Phenomenon Of Stigma Research Articles

Discrimination and Social Exclusion of People Experiencing Mental Disorders in Burkina Faso: A Socio-anthropological Study.

Stigma has been pointed out as a barrier to mental healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa. Among the manifestations of stigma, the use of physical restraints is condemned as a form of violation of basic human rights. Research on this phenomenon is limited in West Africa and more particularly in Burkina Faso. This study explores the phenomenon of stigma of individuals experiencing mental disorders in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). As part of 8 months of socio-anthropological fieldwork, we interviewed 94 informants (7 focus groups and 25 individual interviews) to document exclusionary practices, their perceptions, and justifications. Exclusionary practices can be divided in five subgroups: ignoring, physically and sexually abusing, abandoning, banning, and restraining. Some practices were linked to a lack of financial and material resources, while others were justified by an inferior moral status. We observed differences in the type of exclusion experienced between men and women. Restrictive, abusive, and exclusionary measures are common in Bobo-Dioulasso. These practices can either be understood as part of families' adaptative strategies when dealing with chronic conditions, as part of security measures in the case of patients with aggressive behaviors, or as part of punitive measures when transgressions are committed. We conclude the article by addressing the tensions between local and global meanings of stigma.

Endometriosis and stigmatization: A literature review

Endometriosis, a chronic condition affecting women worldwide, remains a complex and enigmatic disease. Despite its appearance and debilitating symptoms, the lack of sufficient information about endometriosis often leads to misconceptions and stigmatization of women. This literature review aims to shed light on the phenomenon of stigma surrounding endometriosis and its profound impact on the mental health of affected women. The search for relevant literature was conducted in the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria for the studies were as follows: patients with endometriosis, exploration of the phenomenon of stigma in this sample, qualitative or quantitative design, publication after 2000, and written in English. Out of the total of 478 articles identified from the three databases, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria for this literature review. The review’s findings indicate that women with endometriosis encounter stigma from an early age, extending from their school years into adulthood. Employers and family members often question the severity of their pain, while menstrual pain is unjustly normalized as something women should endure. The impact of this stigma and criticism on the mental health of these women is profound, leading to feelings of despair, social exclusion, and even suicidal thoughts. In conclusion, this literature review underscores the pressing need for increased awareness and efforts to address the stigma surrounding endometriosis.

The morbidity and prevalence of mental pathology in children and adolescents in the kyrgyz republic for 2005-2020

IntroductionOne of the principles of healthcare is preventive focus, that is, the implementation of measures to improve the hygienic education of the population and maintain a healthy lifestyle. The scientific rationale for carrying out primary prevention activities is based on an analysis of morbidity and prevalence rates and their dynamics.Objectives to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary incidence and prevalence of mental pathology in children and adolescents (0-17 years) in the Kyrgyz Republic for 2005-2020 .Methods statistical data from the Republican Center for Electronic Health and the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic were used (http://www.stat.kg/ru/rss/), (http://cez.med.kg/).Resultsprimary incidence of mental pathology among children and adolescents in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 amounted to 66.2, 44.1, 44.8, 51.1 respectively (based on 100,000 the child population). The prevalence of mental pathology for 2005-2020 was 418.4, 317.0, 312.5, 400.0 respectively (based on 100,000 the child population). That is, morbidity and prevalence rates show higher numbers in 2005 and in 2020 (Diagram №1). In the gender aspect, morbidity rates were higher in males 40.0, 28.0, 31.3, 31.0 compared to females 26.3, 16.1, 17.1, 20.1 (based on 100,000 the child population; (Diagram №2).Image:Image 2:Conclusionsthe variability of the obtained indicators of morbidity and prevalence of mental pathology in children and adolescents is due to difficulties in providing specialized psychiatric care to the child population due to the lack of child psychiatrists in the regions of the country, the processes of population migration, and the phenomenon of stigmatization. In this regard, measures and educational programs are needed to improve the provision of psychiatric care to the child population at the level of primary medical and social care.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Внутренняя картина болезни и модели отношения к лечению у женщин с соматизированными расстройствами

