Phenotypic Coefficient Of Variation Research Articles

Mean Performance and Genetic Variability Exploration for Fruit Yield and its Attributing Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

The present study was conducted to access the relative performance, genetic variability, genetic advance and heritability in thirty genotypes of tomato crop. The crop was sown under Randomized Block Design (RBD) in three replications at Regional Research Station Karnal, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, during the Autumn Winter season of 2021-22. The observations were recorded for eight parameters pertaining to the fruit yield and its attributing traits in tomato. Statistics from analysis of variance showed substantial differences among the genotypes that unveils the plausible presence of significant genetic variability which could be positively exploited in crop improvement programs. The results obtained in the experiment showed that Pusa Ruby (38 days) was earliest to flower in 50% plants followed by EC-631351 (40 days). Genotype Selection 7 took the least (66) number of days to first picking and genotype Kashi Hemant took the maximum (155 days) number of days to last picking. Genotype EC-615056 recorded the maximum (57.71 g) average fruit weight and genotypes namely EC-631457, EC-631357 and Pusa Early Dwarf observed highest fruit yield per plant. Narrow differences were recorded for the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters, which denotes that environment had very little influence in expression of the characters and phenotype truly represents the genotype. High to moderate magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for almost all the characters in our investigation. Plant characters days to first picking, days to 50% flowering, days to last picking, plant height at harvest recorded high (>70%) magnitude of heritability in broad sense implying least influence of environment over these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for characters like days to 50% flowering and plant height at harvesting.

Exploring the Genetic Diversity and Agronomic Performance of Okra Varieties Using Variance Analysis

The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Genetics and Plant Breeding Department of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka Bangladesh during March 2017 to July 2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Twenty eight genotypes of okra were used in this study which was collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur and local market. The extent of diversity present between genotypes determines the extent of improvement gained through selection and hybridization. The more divergent the two genotypes are the more will be the probability of improving through selection and hybridization. Mean square of most of the characters studied revealed that genotypes showed highly significant (P< 0.01) differences for all the traits studied. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for primary branches (43.91 and 33.64) and fruit yield per plant (37.51 and 32.48). So, divergent genotypes are recommended to use as parents in future hybridization program.

Root system architecture variation among barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions at seedling stage under soil acidity condition.

Soil acidity in Ethiopian highlands impacts barley production, affecting root system architecture. Study on 300 accessions showed significant trait variability, with potential for breeding enhancement. Soil acidity poses a significant challenge to crop production in the highland regions of Ethiopia, particularly impacting barley, a crucial staple crop. This acidity serves as a key stressor affecting the root system architecture (RSA) of this crop. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the RSA traits variability under acidic soil conditions using 300 barley accessions in a greenhouse experiment. The analysis of variance indicated substantial variations among the accessions across all traits studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 24.4% for shoot dry weight to 11.1% for root length, while the genotypic coefficient variation varied between 18.83 and 9.2% for shoot dry weight and root length, respectively. The broad-sense heritability ranged from 36.7% for leaf area to 69.9% for root length, highlighting considerable heritability among multiple traits. The genetic advances as a percent of the mean ranged from 13.63 to 29.9%, suggesting potential for enhancement of these traits through breeding efforts. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into two major clusters, each containing varying numbers of genotypes with contrasting traits. This diversegrouppresents an opportunity to access a wide range ofpotential parentcandidates to enhance geneticvariablity in breeding programs. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant negative associations between root angle (RA) and other RSA traits. This helps indirect selection of accessions for further improvement in soil acidity. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the RSA characteristics of barley in acidic soil conditions, aiding in the development of breeding strategies to enhance crop productivity in acidic soil environments.

