order to understand the interactions between religious figures, protagonists, other characters, and the reader. Conclusions address philosophical attitudes and techniques that match the Socratic Method in order to build the case that the religious figure provokes thinking and challenges paradigm as a philosopher does. The examples include being agile in interpretation, using absurdity and paradox, playing with irony, teaching with allegory, to develop meaning in dialogue with the other. The origins of philosophy begin with a way of life, a method of provoking thinking, an interest in examining and questioning what it is to be human. Systemic philosophy and its closely related sister religion have developed into formal disciplines of distinguished paradigms, where dogmatic beliefs are prioritized over freedom of inquiry. Yet this study makes the case that important figures of major religions were working with their interlocutors on how to think, not what to think.

Interconnectedness between Vedanta & Poetry of T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats’ Poetry

This paper studies the impact of Eastern philosophy on the writings of both T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats. The research demonstrates interconnectedness between the Vedic philosophy and the western writers particularly the thoughts pervasive in the writings of Eliot and Yeats. Eliot engaged deeply with Eastern philosophy in ways which significantly influenced his worldview and his poetry. Eliot’s PhD thesis was on the idealist metaphysics of F.H. Bradley, which he found appealing due to its affinities with Indian philosophical sensibilities. Eliot was influenced by both Hinduism and Buddhism, and especially by the Bhagavad Gītā, which he described as one of the greatest philosophical poems, and by the Mādhyamika or Middle Way Buddhist philosophy of Nāgārjuna. The references to Indian literature are particularly prominent in The Waste Land, several section titles of which they reference Indian imagery. For instance, ‘The Fire Sermon’ references the sermon of the same name delivered by the Buddha; ‘Death by Water’ engages with Indra’s slaying of Vṛtra to release the waters in the Rig Veda; ‘What the Thunder said’ references the eponymous episode from the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad.

Philosophical ways of describing the worldview of the Hellenistic era: five paintings

Philosophical ways of describing the worldview of the Hellenistic era: five paintings

The cultural code of the Shtetl in Grigory Gorin's play "Memorial Prayer"

The subject of our article is the identification of cultural codes of Eastern European shtetl towns in the play by Grigory Gorin "Memorial Prayer", the libretto of which was written by the author based on the works of the famous Yiddish writer Sholom Aleichem. The author of the article describes the history and conditions of localization of Jewish culture in Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the peculiarities of its transformation, the tragic history of the Jewish theater in the first third of the twentieth century. After the disappearance of the towns and the disuse of the Yiddish language, the preservation of the history of the characteristic everyday and philosophical way of life of the shtetls became the goal of museum figures, historians, writers, playwrights, and artists. In the work, using the example of Tevye the milkman, his family and environment, characteristic images of the inhabitants of small towns, their habitat, types of thinking and actions are revealed. The article uses the methods of historicism in the retrospective of the culture of Shtetl towns, the method of analysis in the identification of Shtetl archetypes, the method of synthesis in the generalization of a set of characteristic cultural codes. The main conclusions of the study are: 1. Eastern European Jewish shtetl towns are small urban-type settlements with a predominantly Jewish population, whose unique culture was determined by the Jewish faith, everyday and religious traditions, the Yiddish language, as well as the localization of residence in a small area. 2. During the period of large-scale social upheavals of the early twentieth century and the subsequent expansion beyond the boundaries of the towns, their unique culture became a mythologeme, the foundation for writers, artists, musicians, and theater figures who emerged from it. One of the milestones in the preservation of this culture was the Jewish theater GOSET, whose existence was tragically cut short in the middle of the twentieth century. 3. The play "Memorial Prayer", written by Grigory Gorin based on the works of Sholem Aleichem and staged at the Lenkom Theater by Mark Zakharov, became the quintessence of the characteristic images of the shtetl, and at the same time the revival of authentic Jewish culture. The author's special contribution is to highlight in the play the images-the archetypes of the Shtetl, which have become cultural markers, or codes of Jewish Yiddish culture.