<p><strong>Relevance.</strong> The category of patients with somatization disorders (SD) poses a serious problem for primary health care, where their prevalence reaches 40%. There is an opinion that in modern society there is a phenomenon of stigma, and a stigmatizing attitude towards the mentally ill persists. Currently, the phenomenon of self–stigmatization is being studied to a greater extent in severe mental disorders: the connection of self–stigmatization with social identity, a sense of self–worth, internal stability, and the ability to cope with stressful situations. The issue of developing destigmatized forms of care for patients with non–psychotic disorders, primarily psychotherapeutic offices in the primary health care network, remains relevant. <strong>The purpose</strong> of the study is to study differences in the severity of self–stigmatization and indicators of attitude towards the disease and treatment in patients with SD who sought help from a psychiatrist or psychotherapist and in women who avoided contacting specialized specialists. <strong>Methods.</strong> Questionnaire for assessing self–stigma I.I. Mikhailova, V.S. Yastrebova, a questionnaire to study attitudes towards the disease and treatment of B.D. Karvasarsky, correlation and regression analysis. The article presents <strong>the results</strong> of an empirical study of the relationships and parameters of motivation for treatment and the level of self–stigmatization in women suffering from somatization disorders with manifestations of «psychiatrist–avoiding behavior», on the basis of which the authors describe models of attitude towards treatment. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> Based on the identified relationships between the parameters of patients’ motivation to seek help from a psychiatrist and the level of self–stigmatization, it was possible to describe models of attitude towards treatment in patients with somatization disorders who have not sought specialized psychiatric help for a long time: «model of denial», «model of fixation», «model of ignoring» , confirmed by the presence of regressive connections and the «dubious benefit» model, justified by the presence of a positive linear correlation. The data obtained will form the basis for the development of a program of psychotherapeutic assistance and clinical and psychological support for patients with CP not only at the inpatient, but also at the outpatient stages of treatment.</p>

Super Gender in Game Design: Applied Research on Destigmatizing Homosexuality in China

As of 2021, Chinas homosexual population has exceeded 70 million. This paper studies the current stigma phenomenon of homosexuality in China, analyzes the plight of LGBT( Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transgender) people in China under the stigma phenomenon and the reasons why destigmatization measures are ineffective, and puts forward the difficulty of solving the problem and the urgency of the current problem. At the same time, it studies the current situation of the combination of games and Super Gender. Starting from the perspective of psychology, it researches, develops, and designs how to better integrate Super Gender into games. Using the projection of Chinas social stigma to become the players shadow friend, using a humorous and interesting plot design to guide the player to escape the shackles of stigma on the characters victory, make players accept Super Gender independently. Let players re-recognize themselves, re-recognize and accept LGBT groups, de-label them, and achieve the purpose of destigmatization.

Primary Professionalization of Foreign Students: Barriers, Stigmatization, Adaptation

Introduction. In the context of the export of educational services, it is of particular importance to design an efficient system of foreign students’ psychological adaptation. Owing to the ethnocultural background, foreign students feel that they are stigmatized minorities in the host society. Negative images and stereotypes are often internalized, resulting in stable low self-esteem in the stigmatized. Since self-esteem acts as a key parameter of the professional self-concept, social stigma and the experience of social identity threat activate the stigmatization of primary professionalization, thereby drastically reducing the efficiency of the received vocational education at the university. The purpose of the study is: to outline the phenomenon of primary professionalization, to reveal the nature of the relationship between the social stigma of foreign students and their self-esteem, and to describe the levels of primary professionalization.Materials and Methods. The study involved 124 foreign students. Participants were asked to answer questions of the Short Form of the Stigmatization Scale and Rosenbergʼs Self-Esteem Scale in order to track the relationship between social stigma and self-esteem. Further, in order to identify the basic barriers to primary professionalization and the participants’ perception of their stigmatized status, the respondents answered the questions of a semi-structured interview supported with the critical incident technique in a focus group format.Results. There is a correlation between the degree of obviousness of social stigma and self-esteem of foreign students. The categorization of the data obtained allowed the authors to substantiate the phenomenon of stigma of primary professionalization, to systematize the determining factors, and to describe its levels.Discussion and Conclusion. Despite the fact that social stigma has attracted active attention of world science for decades, we have not been able to find focused studies into primary professionalization in the format of education export. Studying the factors that lead to the development of stigma of primary professionalization, understanding its levels will help to design a system for its prevention, optimize the system of adaptation of foreign students to the realities of the educational system of the host university.