Path Coefficient Correlation and Genetic Divergence in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genetic variation, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence studied in wheat   during rabi 2015-16 at oilseed farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture &Technology, Kanpur (U.P). A collection of fifty wheat genotypes from different eco-geographic origin were evaluated for ten quantitative characters viz. days to 50 % flowering, days to reproductive phase, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of reproductive tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike (gm.), test weight (gm.) and grain yield per plant (gm.).All the characters, under study showed considerable amount of variability, phenotypic coefficient of variability was higher than genotypic coefficient of variability.These traits exhibited higher variation for GCV and PCV across the environments. A persual of coeffiecient of variability indicates that PCV and GCV were quiet high for grain yield per plant. Moderate PCV and GCV were recorded in  spike length and grain weight per spike and the  lowest observed in days to maturityand days to 50% flowering. A high estimate of heritability was found for grain yield per plant. Genetic advance confirms the heritability estimate. High genetic advance was observed for grain yield (30.16) and minimum in days to reproductive phase (2.27). Genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients for all the character combinations. Grain yield per plant showed highly positive association ship with plant height, spike length, grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike grain weight per spike. Genetic divergence was determined using D2 and all the fifty genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. Maximum inter cluster distances were observed betweenVI and VIII followed by cluster VII and VIII and cluster V and VIII. Cluster VII retains highest rank in spike length and grains per spike. Cluster-V holds first rank in days to flowering and days to maturity.On the basis of genetic divergence , it is suggested that the crosses between VIII  ,VII , VI and V may be effective components in hybridization.

Assessment of Genetic Variability for Nutrient Status in Grain and Leaves of Amaranthus Genotypes

In the present investigation 18 different genotypes of amaranthus were analyzed for nutrient status and noticeable range of major nutrients were reported in leaves and grains. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for leaf color constituent b* i.e., 63.76 and 63.76 while, minimum in case of leaf moisture i.e., 6.62 and 3.03, respectively. High heritability was observed for all the traits, maximum was recorded for leaf color constituent b* (100%) and minimum was observed for leaf moisture (70.09%). High heritability (h2 = 99.19%) with high genetic advance (GA=73.90%) as percentage of mean was observed for leaf vitamin C, which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for leaf color constituent b* (131.34) however, lowest for days to leaf moisture (5.23) which indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits having high heritability with genetic advance as percent of mean.

Assessment of Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The present research, entitled “Assessment of Variability, Heritability, and Genetic Advance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.),” was conducted on 15 genotypes with 16 characteristics. The analysis of variance revealed that genotypic variation was extremely significant for all of the traits under consideration. Additionally, the phenotypic coefficient of variance was larger than the genotypic coefficient of variation in magnitude. Quantitative features include the number of pods and kernels per plant, days to bloom initiation, days to 50% flowering, and days to maturity, test weight, shelling percent, and kernel yield per plant showed high heritability indicating that the variation was caused by additive gene action. The correlation estimates provide a better understanding of yield components and studies on genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of different traits help the plant breeder during selection.

Genetic Variability and Character Association Studies in Diverse Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for Agro-Morphological Traits in Terai Region of West Bengal

Aims: The study aims to analyze the genetic variability in diverse rice genotypes and establish correlations with grain yield and its attributes. By identifying and quantifying the genetic elements influencing grain yield and associated traits, the research intends to offer insights for developing high-yielding and resilient rice varieties, ultimately enhancing food security and agricultural sustainability. Study Design: The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications, using a spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal during the Kharif season (the period from June to October) of 2019 and 2020. The duration of the study encompassed the entire Kharif seasons of both years. Methodology: The study evaluated forty-two diverse rice genotypes based on nine agro-morphological traits. The methodology encompassed the utilization of ANOVA to evaluate significant differences in trait means and discern genetic variability among rice genotypes. Central tendency and variability were assessed through the calculation of mean, range, and standard deviation to gain insights into genetic variation. Furthermore, variation among traits was quantified using phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation to aid in understanding genetic variability. Heritability in broad sense was estimated to ascertain the genetic contribution to the observed variation, while the identification of traits with potential for improvement was achieved through the analysis of genetic advance as percent of mean. Furthermore, correlation and path coefficient analyses were conducted to comprehend the connections between the agro-morphological traits and grain yield, offering insights into the genetic relationships among the traits and their direct and indirect impacts on grain yield patterns. Results: The analysis of variance results confirmed the presence of significant differences among the evaluated genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation displayed elevated values, closely associated with the genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits. Both phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation values were observed to be low to moderate for all the nine traits. Furthermore, specific traits such as grain breadth, panicles plant-1, and grain L/B ratio exhibited high heritability and high genetic advance percentage of mean, indicating their potential for selection and improvement in breeding programs. Additionally, the correlation study at the genotypic level revealed positive and significant correlations between grain yield plant-1, test weight, and spikelet fertility. Moreover, the path coefficient analysis showed that grain length had the maximum positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1. Conclusion: In conclusion, the analysis revealed significant genotype variations across multiple traits, indicating potential for targeted breeding improvements. Traits like grain breadth, panicles plant-1, and grain L/B ratio showed promising heritability and genetic advancement, emphasizing their value for selection in breeding programs. Correlation and path coefficient analyses highlighted interrelationships and direct effects on yield, underlining the importance of genetic factors in trait expression.