浅谈《爱欲》中表现出的佛教观

Shen Congwen focuses on the idea that literature creation is rooted in human nature, expressing the root of Buddhist ideology while speaking about healthy and beautiful vitality about ‘overflowing vitality,’ ‘healthy human nature,’ and natural ‘life’ of human beings. In other words, Shen Congwen pursues human nature and beauty in human nature by describing the nature’s scene of omen in literature, creating literary values. Human nature is the starting point and cornerstone of the utopia that Shen Congwen tried to build, where creation begins. He also reflects Buddhist ideology and accommodates Buddhist stories by building his life philosophy based on the theory of human nature. Shen Congwen asserts life philosophy as the foundation for the theory of human nature by accepting Buddhism in a philosophical way, connoting the Buddhist spirit purusing freedom of mind in his literary world. In his novel 〈Moonlight Scenery〉, ‘holiness’ of life, thoughts about life and death issues, love, and beauty are affected by Buddhist ideology. The exploration of Buddhist ideology that appears in his works reveal how Shen Congwen perceives life. When he attempts to understand the essence of the human world, Buddhism allows him to gaze at holiness of life based on metaphysical speculation. Shen Congwen explores life through the comparison between the world of human nature and pathological world. He is an unusual author who tries to express human nature from the ethical aspect while inciting healthy human nature. His abstract love and alienation of beauty and secular reality allow him to reach thoughts about the most fundamental things in Buddhism, such as life and death, emptiness, eternity, and secular and sacred domains. In addition, due to the influence of Buddhist ideology, Shen Congwen perceives life philosophy that breaks away from all kinds of anguish and pursues the state of mental freedom. Such theory about the Buddhist mind and nature suggests human nature, which is the essence of life seen through Shen’s unique perspective.

Pyrrho's Path and the Equanimous Life

The shadowy figure of Pyrrho has been intriguing modern scholars ever since the outlines of his thought were rediscovered in the sixteenth century, most notably by Michel de Montaigne. The academic approach to the Pyrrhonian legacy has been complicated, however, not only by the difficulties of reconstructing Pyrrho’s philosophy from particularly fragmentary evidence, but also by the fact that it was not conceived as an academic exercise, but rather as a practical guide to life—or as a Taoist or Buddhist might put it, a Way or Path. The analogies with Eastern teachings should not be taken too far, of course, as if Pyrrho had been literally a Buddhist, let alone a practitioner of Zen; but the parallels are still helpful for “untangling the tangle” and making more vivid and credible a philosophical way of life that was by no means dull and disengaged, as it has sometimes been understood, but on the contrary, loving and joyfully equanimous.

Continental Thought in Institutional Economics

I will research some branches of continental thought in institutional economics. I will start with John Searle’s idea of social causation as collective intentionality and (according to my understanding) even more important notion of a background. I will take a continental neo-materialist and economic approach to the subject. I will also read Slavoj Zizek as neo-material economics in continental philosophical way. Furthermore, I will compare Searle’s notions of collective intentionality and the background of the social to Maurizio Ferraris’ notions of text as a replacement for collective intentionality. The problems that Ferraris addresses are understood here in terms of practices. This reading will make space for neo-material developments of economic theory as social theory. I will not directly address Alain Badiou’s neocommunism but will take some notions from neocommunism in general.

KEUNGGULAN KITAB UPANISAD DALAM MENCIPTAKAN PESERTA DIDIK BERKUALITAS (Sebuah Kajian Pendidikan Kritis Agama Hindu)

There are twelve significant Upanisad scriptures. These scriptures described about God, soul and universe in an esoteric philosophical way. Furthermore, Upanisad main scriptures explicitly explained about an education system that can develop students’ intelligence holistically. Education system in Upanisad scriptures emphasized on an integrated learning aspects to build a cognitive, affective and psychomotoric behavior which involves the relationship between the teacher and the students. The excellence values of Upanisad scriptures that need to be evaluated to create an education system that can produce qualified students physically and mentally as described in the national education system. Upanisad education system should be able to be realized in Indonesia’s education system, particularly in teaching Hindu religion. Currently, Indonesia’s education system has not reached an ideal and optimal condition to produce qualified students. In Upanisad scriptures, we can say that it is a qualified system if it can create qualified students who not only have cognitive intelligence, but also spiritual intelligence in their behavior. Therefore, the education system in Upanisad scriptures emphasized on the process of experiencing rather than memorizing all theoretical formulas. The focus of this research is about the excellence values in Upanisad scriptures in creating qualified students.

“Philosophical Way of Living” as a Characteristic of Human Culture (According to Karl Jaspers’ “Introduction to Philosophy”)

“Philosophical Way of Living” as a Characteristic of Human Culture (According to Karl Jaspers’ “Introduction to Philosophy”)

Extending understanding of ‘care’ as an embodied phenomenon: Alexander Technique teacher perspectives on restoring carers to themselves

Data from an international survey of teachers of the Alexander Technique – an embodied form of self-care – illustrate their perspectives on how the Alexander Technique supports caring by combatting carer self-loss. Understanding of care as an embodied phenomenon is furthered by describing: (1) specific embodied habits that seem highly pertinent to care of self and others; and (2) how they might be (re)acquired in learning the Alexander Technique. In offering both practical and philosophical ways in which the Alexander Technique differs from alternatives, the article invites fresh thinking about theory and practice in supporting care, and argues that research on the Alexander Technique in the context of caring is warranted.

