Philosophical Categories Research Articles

An Innate Despair: The Philosophical Limitations of Transhumanism and its Misplaced Hope in Human Enhancement

This paper sets forth some philosophical foundations of the transhumanist project, drawing on its roots in philosophical positivism and its confidence in the liberating power of technology. Such confidence is interpreted within the sphere of hope, departing from transhumanism's negative presumptions regarding the human condition, and embracing its aspirations for a humanity without limits. However, it is the claim of this paper that such hope is deceptive. Since transhumanism is incapable of grasping the depths of the human person, limited by its own philosophical categories, it both underestimates the human capacity for interior transformation and misunderstands the real nature of hope. Thus, transhumanism is marked by a deeply rooted despair that wears the mask of an insufficient hope.

Theoretical and methodological orientations and positions of the problem of translation: on the example of philosophical texts

In the article the basics of the affiliation between philosophy and translation in connection with modern developments and changes in philosophy and translation were examined. The authors highlight the main reasons contributing to the deep transformation of humanitarian meanings, which are of particular interest and relevance. The purpose of the study is a philosophical view of the changing factors in the translation problem. The explanation of the concepts of “philosophy and translation” was reviewed. The authors interpret translation as a category of social philosophy. The main growth points for thoughts about the transfer of one of the central concepts of linguistics to the core of a broad interdisciplinary scientific discussion and its elevation to the category of social philosophy were reflected in its changed role and function. The authors also consider translation as an important factor in reviving cultural diversity and stimulating the growth of human creativity. It is concluded that the interpretation of translation as a factor that has a significant impact on a person requires consideration by the social philosophymethods. A methodology for analyzing important sociocultural phenomena, based on the dialectical ideais proposed. The main research method is the double opposition “philosophy—translation”. This approach includes the need to pay close attention to the connections between the whole and its important parts, which increases the relevance of analyzing the connections between them. Within this idea, the key conclusion is that philosophical categories are derived from real relations to science.

An Examination of Business Ethics Attitudes Through Major Philosophical Categories

An Examination of Business Ethics Attitudes Through Major Philosophical Categories

Аллюзии к философской классике Китая в речах Си Цзинь-пина: функции, особенности, интерпретации

The article is dedicated to the problem of detection and interpretation of allu­sions to the Chinese philosophical classics in the speeches of PRC President Xi Jinping. Despite the significant semantic richness and specific linguistic appear­ance of allusions, the official translations of the Chinese leader’s speeches into Russian are extremely inaccurate in both form and matter. The paper presents an analysis of allusions to the philosophical classics written in wenyan found in the speeches of Xi Jinping in the period from October 1, 2022 to October 1, 2023: it describes the methodology for identifying the objects of allusions, car­ries out its interpretation in the contemporary context, highlights the key features of this phenomenon, as well as the reasons for the use of such a specific tool in political discourse. As a result of the research, it was concluded that allusions are being used as a convenient form of expressing ideas both for Chinese and non-Chinese audiences, but with intention to make these ideas fully perceivable only by the first in order to avoid a negative reaction from the second. In addi­tion, the analysis of speeches shows higher frequency of references to the legalist treatise “Guanzi”, Tang emperor Li Shimin and the philosophical category “order­liness” (zhi) by Xi Jinping, as well as clear signs of weak hierarchical inclusivism (according to Stanislav Yu. Rykov) in the choice of the sources for allusions

Problems Of Many-Valued Logic from The Point of View of The Theory of Socio-Cultural Code

It is shown that there are prerequisites for returning to the original interpretation of logic as the science of the laws of thought. Using the methods of the neural network theory of the noosphere, it is proved that the nature of thinking is significantly influenced by the socio-cultural code of the ethnic/social system. A connection is revealed between philosophical categories as basic undefined concepts and archetypes, understood according to Jung. It is proved that the formalization of the laws of thinking, built on multi-valued logic, should operate not only and not so much with the concepts of natural language, but with “reflection quanta” lying on the archetypal level of consciousness. It is shown that the category of truth underlying classical logic can also be interpreted as a “reflection quantum”, but which has undergone a formalization procedure. It is demonstrated how exactly the apparatus of multi-valued logic can be applied to identifying links between the "quanta of reflection", which can be considered as a generalization of the rules of reasoning established in classical logic, dating back to Aristotle. The category “Qi”, which underlies ancient Chinese philosophy and is inseparable from the Chinese sociocultural code, was used as an example. Meaning of this category in the version that is assimilated by European and Eurasian sociocultural codes is revealed.