Analysis of Fennel Breeding Populations Based on Distinctness, Uniformity and stability (DUS) testing via Morphological Descriptors and DNA Molecular Markers

AbstractA bred plant variety is a valuable tool for enhancing crop production and total yield. Recently, our breeding team developed three high seed yielding synthetic cultivars of bitter fennel. To characterize these newly breeding populations and differentiate them from each other and their parental populations, we conducted a Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) assessment using morphological traits evaluated over two consecutive years, as well as 20 Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. The evaluation of morphological traits revealed that, five of qualitative traits exhibited monomorphism, while two other qualitative traits displayed polymorphism. Additionally, the investigation of eight quantitative traits showcased significant diversity. The Combined Over Years Distinctiveness analysis at a 1% significance level, based on eight quantitative characteristics, indicated distinctiveness for two breeding populations, namely Early and Medium Maturity Synthetic cultivars, compared to other populations. The Combined Over Years Uniformity analysis identified that all of the breeding populations and their parental populations were uniform in terms of the measured traits. The differences between Phenotypic Coefficients of Variation and Genotypic Coefficients of Variation were not particularly noticeable in the experimental material used currently. The majority of the measured traits showed high heritability, highlighting their stability over time. PCA utilized for quantitative morphological features, the first two principal components collectively accounted for more than 86.8% of the phenotypic variation. Subsequently, a dendrogram was constructed, which clustered breeding and parental populations into three distinct groups. The 15 SCoT markers produced a total of 164 extended fragments, with 139 (85%) of them showed polymorphic.The genetic similarity between the populations exhibited a range of 0.08–0.81, and cluster analysis utilizing Jaccard similarity coefficients and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) technique revealed clear distinctions among the three breeding populations and their parental populations. Altogether, the findings indicate that morphological DUS descriptors effectively distinguish some the populations, while others with overlapping expressions cannot be discriminated. Notably, SCoT markers demonstrate a fine ability to detect distinctions among fennel populations, suggesting the possibility of utilizing them as a complement to morphological traits in the DUS test. As a conclusion, these three newly breeding populations of fennel are distinct from each other and from their parental populations, and they can advance for registration and seed purity testing.

Genetic Variability Estimation in Forty Pigeonpea Germplasm for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits

