Natural Phenomena Research Articles

Analisis Penerapan Vektor 2D Menggunakan Laboratorium Virtual PhET

Physics explores natural phenomena ranging from everyday experiences to abstract concepts, with vectors being a fundamental component essential for analyzing motion and other physical occurrences. Vectors, defined by their magnitude and direction, are key to describing various phenomena such as force, speed, and acceleration. Utilizing virtual laboratories like PhET offers an excellent opportunity to enhance understanding of vector concepts through interactive simulations. This research focuses on the application of 2D vectors using the PhET virtual laboratory. The research methods include quantitative experiments, where participants engage with vector simulations in a virtual environment. The results indicate that variations in the angle and magnitude of vectors significantly impact the resultant vector's value. These interactive simulations allow for real-time visualization and manipulation of parameters, leading to a deeper comprehension of the subject. Despite some limitations, including the necessity for technological access and the potential for oversimplifying physical phenomena, the benefits of these simulations make them invaluable tools for teaching and research in vector studies. Overall, PhET simulations accelerate the learning process, providing students with a richer and more practical experience to better grasp vector concepts.

Biosphere reserves in the megadiverse Cape Floristic Region are effective in conserving arthropod diversity

AbstractBiosphere reserves (BRs) aim to protect global biodiversity alongside social and economic development. Each BR is composed of a core area where biodiversity conservation is maximal. Surrounding this zone is a buffer and then a transition zone where agroecological farming and other low‐intensity land‐uses are undertaken to an increasing degree. The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is a biodiversity hotspot at the southern tip of Africa, extremely rich in endemic plants and arthropods. We review the instigation of four CFR BRs for effective conservation to protect this unique biodiversity, and where new species are regularly being discovered. Core areas protect many endemic and rare arthropod species with impacts from human activities in these critical areas being softened by the outer zones. Within the buffer and transition zones, agroecological approaches are advancing arthropod conservation, largely through maintenance of natural patches in the agricultural matrix. While larger patches are better, small patches also have high value for arthropods, especially when functionally connected. Other biodiversity‐friendly farming methods such as high vegetation cover between vine rows are also proving to be effective for indigenous arthropod conservation, as is an ecologically sensitive pest management strategy. Furthermore, a national programme aimed at removal of invasive alien trees is enabling arthropod recovery, especially endemic stream insects. Although fire is a natural CFR phenomenon, increased fire frequency is of concern. Nevertheless, natural fire refuges remain vitally important and are playing a critical role, especially for vulnerable species‐rich groups like pollinators. Overall, there is optimism that most arthropod species will remain at effective population levels in this megadiversity hotspot by putting in place effective precautionary measures. Here we show that the BR model contributes towards the protection of the CFR's endemic arthropod fauna, with potential to expand the BRs beyond the four official reserves.

Sun Salutations during the Winter Solstice in Planet Earth’s Southern Hemisphere

The article examines the cultural and spiritual significance of sun salutations during the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, focusing on the historical reverence for the sun across various civilizations, including the Egyptians, Aztecs, and Chinese. It highlights the sun's role in spiritual and religious traditions, proposing that sun worship is one of humanity's oldest religions. The study integrates modern practices like yoga and breath work, emphasizing their benefits in reducing stress and enhancing well-being. Utilizing a phenomenological approach, the research combines poetry, photography, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) analysis to explore the symbolic and emotional connections between the sun and human experience. Participants contributed poems, haikus, narratives, and photographs, which were analyzed using AI tools to enhance data interpretation. The analysis revealed themes of rebirth, renewal, introspection, and spirituality, underscoring the sun's transformative power and its metaphorical role as a divine presence. The findings indicate a positive sentiment, with the sun depicted as a source of hope, renewal, and spiritual connection. Themes such as growth, resilience, and tranquility suggest that sun interactions evoke feelings of calmness and reflection, promoting mental well-being. The study highlights the potential of AI in qualitative research, offering a novel approach to understanding human experiences and emotions. It concludes by acknowledging the sun's multifaceted influence on human experience and the potential for AI-generated content to enrich the exploration of natural phenomena and their impact on spirituality and healing. Future research aims to further explore the interaction between nature, poetry, and AI in understanding human emotions and cultural heritage.