WEAKNESS AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT AND LEGAL CATEGORY

The article is devoted to the most complex, little-studied in jurisprudence and the theory of civil law, deep-seated issues of protecting the weakness in delicate and other legal relations. The authors proceed from the fact that the effectiveness of the protection of the weakness is based on its holistic understanding of both legal and philosophical categories. Based on this, the authors draw a philosophical-semantic and lexical-legal analogy between this category and the category of a weak subject, its semantic conditionality from such philosophical categories as personality, self-worth of a person. It is proposed to consider the category of the weakness from the standpoint of its static and dynamic states, the conditionality of the effectiveness of its protection in the post-Soviet society from the development and state of effectiveness of formal institutions, as well as the ideological and value attitude of Kazakhstan society to the fundamental principles of the rule of law, formal equality and social justice The authors separately highlight the dependence of legal protection of a weak subject on the extent to which Kazakhstan's socio-legal reality realizes: a) the conditionality of a person from society, on the one hand; and b) his natural-biological and cognitive self-sufficiency, on the other. In this context, the authors make some retrospective analysis of the state of natural human rights in Kazakhstan of the Soviet period, reveal the nature and essence of the category "I". According to the authors, the category "I" in post-classical reality is a key element of such self-sufficiency. It is on the basis of their unity that reflection, comprehension and concepts of self-awareness and self-knowledge, self-identity, respect for self and other, society and the state should be built.

Трансдисциплинарность современной науки как форма социального консенсуса

Introduction. Transdisciplinarity can be reinterpreted from a scientific and philosophical category to a socio-philosophical one by referring to the theoretical constructions of social consensus. In this case, its general social functions are emphasized, which are the social and communication effect of transdisciplinary interactions between science and society. Theoretical analysis. The socio-philosophical analysis of transdisciplinarity is formed in the field of categories of sociality, time, object, truth and values. They are revealed in the autopoietic analysis of the society made by N. Luhmann, which continues the Weberian traditions in relation to the study of scientific rationality. Linking the logical, axiological and social plans of the formation of truth into a single whole in the dialogue between science and society is actualized in the real context of social time. The growth of scientific specialization, which breaks the unified image of science, determines the axiologization and ethicization of scientific knowledge. Transdisciplinarity, based on the social recognition of specific scientific knowledge in everyday life, becomes a tool for gathering disparate academic groups into a symbolic social subject of science. Conclusion. Transdisciplinary science as a hybrid social subject is capable of autonomous communicative behavior, which allows it to act as an agent of policy related to the application of scientific knowledge and thereby legitimize its claims to social authority.

Аксиологические аспекты природы информации

In the article, the authors analyze the concept of “information value” through the understanding of the terms “value” and “information” as philosophical categories. They examine the influence of social consciousness, adaptive processes, characteristics of information as a final product, context, and certain social and behavioral factors on the assessment, perception, and utilization of information by individuals and society. Some ways of determining the value of information are analyzed, and a socio-philosophical characterization and critique of the concept of quantifying information value (VOI) is given. Factors influencing the ability to respond to information are identified, and the sequence of decision-making according to Gary Klein is considered. The questions that arise when determining the value of information are raised, the importance of resolving them and a deeper understanding of the degree of influence of the human factor on data collection, information synthesis and knowledge development is argued. A concept for determining the value information is presented.