Aim: The present research aimed to estimate the genetic variability in forty pigeonpea germplasms for yield and yield-attributing traits such as initial plant stand, final plant stand, days to 50% flowering, primary branches, secondary branches, plant height, days to maturity, wilt incidence%, pod borer infestation %, 100 seed weight, number of pods per plant, yield (g/plot), yield (kg/ha).
 Study Design: study was conducted in randomised block desigh (RBD) design with two replications and spacing of 60 cm X 30 cm.
 Place and Duration of Study: The present investigation was carried out during kharif 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 at the research farm of Birsa Agricultural University farm located at Kanke, Ranchi.
 Methodology: Forty pigeonpea genotypes were studied to determine genetic variability. Pooled data over two years were subjected to statistical analysis for estimation of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability in broad sense                                 (h2), and genetic advance as a percent of mean for fourteen quantitative traits such                                 as initial plant stand, final plant stand, days to 50% flowering, primary branches,                                  secondary branches, plant height, days to maturity, wilt incidence%, pod borer infestation%, 100 seed weight.
 Results: The PCV varied from 2.45% (days to maturity) to 30.83% [yield (kg/ha), whereas the GCV ranged from 1.12% (days to maturity) to 17.67% [yield (g/plot)]. Days to 50% flowering (6.39%, 4.48%), days to maturity (2.45%, 1.12%), and 100 seed weight (8.53%, 5.65%) all had low GCV and PCV value. The broad sense of heritability (h2) varied between plant height (16.9%) to days to 50% blooming (49.20%). Plant height (16.90%, 4.95%), number of pods per plant (21.10%, 9.95%), and days to maturity (20.90%, 1.05%) showed low heritability and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean, indicating ineffective selection.
 Conclusion: Genotypes showed high magnitude of variability for all the traits under study.

Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Its Attributed Traits in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

The genotypes of brinjal were assessed for genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of growth and yield characters. The present investigation was carried out during rabi season of 2021 in randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed significant variation for all the traits among the genotypes. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for the traits such as fruit weight (99.24 % and 99.27 %), number of fruits per plant (57.33 % and 57.58 %), fruit size index (54.80 % and 54.83 %), fruit length (36.54 % and 36.82 %), fruit circumference (32.16 % and 32.46 %) and fruit yield per hectare (27.26 % and 27.42 %) indicating the existence of wider variability among the genotypes for different characters. High heritability in broad sense along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was found in suggesting that these traits can be improved through direct selection due to the existence of additive gene action.

Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] Genotypes

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental field of Urban Technological Park Habbak, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir during kharif-2022. The experiment was laid out in Augmented Randomized Block Design with three blocks and plant spacing of 2×1 m for seventy- seven genotypes including two checks, Pusa Naveen and Pusa Santushti. Observations were recorded for growth and yield traits, seed traits and quality parameters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the traits. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied indicating little influence of environment in the expression of these traits. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for seed weight fruit-1 (45.15 and 45.13). High heritability coupled with high genetic gain was recorded for seed weight fruit-1 (0.99 and 93.01), indicating that the heritability is most likely due to additive gene effects and thus the chances of fixing this trait by selection are more. The estimates of heritability in broad sense were high for all the traits. Correlation studies indicated that fruit yield plant-1 followed by fruit weight, vine length, number of primary branches and number of fruits plant-1 had significant and positive correlation with fruit yield ha-1. Path coefficient analysis showed that fruit yield plant-1 followed by fruit weight, number of primary branches, node number at which 1st male flower appeared and fruit diameter had highest direct effects on the yield per ha-1.

Insights into Genetic Variability Parameters and Character Association among Agro-morphological and Biochemical Traits in Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth. Ex. Roem and Schultz)

A set of 64 little millet genotypes was evaluated for their genetic variability parameters, principal components, and their contribution to total variance using seven agro-morphological and four biochemical traits in alpha lattice design with two replications. The mean performance revealed the presence of substantial variability for the characters studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) estimated ranged from 18.28% to 43.75% and 10.06% to 42.75%, respectively. Even though PCV was found to be significantly greater than GCV for the number of tillers, a slightly higher PCV over GCV was observed for all the other traits, suggesting a limited environmental influence for the majority of the traits. High heritability was observed for all agro-morphological and biochemical traits (84.00-94.00%), except for the number of tillers (42.00%), which exhibited moderate heritability. Genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM) was high for most of the traits, viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, single plant yield, test weight, grain protein, iron, zinc, and calcium contents. suggesting the predominance of additive gene action and the greater possibility of genetic improvement through simple phenotypic selection. Majority of the contribution towards the total divergence by days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of tillers, panicle length, single plant yield, and grain calcium content coupled with significant and positive correlations of majority of grain yield components with grain yield suggested that these traits are the key drivers of variability that could be exploited through a little millet improvement program.