Hydrophobicity in Guiding Biological Interactions and Related Applications

Hydrophobicity is a universal phenomenon in nature with profound effects on the structure and function of biological macromolecules, which holds great promise for biomedical applications. Therefore, this paper reviews recent research advances in hydrophobicity in guiding biological interactions and their applications, pointing out that the folding and aggregation of biomolecules, such as proteins and lipids, in water is greatly influenced by hydrophobicity, and that the repulsive force of hydrophobic groups leads to the formation of stable spatial structures of biomolecules, maintaining their biological activity. Furthermore, modulation of hydrophobicity has been widely used to enhance the ability of the materials to disrupt cell membranes, and to improve antimicrobial properties while taking biocompatibility into account. The optimization of the hydrophobic group structure has led to significant advances in the development of antimicrobial polymers for medical implant applications. These advances have been achieved through the implementation of efficient and safe material design strategies. In addition, the equilibrium between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity is critical in gene delivery. A moderate augmentation of hydrophobicity can help improve delivery efficiency and cellular uptake. It has been shown that adjusting the hydrophobicity of the nanoparticle surface can significantly influence the activity of immune cells, thus providing a new pathway for immune modulation. As such, the paper also investigates the potential applications of hydrophobicity in biomaterials design and proposes future directions, which includes standardized analytical approaches, and multidimensional experimental design. These approaches are intended to facilitate the advancement and utilization of functional materials based on hydrophobicity in biomedical fields.

HIV Infection Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: Philosophical Perspectives of Sociostructural Risk Factors

Background and Objective Sociostructural risk factors influence human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection outcomes among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15–24 in Sub-Saharan Africa. The philosophical perspectives on sociostructural risk factors can be helpful in reducing new HIV infections in this age group. This review aims to describe these perspectives to guide the development and implementation of targeted interventions at preventing new HIV infection among AGYW, while addressing age-gender inequalities in HIV infection risk reduction. Methods This literature review examined philosophical perspectives on sociostructural risk factors of HIV infection from June 1981 when improvements in HIV knowledge regarding clinical course and epidemiology began to November 2023. We utilized literature from peer-reviewed papers and books on HIV risk factors and infection outcomes among AGYW, gathered from search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline. Results The philosophy of sexuality is linked to sociostructural tenets like seduction, early marriage, adultery, and prostitution. Ubuntu’s philosophy is influenced by Western culture, such as pornography and adolescent marriages. Realism is linked to sexual violence, HIV stigma, and unfavorable health policy decisions. The philosophy of health integrates natural and holistic phenomena to address HIV infection. Conclusion and Implications for Translation The literature reviews suggest that addressing philosophical issues like seduction, early marriages, adultery, prostitution, pornography exposure, sexual violence, and unfavorable policies are crucial for reducing new HIV infection among AGYW and recommend the Ministries of Health to review and adopt these considerations in their respective national HIV prevention guidelines.

J.R.R. TOLKIEN "THE FALL OF GONDOLIN": FORAYS INTO THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

How can the narrative and thematic elements in "The Fall of Gondolin" by J.R.R. Tolkien be utilized as innovative pedagogical tools for teaching Natural Sciences and Mathematics? This was the guiding question for this text. The general objective was to analyze how the narrative and thematic elements in "The Fall of Gondolin" by J.R.R. Tolkien can be utilized as innovative pedagogical tools for teaching Natural Sciences and Mathematics. The specific objectives were to identify scientific and mathematical concepts present in "The Fall of Gondolin," investigate the descriptions of natural phenomena and architectural structures in the work, relating them to concepts of geology, biology, physics, and mathematics, develop pedagogical activities based on the narrative elements of the work as propositions for the teaching practices of Basic Education teachers, and create a guide of best practices for the use of "The Fall of Gondolin" in the teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. Regarding the methodological aspects of the research, it is a study that uses a qualitative methodology. The main stages and methods of the study include: Content Analysis, with the objective of identifying and categorizing narrative and thematic elements of "The Fall of Gondolin" that can be correlated with concepts of geology, biology, physics, and mathematics, the development of Pedagogical Activities, with the objective of creating pedagogical activities based on the narrative elements identified in the content analysis, and the development of the Best Practices Guide for teaching Natural Sciences and Mathematics. The results of this study indicate that integrating narrative and thematic elements of "The Fall of Gondolin" into the teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics can promote an interdisciplinary approach that stimulates curiosity, engagement, and the development of critical and scientific skills among students. By connecting fantasy with scientific reality, Tolkien's work provides an engaging and meaningful context for learning, making scientific concepts more accessible and interesting.