Socio-Economic Effects of HIV Stigmatization: Experience of Qualitative Research

The phenomenon of stigmatization as well as its mechanisms are being discussed in this article. The author has discovered how the stigmatization of HIV-positive people affects both the economic and social spheres in the society. A sociological study was conducted by the method of in-depth interviews from March to May 2022. With the usage of qualitative analysis, the following stigmatizing attitudes amongst students and professors of Russian universities have been detected based on the typology of Yu. S. Smirnova. The analysis regarding the estimate of the acceptable social distance between the respondents and HIV-positive persons is also provided in this paper. A causal relationship between the stigmatization of HIV persons by the respondents and how knowledgeable they were on the topic of HIV is found.

An Attempt to Conceptualize the Phenomenon of Stigma toward Intimate Partner Violence Survivors: A Systematic Review.

The objectives of the present manuscript were to review the literature on stigma toward survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) and to identify the most widely used assessment techniques to investigate this issue. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42022327410. PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched. Two authors selected and extracted data from eligible studies. In total, 4220 hits were returned from the database search, and of them, 24 articles met the inclusion criteria. The articles included in the review confirm the presence of stigma toward IPV survivors, which can be divided into public stigma and self-stigma. Specifically, 17 studies were related only to public stigma, 1 study focused only on self-stigma, and 6 articles investigated aspects related to both public and self-stigma. Both qualitative and quantitative studies have been conducted on this topic. The considerations on the methodologies and assessment measures used in the included studies will be discussed in the results section. Based on the research included, it was possible to develop a contribution to the definition of stigma, which will be discussed in the article.

Stigmatizing Monkeypox and COVID-19: A Comparative Framing Study of The Washington Post's Online News.

Stigma relating to health can result in a broad range of vulnerabilities and risks for patients and healthcare providers. The media play a role in people's understanding of health, and stigma is socially constructed through many communication channels, including media framing. Recent health issues affected by stigma include monkeypox and COVID-19. This research aimed to examine how The Washington Post (WP) framed the stigma around monkeypox and COVID-19. Guided by framing theory and stigma theory, online news coverage of monkeypox and COVID-19 was analyzed to understand the construction of social stigma through media frames. This research used qualitative content analysis to compare news framings in The Washington Post's online news coverage of monkeypox and COVID-19. Using endemic, reassurance, and sexual-transmission frames, The Washington Post predominantly defined Africa as the source of monkeypox outbreaks, indirectly labeled gays as a specific group more likely to be infected with monkeypox, and emphasized that there was no need to worry about the spread of the monkeypox virus. In its COVID-19 coverage, The Washington Post adopted endemic and panic frames to describe China as the source of the coronavirus and to construct an image of panic regarding the spread of the virus. These stigma discourses are essentially manifestations of racism, xenophobia, and sexism in public health issues. This research confirms that the media reinforces the stigma phenomenon in relation to health through framing and provides suggestions for the media to mitigate this issue from a framing perspective.

Formation mechanism and governance strategies of stigma in public health emergencies: Based on event system theory.