On the relationship between the General and Special parts Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

The General and Special Parts are paired structural components of the criminal law. It is more logical to consider the interaction of the General and Special parts in the context of such a scientific and philosophical category as correlation. This article examines the relationship between the General and Special parts of the criminal law in the philosophical, socio-legal and legal-technical senses. In a philosophical sense, the General and the Special, these parts are organically connected with each other according to the dialectic of the relationship between the “general and the particular”. From a socio-legal point of view, the unity of the General and Special parts of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is manifested in the fact that both parts serve common tasks; the normative prescriptions of both parts are based on the same principles; properties of specific crimes and punishments for them are provided in both parts. From the legal and technical side, the unity of the General and Special parts of the criminal code lies in its systemic structure. The work identifies both similar and distinctive features between the two paired components of modern Russian criminal law. Prospects for further research into the relationship between the General and Special parts of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are seen in the development and approval of the Concept for the construction of Russian criminal law.

Гражданско-правовые услуги как благо и как объект гражданских прав

Despite the constant expansion of the range and quantity of goods produced in the world, the services market is currently developing at a faster pace, among which, in the context of the digitalization of the economy, services in the field of e-commerce, banking, the use of digital rights and others account for an increasing share. With the increasing role of services in all spheres of society and, practically, every person, both the nature and features of services as an object of civil turnover, their classification remain the subject of long-term discussions, which necessitates a comprehensive study of services, the features of their legal regime and their place in the system of objects of civil turnover. In order to study the essence and legal nature of services in more depth, the author’s attempt to consider services according to the following scheme is interesting: the good (as a philosophical category) – the object of law (as a category of legal theory) – the object of civil rights (as a category of civil law) – the services themselves. Additionally, the regulatory framework surrounding service provision encompasses various legal instruments, including consumer protection laws, industry regulations, and professional standards, aimed at safeguarding the interests of all parties involved. In conclusion, services occupy a unique position within the legal landscape as both goods and objects of civil rights. By examining services through the lens of philosophy, law, and civil rights theory, it is possible to gain a deeper understanding of their nature, characteristics, and legal status. Moving forward, it is imperative to continue exploring the evolving role of services in the digital economy and adapting legal frameworks to address emerging challenges and opportunities in service provision.

The Body as Medium - Embodied Communication and Body Issues in Cloud Fitness

The "body turn" of "cloud fitness" has brought a new theoretical logic to communication. In this paper, we make a preliminary attempt at embodied communication in the context of the new Crown pneumonia epidemic, exploring the issues of body movement and moving bodies on "Shake" and "b-station". Here, the author argues that understanding embodied communication is inseparable from reflecting on technology, and that it is a form of communication in which people, media and technology interact. The article explores the changes of the philosophical category of bodily action in the virtual space of the Internet by tracing the origins of embodied communication; then understands the communication of the body as a medium through the "cloud space" and "cloud body"; and in the whole process of communication, the physical attributes of the body give the online and offline behaviors of the body a new meaning and a new meaning and a new meaning. In the whole process of communication, the physical attributes of the body bring tension to the online and offline actors; in the future, with the advent of the scene-oriented era, the body will have multiple symbolic attributes.

Idealism, Realism and Hints of Personalism in C.I. Lewis

This paper examines the arguments of C.I. Lewis respecting the utility of idealist and realist philosophical categories and ends with a look at his personalist credentials. It is reported that Lewis pared away the outer layer of idealism leaving its utility in explaining perception via his concept of the “given”. This resulted in a fundamentally realist vision with the exception of perceptive theory. It is offered that the realist perspective is the more satisfactory metaphysical component of a healthy personalist philosophy, one that Lewis would presumably favor.

Linguistic opposition as a philosophical category

In this article, the category of opposition has been studied since ancient times and it is considered the main idea of dialectics, which is considered the main part ofphilosophy. In particular, different interpretations of this phenomenon have been given based on the scientific views of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Protagoras, and Democritus.