The new era of Technology Mysticism: Generative Artificial Intelligence and its effects

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) started to disrupt many application areas in the domain of information technology and is developing at a rapid pace. GenAI exhibits different systemic characteristics, it is a trained technology as opposed to the engineered technologies that have been developed in the IT domain in the past. As trained technologies are heavily depending on huge amounts of training data, their behaviour is not deterministic but of a stochastic nature, leading to a limited understanding of those systems. their behaviour is emergent. Assumptions and beliefs in the abilities of technologies by their users create a new age of mysticism that can be compared with our past and the relation of people in medieval times to the age of Mysticism with respect to their understanding of nature and their surroundings. We are facing AI today like our ancestors faced incomprehensible natural phenomena. This article is discussing the resulting effects from a technical but also from a philosophical perspective.

Sublime music

Abstract The goal of this essay is thus to identify the species of music that is most justifiably denominated sublime and to characterize it as fully as possible, in part through a suggested taxonomy of the species, illustrated by a wide range of musical examples. After a general discussion of sublimity in its original sphere of application—the natural world—I go on to consider the nature of sublime musical experience. I propose that categorizing music as some species of sublime is at base a matter of what it is most like or most resembles among natural phenomena. This results in a scheme which recognizes five distinguishable kinds of sublime music: negatively transcendent, positively transcendent, mixedly transcendent, energizing, and transcendent-energizing. I distinguish sublime music from other valuable music kinds and finish by pointing to some rewards that come with the experience of sublime music.

Шевченкознавчі розвідки Є. Шабліовського: доба та автор

The purpose of the article is to trace the ideological accents of Ye. Shabliovsky's Shevchenko studies as an expression of vulgar sociologism in the context of the laws of the soviet era. The basis of the research methodology is a cultural-historical approach, which provides a vision of the role of the historical context, social environment and political factors, forms an objective coverage of the specifics and regularities of the history of Shevchenko studies. Elements of biographical and psychoanalytical methods complement the portrait of the scientist. Research results. The publication reproduces the issues and main concepts of E. Shabliovskyi's literary studies "Shevchenko and Russian revolutionary democracy" (Kyiv, 1958), "The people and the word of Shevchenko" (Kyiv, 1961), "Patriotic ideas in the works of T. H. Shevchenko" (Kyiv, 1961), "By the ways of unity (Ukrainian literature in its historical development)" (Kyiv, 1965), "Aesthetics of the artistic word (Poetic world of Taras Shevchenko)" (Kyiv, 1976). On the basis of the Shevchenko works of E. Shabliovskyi, the origin and formation of vulgar sociologist is traced, the intentions of which have been preserved in later investigations. Among the actively promoted theses are the connection of T. Shevchenko with the Russian revolutionary democrats, in particular with M. Chernyshevskyi, and the revolutionary-transformative character of T. Shevchenko's humanism. In addition to literary studies, E. Shabliovskyi's activities in the field of Shevchenko studies cover various areas - from participation in research expeditions to editorial and publishing activities (comments and notes; preparation of facsimile editions of T. Shevchenko's manuscript heritage). The specificity of the biography of a soviet scientist, a victim of stalinist repressions, as a natural phenomenon of the stalinist era, is noted.