With the new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic across the world, it is critical to propose effective strategies for stigma governance in public health emergencies in order to reduce negative effects caused by stigma. However, no known research has focused on the essential role of events in understanding stigma phenomenon from the perspective of external dynamic changes. Based on the event system theory, this paper analyzes the evolution mode and characteristics of specific events in the process of stigmatization from strength, space and time aspects, and taking COVID-19 event as an example, 1202 questionnaires and empirical analysis were conducted. Our results reveal that event strength directly affects the results of stigmatization, and such impact appears to be more prominent with a novel, disruptive and critical event. In addition, spatial and temporal attributes represent the dynamic development of an event, and they can interact with event strength to regulate the relationship between event strength and outcomes. Finally, stigma governance strategies under public health emergencies from three aspects of event strength, space, and time were put forward.

Ruhsal Hastalıklar ve Damgalama Üzerine Bir Gözden Geçirme

The concept of stigma is a universal problem that has been the subject of many studies. The phenomenon of stigmatization in psychiatric disorders is also an issue that should be particularly emphasized. Studies have reported that the diagnostic groups most exposed to stigmatization are psychotic disorders, bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. The stigma process is shaped especially by the clinical features of psychiatric disorders and the society’s attributions to the causes of psychiatric disorders. IIn order for interventions to be developed to prevent stigmatization to be effective, the causes of stigmatization must first be understood.. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to review the stigmatization processes separately according to the types of psychiatric disorders.

Development of ETStig, a measure for stigma in essential tremor

IntroductionPeople with essential tremor commonly experience psychological difficulties that are not addressed. The effect of stigma, i.e., negative judgement by others because of a perceived difference in this case shaky movement, is a heretofore unstudied element. This project was undertaken to develop and field test a new measure for stigma associated with essential tremor. MethodsUnder guidance from a patient panel and an expert panel of neurologists and psychologists, the essential tremor stigma construct was delineated, and survey items were written to quantify three dimensions of interest: cumulative experience of stigma; related psychological distress; and resulting behavioral dysfunction. After pilot testing and revision, the essential tremor stigma measure underwent field testing by 198 essential tremor patients at two academic neurology clinics. ResultsThe experience, distress and dysfunction scales were shown to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Retained items demonstrated acceptable correlations and response properties. The validity of the distress scale was supported by concurrence with an existing stigma scale for neurologic disease, while a patient's openness to psychologic referral was predicted by higher scores on the dysfunction scale. ConclusionThis new measure is introduced to study the phenomenon of stigma associated with essential tremor. It may prove useful in assessing potential treatments for the psychological distress and maladaptive behavior that result from this stigma.

Primary Professionalization of Foreign Students: Barriers, Stigmatization, Adaptation

Introduction. In the context of the export of educational services, it is of particular importance to design an efficient system of foreign students’ psychological adaptation. Owing to the ethnocultural background, foreign students feel that they are stigmatized minorities in the host society. Negative images and stereotypes are often internalized, resulting in stable low self-esteem in the stigmatized. Since self-esteem acts as a key parameter of the professional self-concept, social stigma and the experience of social identity threat activate the stigmatization of primary professionalization, thereby drastically reducing the efficiency of the received vocational education at the university. The purpose of the study is: to outline the phenomenon of primary professionalization, to reveal the nature of the relationship between the social stigma of foreign students and their self-esteem, and to describe the levels of primary professionalization. Materials and Methods. The study involved 124 foreign students. Participants were asked to answer questions of the Short Form of the Stigmatization Scale and Rosenbergʼs Self-Esteem Scale in order to track the relationship between social stigma and self-esteem. Further, in order to identify the basic barriers to primary professionalization and the participants’ perception of their stigmatized status, the respondents answered the questions of a semi-structured interview supported with the critical incident technique in a focus group format. Results. There is a correlation between the degree of obviousness of social stigma and self-esteem of foreign students. The categorization of the data obtained allowed the authors to substantiate the phenomenon of stigma of primary professionalization, to systematize the determining factors, and to describe its levels. Discussion and Conclusion. Despite the fact that social stigma has attracted active attention of world science for decades, we have not been able to find focused studies into primary professionalization in the format of education export. Studying the factors that lead to the development of stigma of primary professionalization, understanding its levels will help to design a system for its prevention, optimize the system of adaptation of foreign students to the realities of the educational system of the host university.