Механизм оценки результатов налоговой политики

The work is devoted to the presentation of the author's version of the mechanism for assessing the results of tax policy. This problem is the object of study of many scientific schools. Her decisions are eagerly awaited by practice. The presentation of the author's version is preceded by a deep analysis of the views of various scientific schools on the formulation of a mechanism for assessing the results of tax policy, as well as on the establishment of criteria for its effectiveness. The authors substantiate that the ideological basis for constructing a mechanism for assessing the results of tax policy is the use of philosophical categories — space and time. From these positions, the characteristics of each of the stages of the mechanism under study are outlined.

Peculiarities of Translating an Oral Text in the Field of Neuro-Legal and its Transformation into Written Text

Due to the practical usage of neuro-technologies in all areas of our life, lawyers make attempts to provide a legal definition of such a philosophical category as mind, which expresses the highest type of thinking activity, and to develop legal norms and standards in this field. The area of law that deals with the impact of neuroscience discoveries on the regulation of social relations is referred to as neurolaw. This branch of law is considered to be interdisciplinary establishing close connections with a spectrum of sciences such as neuropsychology, neurogenetics, neurobiology, neurosociology and many other neurosciences and links a brain with law. As a result this area of law often employs categories and concepts of those sciences. This is a reason for legal terminology in this field of law to be constantly broadened. New legal terms are of great interest to translators who create and analyze conceptual fields in the area of “neuro-law”. For translators it is a real challenge to deal with specialized legal texts when they can apply not only their translation skills, techniques and methods but also their knowledge in a particular field of neuro-technology application in the real sector of economy. The author of the article makes an attempt to reveal the peculiarities and features of translation of the texts which deal with human body enhancement technologies and legal issues related to their application. New legal terms and concepts are of great interest to understand a developing area of law.

Philosophical and legal understanding of the category "human dignity" in the works of thinker

The scientific article examines the peculiarities of the philosophical and legal category "human dignity”. In particular, within the framework of this study, the views of ancient thinkers, thinkers of the Middle Ages and the New Age were analyzed, and their interpretation of the category "human dignity” was given accordingly. In the views of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Gianozzo Manetti, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Immanuel Kant, the essence, meaning and features of human dignity are revealed from various approaches. But at the same time, these views complement each other and allow us to clearly outline the essence of the "human dignity” category. At the same time, it is determined that this is not an exhaustive list of thinkers who research this category, but special attention is paid to it in their works.
 Special attention is paid to human dignity as a philosophical and legal category, since it is determined that at first "human dignity” was considered as a philosophical category, and later it was considered as a legal category. This was a consequence of the establishment of the category "human dignity” in international legal acts and acts of national legislation, including in Ukraine.
 The process of research, it was determined that human dignity has been considered by thinkers for many millennia, but at the same time, during the entire existence of this category, it has practically not evolved, which indicates the stability of this category. This is important in view of the fact that human society has reached a unified understanding of human dignity, which is especially important for the modern generation.
 Also, within the framework of this study, the signs inherent in human dignity were considered. Conclusions have been made and a proper interpretation of the definition of the concept of "human dignity” has been given.

Срок на апелляцию: от идеологии к идеологии. Статья № 2. Идеология «советская»: полный отказ от института апелляции (1917–2001 гг.); идеология «постсоветская»: неспешное поэтапное восстановление апелляции (2001–2019 гг.) — обусловили образование массивного пробела в практике выявления процессуальных ошибок, исправлять которые суды вынуждены в наши дни

In this publication, the author continues to review some results of studies on the Appeal Window subject, the basic aspects of which are the following statements: the court judgment appeal window is, firstly, a procedural institution, secondly, a physical value, and thirdly, a psychological, social and philosophical category. The author mentions that the duration of an appeal window depends on a number of objective and subjective factors. This term directly depends on obvious and discreet goals of criminal proceedings, the level of our general and legal culture. Since all present matters are rooted in the past, in the second publication, the author firstly covers the period of our history (1917 to 2001) when the analyzed institution was buried in oblivion. Secondly, the author expresses surprise that the step-by-step recovery (revival) of the appeal has in fact spread over 18 long years (2001 to 2019). Thirdly, it is stated that the mistakes of the past have to be corrected today.

