Phenomenon Of Overeducation Research Articles

Overeducation of migrants in Lombardy: A trend analysis 2008–2021

AbstractThis study examines the determinants of the overeducation phenomenon among migrants in Lombardy, Italy, and how it has evolved over the last 14 years. The target population consists of legal and undocumented individuals with original citizenship from countries defined as ‘high migratory pressure countries’, who declared themselves as ‘employed’. Italy has one of the highest rates of overeducation among non‐EU citizens in the European Union, and there is also a significant gap between the overeducation rates of Italian nationals and non‐EU citizens in the country. The study explores various factors contributing to overeducation and how the individual and migratory characteristics affecting it evolved. The chosen period encompasses years affected by the consequences of the economic crisis and the pandemic emergency. A significant time effect, different according to gender, is detected: more specifically, a decrease in the probability of being overeducated in the post‐crisis years in comparison with the preceding ones for men. More years since migration and having attended primary or secondary education in Italy appear to significantly lessen the likelihood of overeducation. Predicted probabilities demonstrate that being a woman and originating from certain countries, such as some eastern European non‐EU countries (Ukraine and Moldova) and the Philippines, disadvantage foreign workers in terms of overeducation.

Effect of Economic and Demographic Factors on Educational Mismatch Probability of Sectoral Workers

This paper analyzes effect of economic and demographic factors on probability of overeducated workers in Southern Sumatra. Research using binary logistic regression model to estimate probability of overeducation workers. The data used came from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) 2018. Unit of analysis is the workers in Southern Sumatra, including South Sumatra Province, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung and Bangka Belitung. Sample consisted of 13 683 workers. Estimation results show that income, sector or business field, age and area of residence affect probability of workers being overeducated. Income is the most dominant factor determining probability by providing a positive effect, but vice versa with age factor. Changes in area of residence from rural to urban areas give greater possibility of overeducation but this is not the case if there is a change in employment sector from primary to non-primary.The phenomenon of overeducation implies that workers can more easily adapt and understand their work so that productivity is more easily increased.The possibility of over-education mismatch in the regional labor market in South Sumatra is very unique because although the absorption of workers is still dominated by the primary sector, when there is a change of work to the primary sector, the possibility of overeducation actually decreases.

Same Degree, Same Opportunities? Educational and Social Background Effects on Overeducation in Germany

Overeducation is indicative of a suboptimal education–job match and is related to several negative consequences for workers. Despite extensive research explaining the overeducation phenomenon, previous studies have not simultaneously analyzed educational background (i.e., educational degrees) and social background effects, or have failed to consider both the vertical and horizontal dimension that educational degrees entail (i.e., level and field). This article seeks to overcome these limitations by examining whether overeducation varies (1) across educational background (considering both level and field of educational degrees), (2) across social background, and (3) by social background among workers with the same degree. Based on the German BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2018, results suggest that highly educated workers are more likely to be overeducated for the jobs they hold, implying the supply of this workforce exceeds the available adequate jobs on the German labor market. The field of education determines the risk of overeducation as well, with some occupationally specific fields of education (IT, natural sciences, and health) making for lower overeducation risk for both vocational and academic education. The results also indicate social background directly influences education–job matches (controlling for level and field of education), i.e., a social gap in overeducation. This evidence suggests an effect of social background on job allocation processes, beyond the effect of education, so that the offspring of privileged classes (i.e., high salariat) use the same degrees on the labor market more profitably than the offspring of less privileged classes. Given the low attention paid to education–job matches in social stratification analyses, the present article makes a noteworthy contribution to the literature on social stratification and inequality. In addition, the present research will serve as a base for future studies on overeducation including both the vertical and horizontal dimension of educational degrees.

