Phenomenon Of Social Entrepreneurship Research Articles

Socio-political and Structural Aspects of the Concept of Social Entrepreneurship: The Case of Serbia

The focus of this research are the ways of conceptualizing the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship, which in transitional and developed capitalist societies alike, rely on cognitive models shaped by divergent cultural and socio-political contexts. To be more specific, these cognitive models emerge from different theoretical concepts of social entrepreneurship, as well as from contextually different ways of combining the invariant, structural elements of the concept, both of which are dialectically positioned within the neoliberal capitalism ideology discourse. Within the interaction among the elements constituting the structure of the concept of social entrepreneurship (such as social innovation, civic collectivism, an employment of members of marginalized social groups) and the overall neoliberal ideology discourse, which on its own behalf, operates in accordance with certain logical rules as any other discursive formation does, numerous contradictions and paradoxes emerge. The first chapter of this study critically examines the role of social entrepreneurship within the neoliberal capitalism framework through a comparative analysis with philanthropic endeavors and commercial (traditional, profit-oriented) entrepreneurship, as well as by comparing the diverse ways in which this phenomenon is defined in various socio-political contexts. The process of establishing the social entrepreneurship sector in Serbia, initiated in the post-2008 period reached its normative conclusion with the enactment of a unified law regulating this entrepreneurial activity in 2022. However, it remains incomplete both in terms of the cultural conceptualization of the phenomenon and its practical implementation perspective. This assumption is further examined in the second chapter of this paper in relation to the ideas regarding the social and political cultural heritage legacy, constructed by both policy makers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in the social protection system which, on their behalf, during the specified period assume the role of social entrepreneurship promoters and emerge as primary contributors to its development. In the third chapter of this study, an exploration of the conditions and operationalization possibilities of key elements within the social entrepreneurship concept is undertaken. This analysis is illustrated through the services provided to the elderly citizens, which provides a framework for developing the thesis on the incomplete process of establishing the social entrepreneurship sector. Subsequently, the fourth and concluding chapter contextualizes these findings within the processes of constructing social issues pertaining aging and unemployment. In addition to drawing the attention to the distinct characteristics and the potential of social entrepreneurship, this research seeks to initiate a discussion focused on exploring possibilities of overcoming the predominantly constraining conditions and factors that influence the further development of this type of entrepreneurial activity within the transitional Serbian society.

Bridging Disconnections: Narratives of Collective Social Entrepreneurs on the Energy Poverty Network

The roadmap to a just energy transition faces the challenge of including vulnerable households. The networked nature of energy poverty invites responses from different actors, among them the social entrepreneur. The growing phenomenon of social entrepreneurship holds promise in responding to energy vulnerability due to its collective and hybrid nature, enabling active engagement in addressing this multi-actor problem. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing conversation on collective social entrepreneurship. Specifically, it delves into the experiences of social entrepreneurs who tackle energy poverty from a networked perspective. By analysing narratives from social entrepreneurs addressing energy poverty in Europe, we examine their perceptions of the network and their role in it. We find that the narrative of social entrepreneurship varies depending on the priority given to social aspects, which has implications for the approach towards the network. Framed by the theoretical lens of the multi-actor network, our findings extend the knowledge of the composition and relationships in the network, an approach scarcely addressed in the social entrepreneurship literature. By shedding light on bridging narratives, our findings provide evidence of the potential coordinating role social entrepreneurship can play in fragmented networks addressing grand challenges through its hybrid dimension.

СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНІ

In very unstable socio-economic relations, which have developed in the world and in Ukraine, there is a transition to a new level of management, that’s why there is a need to apply the latest tools in state social policy, which is extremely important in the conditions of a defensive war. Social entrepreneurship is a new, innovativebusiness venture that influences change. A social entrepreneur has a specific cause that they care about, and they develop a business model around making a positive impact. The main goal is to create lasting social change through business. The dualism of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is based on the application of principles, tools and technologies of commercial entrepreneurship, as well as the use of innovative methods of doing business. The article highlights that one of these tools is social entrepreneurship, which at the same time contributes to the development of the economy and focuses attention on solving important social problems. The fundamental difference between social and traditional entrepreneurship is clarified. Like entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs aim to create a sustainable business with staying power. However, whereas an entrepreneur’s goal is to maximize profits, a social entrepreneur’s main concern is impact. They create economic value: by creating jobs, producing income, and nurturing an entire network of business partners-suppliers, shipping companies, lenders, and utility companies-social entrepreneurs contribute to the economic renewal of the region or country where they live and operate. Socially entrepreneurial activity takes place across all fields, from health to climate change and education, and across all sectors, from non-profit to commercial and governmental. The main problems that hinder the development of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are highlighted, in particular: no separate organizational and legal form is provided for the implementation of a social enterprise, the absence or insufficiency of knowledge and skills in managing such a business; narrow and unprepared market, low level of motivation.