Phenomenon of stigmatization of young school age children with disabled health opportunities

Phenomenon of stigmatization of young school age children with disabled health opportunities

Pharmacy Technicians, Stigma, and Compassion Fatigue: Front-Line Perspectives of Pharmacy and the US Opioid Epidemic

The opioid epidemic in the United States has led to a quadrupling of opioid overdoses since the 1990s. Stigmas exist among healthcare professionals, and it is essential to educate the next generation of pharmacy technicians regarding opioid use disorder. The main objective of this study was to characterize the phenomenon of stigma through the pharmacy technician lens when taking care of patients who are using opioid medications. Grounded in Van Manen’s phenomenological approach and the Link and Phelan stigmatization model, a qualitative study was conducted from February to June 2020 to understand pharmacy technicians’ perceptions and attitudes towards patients using opioid medications. Focus groups (n = 46) with pharmacy technicians were conducted in-person and online over five months in 2020. Thematic analysis identified three themes that characterize the stigma and the relationship between pharmacy technicians and patients taking opioid medications: (1) pharmacy technician perspectives on stigma and patients with addictive opioid-use behavior; (2) current approaches of pharmacy technicians towards patients with addictive opioid-use behavior; (3) future approaches of pharmacy technicians towards patients with addictive opioid-use behavior. The findings highlight an “ever-present” negative connotation associated with the stigma that is formed from patient interaction. It is necessary to develop proper resources and educational materials to manage the stigma that exists in pharmacies throughout the nation. These resources will facilitate how to address and prevent the stigma among pharmacy technicians in the U.S.

Stigma toward individuals with mental illness: validation of the Arabic version of the Attribution Questionnaire in a university student population

PurposeThis study aims to examine the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the attribution questionnaire (AQ).Design/methodology/approachThe AQ is designed to assess attitudes, affects and behavioral intentions related to a hypothetical person diagnosed with schizophrenia. The original English version was translated into Literary Arabic. A total of 310 students registered in different universities, with medical and paramedical establishments excluded completed the Arabic version of AQ. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized paths. Correlations among exogenous (e.g. responsibility) and endogenous (e.g. help) variables in the path were examined. Fit indicators were then examined for equations that were identified.FindingsThe results revealed that the Arabic version of AQ showed acceptable psychometric properties in the assessment of stigma in the Tunisian population. All factors of this Arabic version showed Cronbach’s alpha values equal to or greater than 0.72. Structural equation models for the responsibility and dangerousness models were mostly supported. The Arabic version of AQ is valid and reliable for the assessment of stigma in Tunisian and Arabic-speaking populations.Practical implicationsThe Arabic version of AQ may be used to promote research on stigma toward people with mental illness in larger and more representative Tunisian and Arabic-speaking populations, which will help to further address the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of stigma toward people with mental illness.Originality/valueThis is the first validated stigma measure in the Tunisian socio-cultural context.

Factors associated with same-sex experience in people with non-psychotic mental disorders and suicidal ideation

IntroductionPeople with mental disorders who had same-sex experience (SSE) are at increased risk of self-injurious behavior probably due to the double stigma phenomenon, which severity varies in different societies. So far, there is a knowledge gap on factors associated with SSE in Russian psychiatric patients.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate variables associated with homosexual experience in Russian patients with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD) and suicidal ideation (SI).MethodsIn a case-control study (1:1.5): 92 female patients with NPMD and SI with lifetime SSE were compared with 138 patients without homosexual experience. All patients underwent a psychiatric examination, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (Nock MK, 2007) and semi-structured interview to assess demographic, clinical, and behavioral features. Mann-Whitney, Fishers exact test and Pearson’s chi-squared were used as statistical methods.ResultsGroups did not differ in education level, marital status, family history of suicidal behavior, traumatic events exposure and lifetime eating disorders (all:p>0.05). More patients with SSE had family history of non-suicidal self-injuries (NSSI), were dissatisfied with their parenting style, had a higher number of unprotected sexual contacts with unfamiliar persons, practiced group sex, had a history of sexual abuse, illicit drug use experience, were smokers, had piercing and severe body modifications. Lifetime history of suicide plan, attempts and NSSI were significantly more common in people with SSE (all:<0.05).ConclusionsA number of suicide risk factors were found to be more prevalent in people with SSE. Homosexual experience in people with mental disorders is associated with an increased risk of NSSI, suicide plan development and suicide attempts.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Etik Perspektifte Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin COVID-19 Pandemi Mücadelesi: Niteliksel Bir Araştırma