Tourism education in France and sustainable development goal 4 (quality education)

Purpose This study aims to focus on the phenomenon of “over-education” characterized by a discrepancy between education provided and the needs of the economy vis-à-vis employment. The study considers this issue with reference to tourism and courses taught in the field. Specifically, the phenomenon of over-education is investigated with reference to university graduates in tourism and their employability in the sector. Design/methodology/approach The research design draws from secondary data derived from a review of the literature on tourism and education. Findings The findings point to a need to consider aspects of tourism (field of study and discipline) in destination management. This is to avoid discrepancy at macro and micro levels and at a discipline and industry level. This strategy would also help to ensure synergy between tourism education and the needs of the tourism industry as advocated by the Helix model. Originality/value By focussing on over-education, this study shows that Sustainable development goal (SDG) 4, which relates to quality education, may be addressed. The outcome of the study also leads to the conclusion that SDG 4 should be based on not only access to education and school enrolment rates at all levels, particularly for girls, but also the relationship between education and actual employment.

Overeducation, persistence and unemployment in Spanish labour market

PurposeThe phenomenon of overeducation and the magnitude and persistence of the imbalance impact are analysed for the Spanish labour market from 2006 to 2013.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present random-effects probit estimations comparing individuals and their short-term and long-term labour mismatches.FindingsThe results support the existence of long-term persistence (status in the previous year) and short-term persistence (status at the beginning of the observed period) in overeducation. Precariousness in the labour market, measured by temporality or by the strong destruction of employment, could force individuals to choose a job below their qualification. Additionally, the phenomenon of overeducation is shown to have increased in the period 2010–2013 in relation to the period 2006–2009 independently of the region considered, though those regions with higher unemployment rates display greater imbalances.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the results come from two different samples, it is possible to conclude that overeducation is a phenomenon that tends to perpetuate over time in Spain.Practical implicationsOne of the issues of greatest interest that is crucial to assess the relevance of the spreading of overeducation is whether overeducation can be considered as a temporal mismatch, in which case the seriousness of the problem would not be so important, or, on the contrary, as a persistent one, in which case, governments should take it into account in their education reform programmes.Originality/valueOvereducation persistence has been studied in countries such as the United States, Canada, Switzerland or Germany; however, in Spain, there are hardly any studies. Spanish labour market has certain specificities that make the analyses relevant: the high unemployment rates and high elasticity of employment with respect to the economic cycles. Under these circumstances, workers could opt for more stable positions that require a lower qualification than the one they have. This option could be even more convenient during crisis. Additionally, the article includes a disaggregated analysis by Spanish regions. The differences in the unemployment rates within and between regions are significant (some of them had at the beginning of the crisis an unemployment rate close to 7%, while in others it exceeded 12%) which allows the authors to study the phenomenon in different contexts.

Overeducation: A Growing Phenomenon Among Ghanaian Teachers at the Pre-Tertiary Level? The Empirical Evidence

This paper purposes to examine the phenomenon of overeducation which prevails in Ghana among the pre-tertiary teachers notably at the public (managed using the tax-payers money) Junior High School (JHS) where some public JHS teachers possess Masters’ degree in a sector where a Diploma qualification is required to teach. Using the Cramer’s V statistical modelling, findings indicate that the issue of the public Kumasi JHS Teachers possessing higher qualification of Masters degree could not be describe as a phenomenon of overeducation, but could best be described as outskilling, which denotes employees undertaking or acquiring skills training and higher qualifications with the intention that the employees will eventually leave the establishment and take those skills elsewhere. From a policy point of view, the Ghana Education Service (the employer) must review its employment policy to recognising and appreciating in terms of compensation and promotion the Public JHS teachers possessing the Masters degree to attenuate the phenomenon of outskilling, and turn it rather into upskilling, which is equipping workers with the tools and education needed for job within the same establishment.