MODERN FORMS OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOLVING (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL BUSINESS)

The purpose of the article is to justify social business as a modern form of solving social problems. It is noted that social business arises in the sphere of providing social services. Attention is focused on the very nature of the participation of social businessmen who, through their own activity, satisfy a socially significant demand for certain segments of the population, that is, capable of solving social problems of certain population groups or individuals. It is justified that the idea of modern social business is considered through the historical milestones of its evolution. It is noted that in different periods of society's evolution, the social problems themselves changed, as did their depth for different social groups. The main periods of origin, development and active spread of social business are considered. It is noted that at the first stage, the activities of charitable, volunteer and public organizations in their modern sense were born and gradually spread. Such activities were implemented at the expense of collecting membership fees from citizens or donations from various categories of the population in order to solve a specific social problem. It was determined that the next stage in the development of social business began at the end of the 20th century as a result of the creation of the first social enterprises. It is during this period that the concept of "social business" begins to be used, which takes on the characteristics of a socio-economic phenomenon and is the subject of independent research by scientists. Thus, analyzing the given historical milestones in the development of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship, two approaches to solving social problems that have arisen in society are highlighted: financial and institutional. It was concluded that the form of solving a social problem should be defined as a method by which a particular type of social problem is mitigated/solved, i.e. providing social services and carrying out social work aimed at supporting the most socially vulnerable categories and persons who find themselves in difficult life circumstances. It is noted that it is appropriate to include social assistance, social protection, and corporate social responsibility of business as a financial form of solving a social problem. Due to the implementation of these forms of solving social problems, societal, group and individual social problems are solved. It is substantiated that under the institutional approach, the solution of social problems is the main type of activity of the relevant business entity and is carried out systematically. In this way, social business acquires such an institutional form that is able to more flexibly contribute to the solution of social problems, that is, social enterprises are formed. The article emphasizes that a social problem is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that includes many components. General trends in solving social problems in specific countries are concentrated in the principles of social policy formed in it. In addition, social business is essentially an organic component of the social protection system, and therefore an element of the country's social policy. It was concluded that the main differences between the social responsibility of business and social entrepreneurship in solving social problems of society lie in their differences in the very form of solving social problems. For a social business, profit is ensured by solving social problems, which is again reinvested in projects to solve social problems.

HIDDEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY: REASONS AND FEATURES