Applied Sunnah During Hot Weather And Rainy Season: The Philosophy Of Faith And Mitigation Measures

The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) encompasses various aspects of life. This paper aims to elevate the role of the Sunnah as a source of knowledge, while also applying it as a guide for life. The Sunnah guidance during hot weather and rainy season is among the important practices should be applied to gain the promising rewards for following the Sunnah, and also to provide benefits for daily life activities. This paper, based on thematic hadith research, gathers several hadiths related to the chosen topic, using the dorar.net/hadith application. This application was chosen because its credibility and authenticity have been proven through studies at the higher education level. All collected hadiths are ensured to be authentic, either classified as sahih or at least hasan in which are accepted as sharia evidence in Islamic law. If there is a difference of opinion among hadith scholars regarding the status of a hadith, prioritization will be made based on hadith methodology. The Arabic text of the hadith is included to receive blessings and for personal reflection. If the hadith text is long and contains various issues, the focus will only be on the desired issue from the sub-topic provided, without addressing other issues. The study found that the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) related to hot weather and rain is highly significant, comprehensive, and suitable to be applied in human life. The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) teaches humans to be aware and have faith in Allah (S.W.T.), in His power and to believe in the unseen, the Angels, and the Day of Judgment. Additionally, the application of the Sunnah, such as seeking shade, pouring water over the head, drinking cold beverages, avoiding crowds, and keeping oneself clean and fragrant, are very practical mitigation steps to reduce the negative effects of extreme heat. Meanwhile, the Sunnah's application in fostering awe toward natural phenomena, allowing raindrops to touch the body, praying, performing salah, expressing gratitude, not complaining, and avoiding superstitious beliefs reflects a deep sense of dependence on Allah (S.W.T.) and is very practical for spiritual aspects.

Particle dynamics at fluid interface by pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann method coupled with smoothed profile method

Fluid–solid coupling widely exists in some natural phenomena and industrial applications. However, it is still an important challenge to correctly capture the transient changes of particles at fluid interface. We develop a lattice Boltzmann model for particle dynamics at fluid interface, which adopts a coupling strategy by combining the pseudo-force (Shan-Chen) multiphase multicomponent model and the smoothed profile method. In the coupling strategy, a novel extrapolation boundary condition is applied for fluid–solid interface, a repulsive force (bounce-back force) between solid node and fluid node is introduced in the coexistence region (at the fluid–solid interface), to form the interaction between fluid and solid particle. Thanks to the proposed fluid–solid coupling method, the drag force on solid particles can be correctly described, especially for situations of high solid volume fractions. It is found that the wetting angle θ between fluid interface and particle surface is basically linear with the repulsive force coefficient difference ΔG. What is more, to further validate the reliability of our proposed model, we performed two groups of simulations for different Bos = 0.51 (0.84) and 0.83 (1.35), they are the single particle trapped under gravity at deformed fluid interface and the falling single particle impacts fluid interface in the presence of gravity, respectively, and good agreements between simulation results and experimental ones in the description of the relationship between the inertial force and the interfacial tension are obtained, and their correlations are both close to 1, which proves the reliability of our proposed model.

Comparing Historical and Contemporary Observations of Avian Fauna on the Yáláƛi (Goose Island) Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada.

In an era of global change, historical natural history data can improve our understanding of ecological phenomena, particularly when evaluated with contemporary Indigenous and place-based knowledge. The Yáláƛi (Goose Island) Archipelago is a group of islands in Heiltsuk (Haíɫzaqv) territory on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada. Not only has this region been important to the Heiltsuk for millennia but also it is both a federally and internationally recognized important bird area. In this study, we compare data collected by Charles J. Guiguet, a biologist who documented bird communities at Yáláƛi in the summer of 1948, to three different contemporary surveys and to citizen-science data. We find that the relative abundances of forest bird species (i.e., birds that use the terrestrial island ecosystems) in 1948 differed to those observed in systematic surveys in 2011. While Orange-crowned Warblers, Dark-eyed Juncos, and Red Crossbills comprised 55% of detections by Guiguet in 1948, the three most abundant species in 2011 were Bald Eagles, Varied Thrushes, and Pacific Wrens, and these accounted for only 25% of detections. Although we could not make a quantitative comparison, we provide summaries of each species observed in surveys or reported on eBird. We also incorporate Heiltsuk place-based knowledge to enrich our discussion of the variability in bird communities over time, from how changes in mammal communities and human use may have shaped vegetation dynamics to how large-scale natural phenomena impacted topography. To understand which birds are present and how their communities are changing over time, we recommend continued monitoring of the bird communities at Yáláƛi.