Measuring Overeducation: Incidence, Correlation and Overlaps Across Indicators and Countries

The methodological debate on how to measure overeducation has been present since the introduction of the topic in the academic debate. Nevertheless, there is still no consensus on a preferred indicator. This article aims at contributing to the existing methodological debate providing systematic and cross-country evidence on the variation across overeducation measurements. Using REFLEX/HEGESCO and EULFS datasets, I provide evidence on within and across countries variation on the incidence, correlation and overlaps across the main types of objective, statistical and subjective overeducation indicators. Results suggest that worker’s self-reported indicators better cope with comparative studies, while in single-country studies objective indicators are likely to provide a more in-depth and detailed measurement. The use of statistical indicators is advised in contexts with labour markets that easily adapt to educational and employment changes, especially if these are not affected by credential inflation. However, it is advisable to use more than one indicator whenever data allows it, as different types of overeducation measurements provide different outcomes and results are likely to be complementary rather than excluding information on the overeducation phenomenon. This is especially relevant when overeducation is used as a dependent variable rather than a predictor. An initial review and discussion of the existing types of overeducation measurements and their advantages and drawbacks precedes the empirical evidence.

Factors Associated with Overeducation Among Recent Graduates During Labour Market Integration: The Case of Catalonia (Spain)

Overeducation has usually been considered a phenomenon brought about during integration into the labour market. There is no single explanation, but rather several factors that are associated with overeducation. We analyse overeducation among graduates in Catalonia 4 years after finishing their degrees. The analysis is based on the self-assessment made by workers in surveys conducted by AQU (Catalan University Quality Assurance Agency) between 2008 and 2014 and we use logit and probit statistical models to determine the probability of a graduate being overeducated, depending on a wide range of economic, sociological, technological and academic variables. We use the Heckman methodology in the analysis. This study corroborates the results of previous studies on the relationship between wages, job satisfaction and overeducation. In addition, the results show, firstly, differences in levels of overeducation between different fields of study, most notably between ‘Humanities and Arts’ and ‘Health Sciences’. Secondly, the results reveal the impact of the economic cycle on overeducation. Thirdly, the variables used in the statistical model exhibit stable behaviour and, as a result, they provide an explanation for overeducation as a structural phenomenon, regardless of the economic situation. Furthermore, other variables show a significant relationship with signalling theory and career mobility theory, which both explain the overeducation phenomenon. We especially emphasise the role of professional career development during undergraduate studies. Additionally, we found that the family socio-economic environment is relevant in explaining overeducation and, lastly, technological factors and aspects of the graduates’ work environment also contribute to explaining the phenomenon.

The impact of human capital attainments on productivity growth: An Empirical Investigation

Productivity is the backbone of the economy and the key to a sustained economic growth. The important role of human capital in productivity has been widely recognized since the seminal works of Schultz (1961), Becker (1964), Welch (1970) and Mincer (1974). Nelson and Phelps (1966) argued that highly-skilled workers are relatively more productive than low-skilled ones and expected to lead to higher productivity growth. Consequently, in an effort to enhance the education quality to boost the economic and productivity growth, many governments invest more in their driven- growth sectors including the education sector to yield productive workforce. On this ground, and through the application of Johansen Co-integration test and Error Correction Methodology (CI/ECM), this paper aims at investigating the role of human capital quality in productivity in Egypt over the period (1980- 2014). Results reveal that owing to the drag type of the education system and the over-education phenomenon besides the brain drain, the highly educated workers negatively impact labor productivity growth. Therefore, more efforts should be carried in order for the resulting output of the education system to be productive as thought to be.

A Study on the Phenomenon of Overeducation in China and Its Trend Analysis

The paper analyzes the overeducation incidence in different department and occupation by mode method. Our conclusions are, first, overeducation occurrence is relatively high mainly among senior skilled workers since the quality requirement of the professors and doctors is much higher in China, and, second, the incidence of overeducation in husbandry remains at a low level all the way which indicates that the agricultural human capital attraction and level is weak due to the inferior income. Based on the ORU model, we found that the yield of education changes along with the economic development of China by analyzing the yield of overeducation from 1997 to 2011. The yield of overeducation gradually increased from 1997 to 2011 but it fell after the economic crisis then rose up again in low velocity with the return of every job differing. The income of the senior over educated technical workers is higher than the unskilled ones. People’s income disparity is expanding between the workers receiving more and less education over time.