The purpose of the article is to substantiate and systematize the causes and features of hidden entrepreneurship in the national economy. It is noted that the generalization of the problem of the appearance and reasons for the development of hidden entrepreneurship creates conditions for determining the methods of reducing its level in Ukraine at the current stage. Identification of the main reasons, as well as awareness of the negative consequences of the further development of hidden entrepreneurship for the national economy should become the foundation for the transformation of the institutional environment in the country. Attention is focused on the fact that in scientific works there is a position that the emergence of the "underground economy" is due to endogenous reasons of self-awareness of entrepreneurs, their attitude to existing restrictions and prohibitions, as well as their attitude to the justice of the existence of such restrictions. The reasons for the appearance of hidden entrepreneurship are divided into general and partial. It was determined that common causes exist as a result of prohibitions and restrictions that are established regarding the regulation of the main aspects of economic activity. In turn, partial or specific reasons lead to the emergence of hidden entrepreneurship at the level of individual operations, types of activities, in relation to a specific restriction or prohibition. It was determined that the next stage in the development of social business began at the end of the 20th century as a result of the creation of the first social enterprises. It is during this period that the concept of "social business" begins to be used, which takes on the characteristics of a socio-economic phenomenon and is the subject of independent research by scientists. Thus, analyzing the given historical milestones in the development of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship, two approaches to solving social problems that have arisen in society are highlighted: financial and institutional. It is substantiated that a significant reason for the possible appearance of hidden entrepreneurship is the practical implementation of the relationship between politics and the shadow economy. In addition, an important reason for the appearance of hidden entrepreneurship is the intention and desire of business to "survive" in conditions of socio-economic instability. This is due to the fact that the excessive costs faced by entrepreneurship in the legal sphere put the entrepreneur himself on the edge of survival, which leads to the forced transfer of the business into the shadows. It is pointed out that the reasons for the appearance of hidden entrepreneurship are also related to circumstances of an objective nature. In this case, it is not so much about a deliberate violation of the established restrictions as about their absence or insufficient formation. It is primarily about the emergence of operations and activities related to the intensification of the use and spread of information and communication technologies, the development of creative industries, social networks, etc. It is justified that in order to explain the cause-and-effect relationships of hidden entrepreneurship, it is advisable to pay attention to the possibilities of using a behavioral approach. That is, the study of the essence of behavior regarding the implementation of hidden entrepreneurship is expedient to conduct also from the standpoint of a behavioral approach and a separate aspect – deviant behavior. Attention is focused on the fact that the basis of behavior oriented towards hidden entrepreneurship is the motive of preserving activity, saving costs, and striving to increase one's own wealth. Usually, this behavior is accompanied by the choice of a form of shadow operations, given the scale of the business and risk appetite. It was determined that the main essential characteristics of behavior oriented towards hidden entrepreneurship are: individuality, propensity to risk, the search for a compromise between the expectation of income and the avoidance of losses. It was concluded that hidden entrepreneurship from the point of view of cause-and-effect relationships is one of the forms of the embodiment of the behavior of the subject of economic relations, which reflects the complex interaction of his rational and emotional motives. The main consequences of hidden entrepreneurship can be: a decrease in competition, especially in the case of an established partnership of shadow business with politics; receiving benefits, privileges, exclusive rights in the state, including due to corruption and lobbying for draft laws; reducing the risks of economic activity; the possibility of legalization of illegally obtained income; illegal appropriation of rights to economic benefits; the formation of stocks of money of shadow origin, due to the need to pay shadow expenses.

СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО ЯК АКТУАЛЬНИЙ НАПРЯМ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the analysis of social entrepreneurship as a topical area of economic development in Ukraine. The purpose of the study was to define the essence, characteristics, and analyze the state of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The article identifies the leading sectors of social enterprise activity, identifies the main problems and directions of their development. To analyze social entrepreneurship in Ukraine, the authors use the methods of scientific literature analysis, quantitative data analysis, comparative method, and expert evaluation methods. This allows us to comprehensively consider the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship, identify its key characteristics, problems and prospects. According to the analysis, the key problems are the lack of adequate funding and support from the state. On the other hand, the article reveals significant potential for the development of social entrepreneurship in the areas of employment of vulnerable groups, ecology, and financing of social services. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that social entrepreneurship in Ukraine requires a comprehensive approach for further development, which would include legislative initiatives, financial support, and broad educational activities. The practical significance of the study is that it can serve as a basis for developing strategies and policies to promote the development of social entrepreneurship at the state and local levels. The results of the analysis may be useful for organizations that finance or plan to finance social entrepreneurship projects, as well as for social entrepreneurs looking for effective business models.

Social entrepreneurship in medical education: Model to establish SinnoLABs (social innovation labs) for health sciences universities.

Social entrepreneurship is a cross-cutting competency. It draws on knowledge from various disciplines and personal experiences. Health, social sciences and humanities are usually technically sound but lack specific business knowledge and skills. Entrepreneurial education makes it possible to establish training environments where students join as 'novices', develop skills and undergo experiences that help them build capable profiles and prepare for their professional careers in today's economy. It is important to note that the development of skills for social entrepreneurship is increasingly demanded in all disciplinary fields. Interest from the academic, business and civil society in social innovation and social entrepreneurship is growing rapidly since social value creation and social innovation are considered vital to the social entrepreneurship phenomenon. The innovation process aims to fill the gap between working life and educational framework so that students can develop innovation capabilities they will need during their careers. Taking cognizance of the importance of social innovation and entrepreneurship, the Government of India formulated a policy for Biomedical Innovation and Entrepreneurship in 2022. Our University established a first of its kind Social Innovation Lab (SinnoLAB) under a Collaborative European Union Project. Our University is one of the collaborating partners and the only health sciences university to set up a SinnoLAB in India. We discuss in this article how a SinnoLaB can be set up, its functions, need for such labs in medical institutes, its role in medical education and its beneficiaries and propose that other health sciences institutes can also take up social innovation and entrepreneurship considering the benefits to all stakeholders.