Monitoring soil cracking using OFDR-based distributed temperature sensing framework

Soil cracking induced by extreme drought represents a widespread natural phenomenon occurring across the earth surface, capable of triggering multiple weakening mechanisms within surface soils, potentially leading to the instability and failure of slopes and agricultural infrastructures. This study proposes an innovative geophysical monitoring framework for detecting field soil cracking by combining the actively heated fiber-optic (AHFO) method and distributed fibre optical sensing (DFOS) based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique, referred to as AH-OFDR framework. Laboratory calibration tests, field monitoring tests, numerical simulations, and sensitivity analyses were employed to comprehensively evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and limitations of the AH-OFDR framework for soil crack monitoring. Laboratory calibration confirmed that the DFOS-OFDR technique achieves a minimum spatial resolution and readout accuracy of 1 mm, along with a temperature measurement accuracy of ±0.1 °C. Field monitoring verified that the AH-OFDR framework can accurately detect soil cracks ranging in width from 0.01 m to 0.12 m. Additionally, numerical simulations not only validated the effectiveness of the AH-OFDR framework across a broader range of crack widths, from 0.01 m to 0.50 m, but also established a quantitative relationship between temperature changes and the spatial distribution of crack positions and widths. Notably, a critical crack width threshold of 0.30 m was identified within the AH-OFDR framework, significantly impacting the prediction of soil crack widths. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the remarkable crack detection capabilities of the AH-OFDR framework, irrespective of the soil crack width and spacing. The AH-OFDR framework holds substantial potential as an innovative and high-resolution observational method for advancing our understanding of diverse geological and hydrogeological processes.

The Green Infrastructure Model Based On Waterlogging Mitigation In The Street Landscape Of Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province

Background: In many cases, the planning of public and social space in Indonesia is not accompanied by the planning of green open space, which is their functions as a healthy environmental balancer. One of the public spaces is the street landscape. This results in to the impact of natural phenomena such as floods, waterlogging in the rainy season, and hot weather in summer. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the Green Infrastructure model of roads, can also function as a place to anticipate waterlogging, flooding, air quality improvement, and human-friendly designation. Materials and Methods: The methodology was carried out through field inventory, mapping based on Shp ArcGis data, and a modified literature study. The location of the research is on roads spread across 8 subdistricts of Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province. Results: Based on government administration and axis content, the public roads of Sungai Penuh City are categorized into class III Provincial Roads. The number of road sections in Sungai Penuh City is 49 (forty-nine) road sections. The details are that the primary collector road landscape consists of 11 road sections, the secondary collector road landscape consists of 12 road sections, and the local road landscape is very dominant, which is as many as 26 roads. The total length of the entire Sungai Penuh City road section is 51.43 km with an average width of 6 meters. Based on the level of urgency, the results of the assessment of priority sub-districts determined 31 road sections spread across Sungai Penuh District, Sungai Bungkal District, and Pondok Tinggi District as priority sub-districts for the implementation of the Green Infrastructure system. Based on hydrological calculations of rainfall for the last 20 years (2003-2023). Conclusion: The Green Infrastructure Model is prioritized for 3 sub-districts. Based on the assessment of the Green Infrastructure Implementation Indicator, two green infrastructure concepts are applied, namely Green Stormwater Infrastructure 1 (GSI 1) and Green Stormwater Infrastructure 2 (GSI 2) which are equipped with the Complete Street concept. The GSI 1 system is applied on 24 roads in Sungai Penuh City using the Stormwater Tree Trench and planter. The GSI 2 system consisting of Stormwater Bump-Out, Stormwater Tree Trench, and Stormwater Planter and the Complete Street concept will be applied on 7 roads in Sungai Penuh City