Overeducation and Educational–Occupational Mismatch

This article accounts for a renovation by enriching the existent literature regarding two major nowadays phenomena and their labor implications, which might require a rethinking regarding new career-development approaches: the overeducation phenomenon (academic graduates whose educational level exceeds the educational level required in their jobs) and the horizontal-mismatch phenomenon (the individuals’ fit between their educational and occupational fields). The article clarifies the difference between those two phenomena’s career repercussions—on three major individuals’ career outcomes: wage gaps, job mobility, and demand for further higher education. Two hundred and twenty-one participants took part to reveal that the more the individuals experience horizontal mismatch throughout their career, the less their earning level is, and the horizontally mismatched individuals have lower probability for pursuing further higher education compared to the horizontally matched individuals. These findings’ implications suggest individuals to try and modify their career planning, based on the ongoing technological and structural changes in Western-developed countries labor market.

Over-education and Gender Occupational Differences in Spain

This paper explores the role of over-education in shaping the negative relationship between the education level attained by employees and the fact of working in a gender-dominated occupation, in Spain, a country where the phenomenon of over-education is common. Applying multinomial logit regressions, and controlling for individual and job characteristics, the results confirm the typical finding that having a university degree decreases the odds of working in a gender-dominated occupation. However, this is only true in the case of women when considering long—more than 3 years—university studies. The evidence also suggests that the general spread of over-education in Spain weakens that relationship so that reducing over-education would eventually lead to more uniformity in the gender-distribution of employment across occupations.

Is the Over-education a Temporary Phenomenon? Case of Tunisian Higher Education Graduates

Normal 0 21 false false false FR X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This work analyzes the phenomenon of normative overeducation in the case of Tunisian higher education graduate cohort 2004. Two interrogations are presented in the survey. The first is realized 18 months after graduation and the second 3 years after. The results of the first investigation are used in the probit model to study the extent of the phenomenon of overeducation at the first recruiting. The second interrogation is used to study the overeducation time horizon. The characteristics of employment present more significant effects on the probability of overeducation than those of the training. Among characteristics we consider the stability of employment, the branch of industry and the nature of employment (public/private). Results show that there is a diplomas hierarchy vis-a-vis the risk of overeducation. The most abundant diplomas on the labor market are not only victims of unemployment but also the most exposed to the risk of overeducation. To complete this analysis we integrate the fields of study effect. Graduates of discipline receiving the mass are more exposed to the risk of overeducation. Probit estimation results using the second interrogation show that the certification does not have any effect on the probability of overeducation. Only the stability of employment presents a significant effect on the work condition improvement of Tunisian higher education graduates initially overeducated. Results are confirmed throught multiple components analysis. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

Educational Mismatch of Graduates: a Multidimensional and Fuzzy Indicator

In this paper we attempt to measure the educational mismatch, seen as a problem of overeducation, using a multidimensional and fuzzy methodology. Educational mismatch can be difficult to measure because many factors can converge to its definition and the traditional unidimensional indicators presented in literature can offer a restricted view of the problem. We discovered two dimensions that properly define overeducation. The first includes information regarding job satisfaction, the use of expertise and the coherence between study and work, but also the measure on which the traditional indicator is based and the second concern earning aspects. We then calculate a degree of membership to the set of overeducated workers using the defined dimensions. We believe that in this manner we can partially overcome the rigidity of the traditional measures. Our findings suggested that generally women have a degree of mismatch higher than men and the graduates in Pharmacy, Medicine and Engineering are the least overeducated in terms of the first dimension, even if in terms of the earnings dimension they have similar mismatches to the other fields of education. Self-employment and collaboration contracts reduce overeducation when the first dimension is considered; on the other hand, when the second dimension is taken into account graduates with collaboration contracts are the most mismatched out of those having a job. Additionally, university reform introduced in the academic year 2001–2002 in the Italian higher education system is shown as not contributing to a reduction of the overeducation phenomenon.