The social entrepreneurship integration model: an alternative to community income stability in rural area in East Java, Indonesia

A concept of social change based on an entrepreneurial approach is known as social entrepreneurship. The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship has grown exponentially in line with efforts to solve social problems that occur in society, such as improving the economy and quality of life, as well as alleviating poverty. This study aims to reveal how the model of Rural Social Entrepreneurship Integration works from the perspective of various parties, using a qualitative phenomenological research approach with community business groups in East Java. This study employed a qualitative phenomenology research model, with data collected through observation and in-depth interviews on 15 research subjects across East Java. The findings revealed that successful social entrepreneurship requires the integration of all parties, beginning with a leading figure who starts a home business by involving several local residents, and then there is the involvement of the village head, who organizes it in the management of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDES), as well as the involvement of external parties, such as the government. The existence of social institutions in the village, as well as social assets and social ethics owned by the village, were also discovered to be supporting factors for the success of the social entrepreneurship model. The village official's vision in efforts to create social value and innovation is an important factor in encouraging rural communities' economic development.

Approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship

Social Entrepreneurship as a business is a way of solving (mitigating) social problems, in which problems usually develop in non-profit organizations. Social entrepreneurship is an innovative activity aimed at solving or mitigating social problems of society on the basis of self-sufficiency and stability. This article examines ilimiy approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship.

Social Entrepreneurship in Russia as a Topical Communication Activity

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problem of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia and to determine its role in Russian society. The relevance and scientific novelty of the article are revealed in the review and analysis of a wide range of communication tools used to promote socially oriented enterprises implemented over the past five years in Russia.Methodology and sources. The authors relied on the concepts of the following researchers: S.R. Akhmadieva, Yu.V. Khodkovskaya, A.F. Akhmadieva, N.N. Kiseleva, E.A. Ageeva, L.S. Pekhova, S.M. Talerchik and others. Also, the authors rely on the Russian civil law. In the study, there were used theoretical methods, such as analysis and synthesis, as well as empirical methods – analysis of documents, network sources of information, content analysis of posts in social networks.Results and discussion. The authors outlined the theoretical and methodological basis for the study of social entrepreneurship, identified the specifics of the development of social entrepreneurship. The study found that the range of tools for promoting social enterprises is wider than that of commercial organizations, however, the main problem remains the lack of, first of all, human resources for large-scale and complex PR activities. Also, the study of social entrepreneurship will reveal and carefully analyze the positive and negative aspects of this innovative business model. This, in turn, will effectively introduce social entrepreneurship into economic and socio-cultural life as a new way to improve the socioeconomic well-being of people. These factors could be considered at the level of both a single region and Russian society as a whole. Thus, the authors should reveal the strategic role of social entrepreneurship in organizing a human-centric Russian society.Conclusion.The relevance of studying social entrepreneurship and its development in society is due to the fact that it is a fairly new activity. Many problems of social entrepreneurship are insufficiently studied, which affects the qualitative argumentation of this phenomenon. Also, the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship has not yet taken root in the minds of many people as an important element in the development of social relations.

The Essence of Social Entrepreneurship through a Georgian Lens: Social Entrepreneurs’ Perspectives

The attention to the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship has been especially enhanced during the current turbulent times, as social enterprises have a key role to play in solving social problems caused by the pandemic. Currently, social entrepreneurship is still an undeveloped area in Georgia, but it has the potential to contribute to the country’s economy and improve the social, ecological, and economic conditions of society. This paper analyses the concept in Georgia and explores social entrepreneurship from the social entrepreneurs’ perspective. A qualitative interview method was applied to collect the data for this study, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the seventeen Georgian social entrepreneurs from May–June 2021. The research reveals the drivers of social entrepreneurs and investigates the financial sources of social enterprises. It also discusses the practice of social entrepreneurship in terms of preventing and supportive factors while adopting the concept in transition economies, particularly in Georgia. The research demonstrated an urgent need for legislation to regulate the field of social entrepreneurship and formalize it.

Social Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Do They Fit?