Phenotypic plasticity of okra for yield and associated traits

Background: The genetic improvement of okra for the agro-ecological conditions requires adequate genetic background for understanding the inheritance of the traits and genetic control.Aim: To evaluate collection of okra accessions for their phenotypic plasticity and their relationships among tested accession.Setting: Field trail laid in a randomised complete block design of three replication.Methods: A total of 24 okra accessions were planted at Loskop Research Station in Limpopo province, South Africa, during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons.Results: The analysis of variance showed significant differences among the accessions for yield and related traits measured. The principal components analysis revealed 68.85% total variation. The genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) was higher than phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) for all the measured parameters. The study revealed medium heritability for yield (33%), high (≥ 60%), for hundred-seed weight and number of fruits per plant. A positive significant correlation between grain yield and fruit yield per plant (r = 0.39) was observed.Conclusion: The study recommended accessions Acc No. 1859.2.3.1, Acc No. 1181.2.1.1 and Acc No. 1900.2.3.1 to be used as breeding lines in future okra breeding programme.Contribution: The accessions identified as potential parents for okra improvement programme, based on complementary agronomic traits could be used for direct cultivation by small-scale farmers and parental lines for breeding population.

Morphological Characterization and Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genetic based knowledge of different growth traits including morphological, physiological and developmental play’s fundamental role in the improvement of wheat. Genetic divergence allows superior recombinants which are essential in any crop development project. The present investigation was involving forty-four genotypes were assessed for 13 morphological traits undertaken to study the genetic variability, heritability (bs), genetic advance, genetic advance as percent of mean analysis. Among the genotypes, almost all the traits exhibited highly significant variation. The higher extent of genotypic (GCV) as well as phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were noticed for number of productive tillers per plant and grain yield per plant indicted high degree of variability in these quantitative traits and suggested the possibility of yield improvement through these traits. High heritability (in broad sense) estimates were obtained highest for biological yield per plant, spike length, grain yield per plant, protein content, 1000 grain weight, plant height, productive tillers per plant, days to maturity and spikelets per spike including that these traits are mainly controlled by the genetic factor and selection based on these factors will be rewarding. Moderate estimates of genetic advance were obtained for two traits viz., plant height and biological yield per plant. A suitable combination of these traits can be used for development of high yielding genotypes. For plant height and the number of grains per spike, there was a combination of high heritability and moderate genetic advance. As a result, these qualities are controlled by additive gene action and should be chosen for further development through the use of pedigree breeding.

Genetic Variability and Correlation Studies for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Background: Mungbean is one important short duration pulse mostly grown in South and Southeast Asia. The level of variability available in the germplasm influences how well a breeding programme would be productive. Understanding the nature and extent of genetic diversity in breeding material is greatly helped by estimates of genetic variability parameters and character associations. The current study aimed to study genetic variability and character associations in mungbean for yield and its attributes, pre-requisite for formulating an effective breeding programme. Methods: The present experiments were carried out with 107 mungbean genotypes collected from NBPGR (New Delhi) and AAU-Zonal research station, Shillongani. The genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design over two replications for yield and yield attributing traits at the experimental farm Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during 2020-2021. Result: The traits like yield per plant, number of branches per plant, clusters per plant, pods per plant, plant height, 100 seeds weight and peduncle length exhibited a high to medium magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV). Additionally, these traits showed high heritability and high genetic advance. The correlation studies revealed significant positive relationships between yield and all the assessed traits, with the exception of shelling percentage. The results of the path analysis indicated that a few traits, such as the number of pods per plant and the weight of 100 seeds, had a significant positive impact on seed yield. This suggests that when selecting for seed yield in mungbean, it would be advantageous to take into account these traits.