Social stigmatization and deprivation of human rights on the axis of ageism and social exclusion emerge as a common way of suffering for older adults during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The research aims to define the psychosocial adjustment experiences of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, the phenomenon of stigmatization within the context of age discrimination and social exclusion. A qualitative study was conducted with 25 elder people in 2020 using the phenomenological design and purposeful sampling method. Data were analyzed using Reflective Lifeworld Research, a phenomenological approach. The research data were analyzed under 5 main themes; anxiety, stigmatization, coping strategy, adaptation to change experience, ıntergenerational solidarity experience and 19 sub-themes under these themes. According to the results of the research, it was determined that older adults were exposed to social stigma as part of ageism and social exclusion during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to these data that make it difficult for older adults to cope with the process and their psychosocial adjustment processes, the strengths of the aging process and examples of intergenerational solidarity are also revealed. In the light of all these data, it is thought that social stigmatization of older adults will adversely affect the health and well-being of society and increase morbidity and mortality during the COVID19 pandemic process. For this reason, it is thought that global authorities should develop new strategies, taking into account the heterogeneity in aging and changing needs in individuality, instead of providing a uniform directive, taking into account the need to improve the public's perception of risk.

Construction and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of Perceived Autism Related Stigma by Association Scale

In Pakistan, autism is commonly a misdiagnosed and unheeded health issue. Literature displays that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder experience stigma by association, but it is often ignored in quantitative studies while studying the risk factors of the wellbeing of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. There is no scale available that measures the phenomenon of stigma by association in the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. After generations of items by following deductive and inductive methods, and pilot study, the exploratory factor analysis was run on 26 items by involving 359 parents and confirmatory factor analysis was run on 24 items by collecting data of 500 parents from different institutions, platforms and Autism Centers of Punjab. After exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 21 items were retained with three well defined factor structure of PerceivedAutism Related Stigma by Association Scale (viz., Attitude of community, Behavior of community, and Emotional burden). The Cronbach’s alpha of the subscale of perceived autism related stigma by association ranged from .69 to .82. Further, convergent and discriminant validity of the scale were established by finding its relationship with the Perceived Stigma Scale and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale. Results revealed that the newly developed Perceived Autism Related Stigma byAssociation Scale has good psychometric properties, which can be used in hospital as a standardized tool for measuring stigma by association in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Can stigmatizing attitudes be prevented in psychology students?

Background Stigmatizing attitudes have been found among psychology students in many studies, and they are becoming more common with time. Aims This study examines whether participation in clinical psychology lessons reduces levels of stigmatization in a population of psychology students and whether it leads to any change in stigmatization. Methods The study is a pre/post evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical psychology lessons (63 hours of lectures) as a tool to fight stigma. The presence of stigmatizing attitudes was detected using the Italian version of the Attribution Questionnaire-27 (AQ-27-I). Stigmatization was described before and after the lessons with structured equation modeling (SEM). Results Of a total of 387 students contacted, 302 (78.04%) agreed to be involved in the study, but only 266 (68.73%) completed the questionnaires at both t0 and t1. A statistically significant reduction was seen in all six scales and the total score on the AQ-27-I. The models defined by the SEM (pre- and post-intervention) showed excellent model fit indices and described different dynamics of the phenomenon of stigma. Conclusions A cycle of clinical psychology lessons can be a useful tool for reducing stigmatizing attitudes in a population of students seeking a psychology degree.