자연에서 관찰되는 육각구조의 이해를 위한 모델링 교육 프로그램이 예비교사들의 인식에 미치는 효과 - 포디프레임을 중심으로

Purpose: This study utilized a modeling education program using the 4Dframe to investigate changes in the perception of hexagonal structures observed in natural phenomena among pre-service teachers, and then examined the this educational practice. Methods: This study was conducted with thirty pre-service teachers using the educational program developed in this research. To examine changes in their understanding of natural phenomena and attitudes towards cooperative learning, pre- and post-tests were administered. Additionally, a Likert scale post-test was utilized to gauge teachers' perceptions of the educational program experience, including the evaluation of the program using the 4D frame. Data analysis was performed using statistical methods such as t-tests, and the specific content was supplemented through qualitative data analysis. Results: Pre-service teachers decreased their tendency to explain the phenomenon of hexagonal structures through simple observation, and instead increased the tendency to explain them through concepts such as force, spatial division, and stability. The understanding of the relationship between a structure that connects the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron with connecting lines and hexagonal structures was also greatly improved. In the attitude test toward cooperative learning, perceptions of problem solving and creative production changed positively. In the Likert scale post-test to determine the perception of the educational program experience, the educational effectiveness was confirmed by showing higher average values in items such as immersion, satisfaction, program, and aesthetics than in previous studies. In addition, pre-service teachers evaluated the educational program by relating that they were able to develop creative thinking and problem-solving skills and increase interest and immersion in learning by producing and modifying various structures through the flexible and elastic 4D frame. Conclusion: By using the 4D frame, students can reproduce educational materials expressed in two dimensions in three dimensions, and it is possible to implement models that explain natural phenomena that are difficult to confirm experimentally.

History Teachers' Efforts to Improve Learning Effectiveness by Optimizing Museums as Learning Resources

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to determine how to optimize the function of the museum as a source of history learning at State Islamic High School 1 Probolinggo. The main purpose of the study is to optimize the function of this museum to increase the effectiveness of history learning. By optimizing the function of this museum, students can be more effective in learning history. Methodology: This research on history teachers' efforts to improve learning effectiveness through optimizing the function of museums as learning resources at State Islamic High School 1 Probolinggo City is a qualitative descriptive research. A form of research aimed at describing existing phenomena, both natural phenomena and man-made phenomena. This research aims to obtain information and describe the results of the research. Main Findings: This study specifically explores the role of history teachers in local history learning at State Islamic High School 1 Probolinggo. The focus on the contribution of history teachers to students' understanding of local history shows the uniqueness of this study in discussing important aspects of history learning. This study provides valuable insights into the role of history teachers in the context of local history learning, with a focus on integration, local resources, and the development of students' historical awareness. Novelty/Originality of this study: this study not only identifies the role of museums as sources of historical learning, but also tries to measure and optimize its impact concretely in the context of historical learning at State Islamic High School 1 Probolinggo. This approach can provide a strong basis for further development in improving the effectiveness of historical learning in other schools.

Development of environmental education: As a culture of sustainable development

The study of the environment involves a certain natural phenomenon and the interactions that exist between man and his environment. Environmental Education, as a culture of sustainable development, with the aim of ensuring that resources are sufficient for the present and future generation. Anthropic activities, both individual and collective, have affected the environment. Advances in technology have brought advantages to man, generating goods and services to improve the quality of life and making life easier. However, collective actions by industry have contributed to a greater negative impact on the environment. Therefore, various strategies have been proposed to mitigate the damage caused, such as: generating educational programs to promote changes in values ​​and attitudes in society about the environment, generating cleaner productions, environmental reviews, eco-balances, impact assessment, among others; educational institutions have focused on environmental education, with the purpose of establishing a culture of sustainable development as a strategy for social change.