A Simplified read to Derrida’s Grammatology, Deconstruction in The Workhouse Ward for Lady Gregory

The year 1967 was the publication Of Grammatology by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. The book, which introduced the concept of deconstruction, suggests that in philosophical way. He discusses the theories about language and writing presented by many authours such as, Ferdinand de Saussure, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Martin Heidegger, throughout the book. Derrida doesn't merely criticises some of their theories, but he actually asks for a new science that called "grammatology" to investigate the issues he raises regarding how to theorise the act of writing. The aim of this paper is to simplify Derrida’s concepts according to what came in his book beside shedding the light of the important steps of how to deconstruct a text according to Derrida’s principles applying that to one play.

The philosophical way of life as sub‐creation

AbstractRichard Shusterman's Philosophy and the Art of Writing suggests something vital about the tension between philosophical discourses that cannot capture or be the full meaning of living a life in relation to wisdom, and lived philosophies that cannot do away with discourses to deepen a lived experience beyond them: that philosophy as “an embodied way of life” is a sub‐creation that emerges from the tension between them. This paper uses several different moments and ideas from Philosophy and the Art of Writing as points of departure for further inquiry. Some “memories,” repurposed, reorganized, and manipulated, take up these starting points to further the investigation. The present work was a spiritual exercise for the author and, one hopes, will be for the reader in what it means to practice philosophy as a way of life. By doing so, we may find more forgiveness and appreciation for our philosophical vocation that creates something more than what we say or are now.

TERTULLIAN'S CHRISTIAN CHAMELEON

AbstractIt is argued that Tertullian's relatively lengthy description of a chameleon in his De pallio serves as a metaphor not so much for the convert to a philosophical way of life in general but for the convert to Christianity in particular. The argument rests on the unusual emphases within this description which recall different features of Christianity or popular beliefs about the same.

О философских «шестидесятниках»

The article is not about the age of those who make philosophy, but about the emergence of a new philosophical perspective and a new attitude to philosophy itself, an understanding of its cultural role, what is called a “philosophical way of life”. The dramatic history of the life and activities of a generation of people who began to define the philosophical life of the country since the late 1950s is investigated. The author analyzes the results of the activities of this generation and substantiates the thesis that under the sign of this generation, the paternal philosophy developed throughout the second half of the twentieth century and that representative of this generation signi- ficantly influenced the philosophical life of our countries for the past two decades of the twentieth century. The modern significance of the ideas put forward by the representatives of this generation is shown.

History, Islam and Philosophy of History: A Critical Thinking in History as the Lesson of the Past

Primarily this is an analytical study of the philosophy of history. Usually, the word history is used for the past events of man activities and as a discipline and subject, History is considered an important study about the past activities of the human being. History is considered as the record of the human past and the main objective of history writing was to find the causes about the occurrence of any event and investigated it with logical arguments. While Islam contributed lot for history and it is said that religion leads to history. Islam as religion provided the principles of truth justice and honesty to form before distance of history and the history leads humanity along the path of peace and progress. it is observed that it will be interesting to know what guidance we get from the Holy Quran history. we have found the fundamentals historical creative season in the Holy Quran and traced it the source of inspiration for the Muslim historian in their historiography. Philosophy of history is a branch of history which studied the human activities on the basis of causes as history is considered to be the study of causes. The term philosophy of history initially used by the great philosopher and historian Voltaire. The term philosophy of history means that the knowledge of history should be read and understood in a philosophical way instead of just reading it as a story. Philosophy of history was divided in two types as speculative and analytical philosophy of history. Due to the writings of various thinkers, the world was taking extraordinary interest in the reality and essence of time and place while recording the events. Thanks to Karl Marx and some famous European historians, the subject of the Philosophy of history was also given special importance in Europe. History is not only the name of the events, but the knowledge that interprets the social, political and cultural condition of the mentioned period with the events. Therefore, the usefulness of the philosophy of history in the knowledge of history is certain. Explained the events in the light of cultural reasons. This paper highlights the importance of the Philosophy of history as lesson of the past for the mankind.

RECENT TRENDS IN HUMAN DUTIES TOWARDS HIMSELF, A MODEL FOR REALIZING HUMAN RIGHTS AND IMPROVING HUMAN LIFE


 
 
 
 The research seeks to the problem of human weak implementation rights in a new moral philosophical way. In order to achieve a real rights implementation, we focus on demonstrating duties and showing their importance, and therefore believing in the need to implement them.
 The research aims to demonstrate the human duties towards oneself as a model for improving life and achieving rights. If a person succeeds in fulfilling his duties towards himself, he is qualified to succeed in fulfilling his duties towards others and thus achieving rights. Many of the difficulties one experiences in life are often due to deficiencies in self-awareness and commitment towards his own self.
 The research includes defining self and explaining the importance of caring for it for the flourishment of human society. Then the rules of human duties towards himself are deducted.
 The research uses an analytical approach to the reality of human beings. Of its results is the realization of human rights in a smooth way, because of fulfilling man's duties to himself. This is a modern way of dealing with human rights by starting to do duties. If each person performs his duties towards others, rights will be consolidated by their own effortlessly.