Purpose: This paper attempts to answer the question to what extent the entrepreneurial ecosystems theory fits in with the social entrepreneurship phenomenon. The objective is to fill this gap by presenting findings from an integrative review of prior systematic reviews available in the entrepreneurial ecosystems literature. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper, we apply a scoping review and an umbrella review focused on an in-depth analysis of findings obtained in previous reviews, thus taking the form of a review aiming for theory development. Findings: Our paper contributes to addressing the gaps in the current literature on social entrepreneurship and ecosystems. First, it points to the different types of actors in social entrepreneurial ecosystems (SEE), whose existence may foster social entrepreneurship and facilitate creating social impact. Second, it brings into focus the potential of SEE by drawing attention to the fact that a productive entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) results in job creation and reduction of unemployment, both of which are crucial for social entrepreneurship. Third, as a result of this scoping review, it proposes an extension of Isenberg’s model of EE which can be seen as a cumulative contribution to existing knowledge in the field. Research limitations/implications: This study has certain limitations typical for reviewing investigations. Originality/value: The special value of the paper can be seen in the scoping literature review itself. So far, there has been limited study on social entrepreneurial ecosystems, the role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in development of social enterprises, and conversely, the role of social “components” in entrepreneurial ecosystems.

Current problems and prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Latvia

The article is devoted to the analysis of development trends, identification of problems and elaboration of recommendations for the development of social entrepreneurship in Latvia. The subject of study is theoretical and practical aspects of functioning of social enterprises in the context of current trends in the development of social entrepreneurship in Latvia. The purpose of the study:, to identify factors and problems of functioning of social enterprises in Latvia based on the analysis of their activities, as well as to evaluate possibilities for the development of social entrepreneurship in Latvia in modern environment. Research methods: content analysis, historical, analytical, comparative, tabular, graphical. Results of the study: historical prerequisites for the emergence of social entrepreneurship phenomenon in the world were considered. Based on the analysis of the development of social entrepreneurship in Europe, an analysis has been made and trends in the development of social entrepreneurship in Latvia in sectoral and regional contexts have been identified. The institutional environment and regulatory framework governing the development of social enterprises in Latvia were explored. The analysis of the main factors of socio-economic development of the country, which have a direct impact on the development of social entrepreneurship, has been carried out. The possibilities and advantages of developing social enterprises in Latvia have been described. Problems have been identified and recommendations have been elaborated for the further development of social entrepreneurship in Latvia. Applicability of the study results: conclusions and results can be used in the work of social enterprises within various fields of activity, in the work of associations of social entrepreneurship and other non-governmental organizations, authorities, as well as in the educational process of higher education institutions focused on economics and social welfare.

Application of the business incubation model to social entrepreneurship programs: a case study of extreme poverty in Brebes district

The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship had grown rapidly along with poverty alleviation efforts. The Director General of Social Empowerment of the Ministry of Social Affairs seeks to develop innovative poverty reduction programs by carrying out social empowerment efforts through the Social Entrepreneurship Program (Prokus) collaboration with the Pusat Inkubator Bisnis LPPM UNSOED. This research’s aims were: 1) Identify the KPM profile of the Social Entrepreneurship Program in Brebes Regency, 2) Find out the pattern of incubation for the Social Entrepreneurship Program in Brebes Regency. Qualitative analysis was used in this study. The sampling method was carried out census on 300 KPM spread over 38 villages or sub districts in Brebes Regency. From this research, it shows that 94.3% of KPM ran a business in the Agribusiness sector, as much as 96.5% use family labor, the length of business that has been run for more than 5 years is 59.7%, the income per day below IDR 50,000 was 93%. Business incubation assistance can help increase KPM graduations. The assistance includes financial literacy, Business Model Canvas (BMC) training, Good Food Processing Practice training and packaging techniques, online marketing, product branding, business model development and networking.

Development of social entrepreneurship in the republic of Tatarstan

The article examines the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship, its author's interpretation is given, taking into account foreign and domestic research on the problem. They analyze the evolution of social entrepreneurship in the Republic of Tatarstan, its organizational and legal support, the forms and practices of NGOs in the region. The article presents the results of the author's comprehensive empirical research (Republic of Tatarstan, 2020): a mass survey of the population, revealing its attitude to the practices of social entrepreneurship in the republic and semi-formalized interviews with government officials, socially oriented non-profit organizations, public organizations, giving a picture of opinions and assessments concerning the problems and features of the non-profit social sector operation in the regional economy. They concluded that socially oriented non-profit organizations and social entrepreneurship in the republic are actively developing and maintain a high level of service provision. There is an active interaction of various state, administrative and public structures with the institutions of social entrepreneurship in the region, there are various programs to support the activities of NGOs, a special regional model of public-state partnership is being developed in this socio-economic sphere.