The influence of external action on the dynamics of elastic, thermal and concentration waves propagation

This paper presents the nonlinear coupled mathematical model allowing investigating the interrelation between the mechanical, thermal and diffusion processes in solid body. The model takes into account the finiteness of relaxation times of mass and heat fluxes. This is of interest for dynamical processes with characteristic times comparable to relaxation times, when the changes in the temperature and impurity concentration are described by hyperbolic thermal conductivity and diffusion equations. Additionally, the model takes into account the temperature and concentration dependencies of the diffusion coefficients; it gives rise to additional nonlinearity. The model is thermodynamically consistent and follows from the nonlinear equations of the thermoelastic diffusion theory. The implicit difference scheme of second approximation order in time and spatial steps, linearization relatively to known time moment and double-sweep method are used for the numerical implementation of the equation system. Examples of interrelating wave propagating under external actions are considered. The results show that distortions in the strain/stress and temperature distributions appear due to the interaction between the phenomena of different physical nature. The specific rates of different physical processes are different. Although diffusion is the slowest of them all, the influence of the diffusion wave is reflected in stress and strain waves far beyond the diffusion wave front. It is shown that regardless of the external action character and impulse form, the influence of the considered processes on each other does not change, but the wave picture becomes much more complicated with increasing number of actions.

Eski Türk düşüncesi ve irfan gelenekleri

Faith and moral values occupy a special place among the sources of ancient Turkic thought. Faith and moral values have made a significant contribution to the formation of a person’s psychological structure and identity, as well as his thinking. The beliefs and ways of thinking of the ancient Turks were associated with mythology. The ancient Turks always lived in close contact with nature and therefore they deified natural phenomena. Shamanism spread in the Altai and Ural regions, which influenced Tibetan and Chinese culture. Among the Turks, local traditions met with shamanic elements, but, unlike shamans and other movements, they did not share idolatry and polytheism. The ancient Turks were inclined towards monotheism. This can be found in the concept of “Goktanrı” (belief in the Heavenly God). The tendency of the human spirit from polytheism to monotheism is a movement from chaos to order and harmony. The ancient Turks did not separate love for God from love for man. They also had high moral and spiritual values. And therefore the Turks easily accepted Islam and its mystical traditions. All this matters contributed to the dominance of the universal spiritual environment in a wide geography. They move away from material understanding and denote the symbolic embodiment of the beauty of God. A person begins to understand the phenomenology of his spirit. In ancient Turkic thought, the connection between God and man is established by spirit. The Spirit emanates from God and descends from heaven to earth. He ascends back to Him. This movement is reminiscent of the Sufi concepts of “nuzul” (descent) and “uruc” (ascension). Thus, local elements of the spiritual culture of the ancient Turks and the traditional values of Islamic mysticism complemented and enriched each other throughout history. This process was an important factor in ensuring the spiritual unity and social consolidation of society.

Rivers, Tides and Currents

Ideally, natural scientific theories, even the most speculative ones, need empirical confirmation, which, however, is not always possible and, even when achieved, cannot always be correctly interpreted. Moreover, as practical experience accumulates, the investigators of nature with more reason reject the least successful theories, and obtain new confirmations for the most successful ones. This is the way science works, both in modern times and in antiquity. Applied to the history of ancient hydrology, this means that we can trace the development of natural scientific ideas from early thinkers such as Thales, Empedocles, Diogenes of Apollonia, Plato,v and Aristotle, to the Roman and early Byzantine period, represented by encyclopaedic authors such as Posidonius, Seneca, Strabo, and Alexander of Aphrodisias. As a result, we will see not only the evolution of natural scientific ideas, but also, in some cases, we will be able to assess the methodological and empirical acceptability of the physical ideas of late antiquity, which emerged as a result of the trial and error of ancient naturalists and their long reflection on the riddles of nature. In general, the article is devoted to the ancient concept of the circulation of water in nature. In its first part special attention is given to an analogy between natural phenomena and the processes occurring in living organisms, common to our philosophers of nature, as well as the peculiarities of their interpretation of the theory of mutual transformation of the elements. We note the place of the method of analogy in their observations and theoretical constructions. The second part of the article is dedicated to tides and sea currents. We look at the history of their observation in antiquity as well as alternative theories, designed to explain their nature. Special attention is given to ancient explanation of the phenomenon of the periodical change of the stream in Euripus’ channel (Chalkida, Greece).