The war behind this war

This article intends to read the profound dynamics that characterise the current war in the light of certain classical philosophical categories such as the relationship established by Hegel between substance and subject, the difference between the concept of substance and the concept of function as it was discussed by Cassirer, and finally the binomial power over life and right of death reread by Foucault in a biopolitical key. In the light of these polarities, it is in fact possible to identify two opposing worldviews – on which depend two completely different ways of understanding the function of the state, the weight to be ascribed to rights, and even two different ways of conceiving and conducting war – that do not necessarily coincide with the two opposing sides in the field.

Integrity in public administration: doubtful practical value of ethical and philosophical categories in preventing corruption (on the example of the public integrity council activity)

There has been tried in the article to systemize various approaches to the concept of integrity (in Ukrainian literally – kind-honesty), which is relatively new to the science of public administration, and to find out the sources and reasons for its appearance. A brief linguistic analysis of the integrity definitions contained in Ukrainian- and English-language sources has been carried out. There has been analyzed a variety of numerous definitions of the integrity concept, both ethical and philosophical, and normative and legal as well. A historical excursion has been made to prove rapid evolution of integrity criteria. There has been emphasized that the criteria of integrity in many cases are perceived exceptionally at an intuitive level, often being manipulative and unstable, depend on the person of evaluator and may differ even within small social groups. There has been cast doubt on the expedience of including changing ethical and philosophical categories in the national legislation and establishing legal liability for their non-observance. Based on the Public Integrity Council activity during the qualification evaluation of judges through the judicial reform of 2016-2019 and unsuccessful attempts to resume this procedure in 2023, practical problems in the evaluation of integrity criteria and subjectivity in approaches to such evaluation have been highlighted. There has been attempted to find out the practical value of integrity category in preventing corruption. The indisputable obligation of exclusive morality and ethics of those who are responsible for evaluating the public officials’ integrity has been emphasized. There has been demonstrated an example when mistrust to evaluators, their arbitrary and destructive application of moral criteria, placed in the legal sphere, cause personnel turbulence and public servants’ reluctance to continue their professional careers in conditions of uncertainty, what leads to the public administration mechanism disbalance. There has been suggested during the further modernization of the institute of public service in Ukraine and introduction of new anti-corruption mechanisms to avoid borrowing such categories that are not typical to the national context.

Aristotelian Flourishing and Contemporary Philosophical Theories of Wellbeing

Several philosophical theories of wellbeing claim Aristotelian ancestry and employ an Aristotelian construct of flourishing. Yet it is not clear how we should interpret Aristotle’s notion of flourishing or eudaimonia (εὐδαιμονία). In this article, we offer an analysis of Aristotle’s notion of eudaimonia and consider to what extent it can be categorized within the framework of contemporary philosophical theories of wellbeing. We stress the active character of Aristotelian flourishing and its focus on the development of living things over time, which contrasts with the static and passive character of contemporary philosophical accounts of wellbeing. We suggest that Aristotle is closest to a perfectionist theory of wellbeing, though even this requires some qualification. While rational activity in accord with virtue is central to Aristotle’s account of living well, Aristotle also states that a range of practical human activities and propitious life circumstances are necessary (and, on some interpretations, constitutive) features of the flourishing life. As such, Aristotelian flourishing includes elements of moral and cognitive perfectionism as well as an objective list of external goods and presupposes one’s embeddedness within communities. We close with a consideration of the implications of our argument for the philosophical and social scientific study of flourishing. Contemporary well-being philosophers should be mindful of ways in which Aristotelian eudaimonia extends beyond the dominant philosophical categories of wellbeing that have a static focus and concern themselves with subjective experience or the possession of objective goods. Social scientists should be transparent about the limits of invoking an Aristotelian pedigree to motivate their own theories of wellbeing and should understand the implications of more limited conceptions.