The Overeducation Phenomenon in Europe

The overeducation literature has typically assumed that the effect of overeducation on wages is constant across the conditional wage distribution. In this paper we use quantile regression and data from a group of European countries to show that differences across segments of the distribution are indeed large. We find significant differences between sexes, in the sense that it is not true that in countries where men are penalised more severely, women are also severely penalised. Moreover, different trends are observed depending on the country and sex. For example in Germany, the wage penalty for overeducation is higher among women than men. Furthermore, while the wage penalty for men increases from decile 10 to decile 90, the wage penalty decreases for women. In Spain, women are more severely penalised for overeducation than men and the effect of overeducation is quite homogeneous across deciles for both men and women.

How biased are the estimated wage impacts of overeducation? A propensity score matching approach

This article uses Propensity Score Matching (PSM) techniques to assess the extent to which the costs of overeducation are likely to have been over-estimated as a result of unobserved skill heterogeneity in studies adopting the standard ordinary least squares (OLS) wage equation framework. It was found that the PSM estimates were very much in line with those generated by OLS, suggesting that the overeducation phenomenon is likely to be imposing real and significant wage and productivity costs on individuals and the economy more generally and therefore cannot be dismissed as merely arising as a result of an omitted variables problem.

Human capital allocation and overeducation: A measure of French productivity (1987, 1999)

In the last four decades, France has experienced an increase in the numbers of students in further education. In this context, we have chosen to quantify the phenomenon of overeducation using a salary-based approach and to measure the impact of the general lengthening in the duration of studies on private sector productivity. The decomposition of the aggregate Luenberger productivity indicator into technological change and efficiency change reveals an increasing imbalance between salaries and required qualifications. Moreover, while overeducation has become less marked for intermediate and higher occupations, mismatches have increased in the case of the least skilled jobs.

Overeducation, regional labor markets, and spatial flexibility

For most workers, access to suitable employment is severely restricted by the fact that they look for jobs in the regional labor market rather than the global one. In this paper we analyze how macrolevel opportunities (regional market characteristics) and microlevel restrictions (the extent to which job searchers are restricted to the regional market) can help to explain the phenomenon of overeducation. We use a two-step procedure to control selective access to employment. The results show that the size of the labor market is an important factor in avoiding overeducation.

Overeducation, Regional Labor Markets and Spatial Flexibility

For most workers, access to suitable employment is severely restricted by the fact that they look for jobs in the regional labor market rather than the global one. In this paper we analyze how macro-level opportunities (regional labor market characteristics) and micro-level restrictions (the extent to which job searchers are restricted to the regional labor market) can help to explain the phenomenon of overeducation. For the purposes of this project we obtained special permission to link regional data supplied by the German Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning to data provided by the respondents in the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), based on their region of residence. The use of multilevel models made it possible to combine both individual and regional characteristics in the same models. In addition, we used the Heckman two-step procedure to control for selective access to employment. The results show that the size of the labor market is an important factor in avoiding overeducation: looking for a job on a large labor market increases the probability of finding a suitable job. Access to a car for personal use and a longer commuting time reduce the risk of working in a job for which one is overeducated.

Overeducation and Underemployment: An Agnostic Review

This paper is a discussion of the contemporary phenomenon of overeducation and underemployment among college graduates. The long-predicted glut of college graduates without college-graduate jobs has been upon us for at least 15 years. However, this crisis appears to have had a minimal impact upon American society, and subsequent cohorts of young adults have not reacted to it in a manner consonant with predictions derived from demographic and human capital theory. I argue that our misapprehension of the consequences of the occupational mismatch of college graduates stems from an overemphasis on the traditional role of higher education in both economic production and occupational attainment.