Characterization of genetic diversity of greens‐type hybrid bermudagrass selections through SSR markers and morphological analysis

AbstractThe development of Tifgreen bermudagrass, and the subsequent mutations of this cultivar, has revolutionized the game of golf in the southern United States as superintendents have access to high‐quality putting surface capable of withstanding hot summers. However, the lack of genetic diversity may make them vulnerable to various pests and the low tolerance to freeze temperatures may make them susceptible to winterkill. In recent years, Oklahoma State University and other universities have begun to create new interspecific F1 hybrids between common (Cynodon dactylon) and African bermudagrasses (C. transvaalensis) for putting greens. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic diversity and variation among 14 experimental genotypes and two standard cultivars (TifEagle and Tifdwarf). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and morphological characteristics were used to evaluate the genetic relationships and variation among the 16 genotypes. Results showed significant variation for 11 vegetative traits and two reproductive traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was greatest for the third internode length and the least for the first leaf angle for both the field and greenhouse trials. The morphological cluster analysis also showed variation between the two trial environments. The SSR marker cluster analysis showed the 16 genotypes were grouped into four major groups, with a similarity coefficient ranging from 0.44 to 1. The highest similarity was found among the two commercial standards and an experimental ultradwarf from Florida. Several new genotypes (OKC3920, 5 × 23, 11 × 2, 19 × 19, and 34 × 20) were also grouped with the ultradwarf genotypes in the morphological cluster analysis, showing the possibility of achieving similar morphological traits with new genetics. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the performance of these genotypes under low mowing heights.

Genetic improvement of Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) for high yield and fiber quality properties under semi arid conditions

Between 2016 and 2018, the Agriculture Research Center's Sakha Agriculture Research Station conducted two rounds of pedigree selection on a segregating population of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) using the F2, F3, and F4 generations resulting from crossing Giza 94 and Suvin. In 2016, the top 5% of plants from the F2 population were selected based on specific criteria. The superior families from the F3 generation were then selected to produce the F4 families in 2017, which were grown in the 2018 summer season in single plant progeny rows and bulk experiments with a randomized complete block design of three replications. Over time, most traits showed increased mean values in the population, with the F2 generation having higher Genotypic Coefficient of Variance (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variance (PCV) values compared to the succeeding generations for the studied traits. The magnitude of GCV and PCV in the F3 and F4 generations was similar, indicating that genotype had played a greater role than the environment. Moreover, the mean values of heritability in the broad sense increased from generation to generation. Selection criteria I2, I4, and I5 were effective in improving most of the yield and its component traits, while selection criterion I1 was efficient in improving earliness traits. Most of the yield and its component traits showed a positive and significant correlation with each other, highlighting their importance in cotton yield. This suggests that selecting to improveone or more of these traits would improve the others. Families number 9, 13, 19, 20, and 21 were the best genotypes for relevant yield characters, surpassing the better parent, check variety, and giving the best values for most characters. Therefore, the breeder could continue to use these families in further generations as breeding genotypes to develop varieties with high yields and its components.

Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris </i>L) Cultivars for Yield and Yield-Related Traits at Sekoru District, South Western Ethiopia

The low productivity of common beans is attached to many yield constraints such as lack of improved varieties; poor management practices, biotic and abiotic factors. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of improved common bean varieties for yield and yield related traits in the Sekoru district of the Jimma zone and identify high-yielding varieties for the study area. Eleven released and one local common bean variety were tested in two locations (Yero Sekoru and Inkure), using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected for 12 quantitative traits and subjected to analysis using SAS software. The interaction effect of genotype by location showed a highly significant variation for all traits except for plant height, dry biomass yield, and hundred seed weight. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits. Higher The phenotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for 100 seed weight (52.78), pod length (28.9), pods per plant (27.63), harvest index (25.94) and seed yield (24.6) and also a high genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) was observed for 100 seed weight (20.24) and pods per plant (20.34). Low (20) and high (93.5) heritability in broad sense were recorded in days to 50% flowering and dry biomass yield, respectively. At the phenotypic level, all traits had a positive phenotypic significant correlation with seed yield per hectare except for primary branches per plant day to 95% physiological maturity and hundred seed weight, while a negative significant correlation with seed yield per hectare was observed for days to 50% flowering. Genotypic path coefficient analysis indicates that the traits studied showed a positive direct effect on seed yield per hectare, while plant height, primary branches and secondary branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to 95% physiological maturity and 100 seed weight exhibited a negative direct effect. However, a positive direct phenotypic effect was observed for traits such as dry biomass yield, pod length, primary branches per plant, seeds per pod, and days to 95% physiological maturity. Among the varieties tested in both locations, the highest yield was recorded for the Ser119 variety (2865.2 kg/ha) followed by the Ser125 variety (2699.2 kg/ha). Therefore, recommending these varieties to farmers in the study area is very important to increase production and income.