The Role of a Community Learning Centre in Fostering the Community's Social Entrepreneurship Character and Motivation in Facing New Normal Era

This study explored the role of a Community Learning Center (CLC) in fostering the community’s social entrepreneurship character and motivation in facing the economic challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was an empirical examination of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship. The descriptive method was used; the data were gathered through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 5 CLC managers and from secondary data. The results showed that the CLC designs programs, such as holding training to instil an entrepreneurial mindset and improve community skills. The CLC also provides personal assistance in starting a social entrepreneurship business through coaching and providing venture capital. Furthermore, the CLC provides free public classes on tackling the problems of modern social entrepreneurship. It carries out programs specifically designed to motivate people to face challenges and expand social entrepreneurship businesses. We identified the role of the CLC as a forum for socialization and for providing mentoring classes with successful speakers in the field of entrepreneurship as an effort to foster the character and motivation of the community to start social entrepreneurship.
 Keywords: Role of Community Learning Center, Social Entrepreneurship Character and Motivation, nonformal education

Systematic Literature Review of Social Entrepreneurship Phenomenon: Perspectives and Theoretical Lenses

Systematic Literature Review of Social Entrepreneurship Phenomenon: Perspectives and Theoretical Lenses

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ORIENTATION EFFECT ON FIRM PERFORMANCES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Research on social entrepreneurship was variously published and has been dedicated to conceptual frameworks, synthesizing and integrating past study in fast growing economies environment. conducted to examine its performances in many angles. This is important since social entrepreneurship has become as new trend in business model globally and the trend also absorb in Malaysia`s commercial market. Although numerous studies have been done, specifically research on social entrepreneurship orientation not yet been tested over firm performance especially company with social mission objective. Therefore, this concept paper will focus and check on direct relationship on social entrepreneurship orientation as independent variable toward firm`s performance. Furthermore, this paper focuses on reviewing the social entrepreneurship performances especially in Malaysia. This study is important since the social entrepreneurship continue to grow blossomly for future country economy development as per stated by join partnership report by British Council, Yayasan Hasanah, United Nation ESCAP and Ministry of Entrepreneurship Development in “The State Of Social Enterprise In Malaysia”. To have an impact of the result, this study will implement Theory of Structural Contingency since it was widely used in previous research especially to test the ‘fit’ factors between variables. This conceptual paper able to develop understanding on diversity, meaning, and evolution of the social entrepreneurship phenomenon in the context of emerging economies; including to facilitate the community of social entrepreneurship researchers and practitioners respectively. It also can advance research in this domain with the aid of the proposed framework and the research questions proposed for future research.

How Social Enterprises Nurture Empowerment: A Grounded Theoretical Model of Social Change

Our understanding of how social enterprises enable social change is still limited. Empowerment could be a valid mediating construct to explain the processes occurring between entrepreneurial practices and achievement of social goals. Based on an ethnography case study in a South African social enterprise, this study reveals the entrepreneurial practices that contribute to women’s empowerment and the power-accruing processes that provide female workers access and control over resources and a sense of individual and collective achievement that facilitates the rupture of patriarchal gender roles. This empowerment-based model contributes to explain social change processes inherent in the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship.

Social Entrepreneurship: Dissection of a Phenomenon through a German Lens

The occurrence and scientific investigation of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship are rather new. The term is very popular among politicians and is reflected in a lot of the political demands and willingness that they express. However, a review of the literature about it shows that there is no common ground or frame, and the historical developments are different in different countries and economies. Based on a study of the literature, a two-phase survey following the ‘Policy Delphi’ approach was conducted in Germany in order to enlighten this frameless picture of social entrepreneurship. Our results indicate five dimensions that extend the core term: ‘social’, namely ‘Societal–Visionary’, ‘Ecological’, ‘Societal–Entrepreneurial’, ‘Economic’, and ‘Innovative–Entrepreneurial’. The degree of intercorrelation among the five dimensions shows that four factors, namely ‘Societal–Visionary’, ‘Societal–Entrepreneurial’, ‘Economic’, and ‘Innovative–Entrepreneurial’, have low to medium-high correlations. The fifth factor, ‘Ecological’, has the weakest correlation with all other factors.