Genetic Variability Analysis for Yield and Its Attributing Traits in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) under Phosphorus-sufficient and Deficient Field Conditions

Aim: The present study aims to identify phosphorus deficiency tolerant rice genotypes under both phosphorus-sufficient and deficient conditions. Materials and Methods: Two kinds of fields (high and low phosphorus content) were selected based on their soil phosphorus availability. Hundred diverse rice germplasm was collected and planted in an augmented design along with four local checks namely, Swarna sub-1, MTU 1153, MTU 7029 and Uttar Sona. The data was recorded for 14 traits and subjected to different types of variability analysis. Place and Season of Study: The experiment took place at instructional Farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India during the Kharif season of 2021. Results: The variability analysis revealed that phosphorus uptake showed a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) under phosphorus-deficient condition and high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) under both conditions. Grain yield showed high GCV and PCV under both the phosphorus conditions. Heritability was moderate whereas high Genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed under both the conditions for both phosphorus uptake and grain yield. Strong positive correlations were observed between days to flowering and various yield-related traits under both the conditions. Positive correlation was observed between phosphorus uptake and grain yield under phosphorus-sufficient condition, but a weaker correlation under phosphorus-deficient condition.

Assessment of the salt tolerance of diverse bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes during the early growth stage under hydroponic culture conditions

ObjectivesSoil salinity affects the growth of crop plants, leading to reduced productivity, and is a major challenge for wheat production worldwide. Various adaptations and mitigation approaches in combination with tolerant wheat genotypes can be useful for the sustainability of crop production in saline environments. However, the development of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes is one of the best and most efficient solutions for obtaining desirable yields. Considering these issues, an investigation was carried out under hydroponic nutrient culture conditions to assess the genetic variability and selection of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes by categorizing inequitable morphophysiological and genetic variability as well as multivariate analysis. MethodsTo meet the objectives of this study, 100 wheat genotypes were tested hydroponically in 0 (control) and 15 dS m−1 salt solutions. ConclusionFor all the wheat genotypes grown under saline conditions, the shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), total fresh weight (TFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), and total dry weight (TDW) decreased significantly. Furthermore, significant variation was observed among the genotypes in terms of their characteristics only under saline conditions. In the case of genetic diversity analysis, a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genetic advance in the percentage of the mean (GAM) and high heritability (h2b) were recorded for all tested wheat genotypes based on the SDW, RDW and TDW. Correlation analysis for both genotypic and phenotypic relationships revealed strong positive correlations for TDW, SDW, TFW and SFW. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that TDW, TFW, SDW, and SFW were the most discriminative variables for the wheat genotypes, which was confirmed by discriminant function analysis (DFA). PCA-biplot analysis also revealed significant positive correlations between SDW and SFW and between TDW and TFW. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed for ten clusters based on the relative performance of the genotypes, where the genotypes were characterized into salt-tolerant, medium-salt-tolerant, medium-salt-susceptible and salt-susceptible groups. Among the genotypes, G11, G25 and G29 under cluster VII were categorized as salt tolerant based on their outstanding performance in terms of characteristics only under saline conditions. D2 analysis proved that the wheat genotypes of this cluster were highly divergent from the other cluster genotypes; as a result, these genotypes might be utilized as parents in the development of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes. The current study concluded that SDW and TDW could be employed as criteria for selecting and defining salt-tolerant genotypes during the early growth stage of wheat.