Phenomenon In Human Society Research Articles

Regulating fabricated information on social media: A scoping review

The dissemination of fabricated information is not a new phenomenon in human society. However, recent developments in social media have massively increased the creation and dissemination of this information. This study employed a scoping review method to ascertain fabricated information contexts, regulatory frameworks, and impediments in regulating the information. Google and Google Scholar search engines were used to identify documents published between 2006 and 2022 on fabricated information and regulatory frameworks. The data in these studies were subjected to thematic analysis. The study reveals that Facebook and Twitter produce a large quantity of fabricated information and that most of the information is created and disseminated from political and health contexts. Besides, the study shows that despite the available regulatory frameworks for curbing fabricated information, the problem persists. This has been attributed to diverse challenges associated with the regulation of information. A universal mechanism and regulatory framework should be enacted to regulate fabricated information effectively.

An Identity Recognition Model Based on RF-RFE: Utilizing Eye-Movement Data.

Can eyes tell the truth? Can the analysis of human eye-movement data reveal psychological activities and uncover hidden information? Lying is a prevalent phenomenon in human society, but research has shown that people's accuracy in identifying deceptive behavior is not significantly higher than chance-level probability. In this paper, simulated crime experiments were carried out to extract the eye-movement features of 83 participants while viewing crime-related pictures using an eye tracker, and the importance of eye-movement features through interpretable machine learning was analyzed. In the experiment, the participants were independently selected into three groups: innocent group, informed group, and crime group. In the test, the eye tracker was used to extract a total of five categories of eye-movement indexes within the area of interest (AOI), including the fixation time, fixation count, pupil diameter, saccade frequency, and blink frequency, and the differences in these indexes were analyzed. Building upon interpretable learning algorithms, further investigation was conducted to assess the contribution of these metrics. As a result, the RF-RFE suspect identification model was constructed, achieving a maximum accuracy rate of 91.7%. The experimental results further support the feasibility of utilizing eye-movement features to reveal inner psychological activities.

Co-evolution of synchronization and cooperation with multi-agent Q-learning.

Cooperation is a widespread phenomenon in human society and plays a significant role in achieving synchronization of various systems. However, there has been limited progress in studying the co-evolution of synchronization and cooperation. In this manuscript, we investigate how reinforcement learning affects the evolution of synchronization and cooperation. Namely, the payoff of an agent depends not only on the cooperation dynamic but also on the synchronization dynamic. Agents have the option to either cooperate or defect. While cooperation promotes synchronization among agents, defection does not. We report that the dynamic feature, which indicates the action switching frequency of the agent during interactions, promotes synchronization. We also find that cooperation and synchronization are mutually reinforcing. Furthermore, we thoroughly analyze the potential reasons for synchronization promotion due to the dynamic feature from both macro- and microperspectives. Additionally, we conduct experiments to illustrate the differences in the synchronization-promoting effects of cooperation and dynamic features.

Bilayer network spreading dynamics driven by community structure and activity

Epidemic outbreaks in the real world are often accompanied by rapid information diffusion, which will change individual behavior patterns and affect the spread of epidemics. The community phenomenon in human society will also have an important influence on the spread of epidemics. The above factors to construct a new bilayer network are considered in this work. The activity-driven model is used to generate time-varying online information contact layer network and offline physical contact layer network. The information diffusion of individual online contact layer is used to affect the epidemic spreading dynamics of offline physical contact layer, and the individual mobility factor is used to control the community structure characteristics. In order to obtain the spreading dynamic equation of the whole network and analyze the spreading threshold of the network effectively, the microscopic Markov chain (MMC) approach is improved and extended to time-varying networks. Experimental verification of Monte Carlo simulations shows that the proposed method is highly accurate in predicting epidemic outbreak thresholds. The results show that individual mobility has no effect on the epidemic outbreak threshold, but it will affect the final number of infections in each community. The greater the individual contact capability of the online contact layer, the smaller the individual contact capability of the offline contact layer that can effectively suppress the epidemic spread. The above findings can present an important reference for effectively preventing and controlling the epidemic transmission in the real world.

Speech Deception Detection Based on EMD and Temporal Neural Network

Deceptive behaviour is a common phenomenon in human society. Research has shown that humans are not good at distinguishing deception, so studying automated deception detection techniques is a critical task. Most of the relevant technologies are susceptible to personal and environmental influences: EEG‐based technologies need large and expensive equipment, facial‐based technologies are sensitive with the camera’s perspective, and these reasons have somewhat limited the development of applications for deception detection technologies. In contrast, the equipment required for speech deception detection is cheap and easy to use, and the capture of speech is highly covert. Based on the application of signal decomposition algorithms in other fields such as EEG signals and speech emotion recognition, this paper proposed a signal decomposition and reconstruction method based on EMD to process the speech signal and a better deception detection performance was obtained by improving the speech quality. The comparison results with other decomposition algorithms showed that the EMD decomposition algorithm is the most suitable for our method. Across many different classification algorithms, accuracy improved by an average of 2.05% and the F1 score improved by an average of 1.7%. In addition, a new deception detector, called the TCN‐LSTM network, was proposed in this paper. Experiments showed that this network organically combines the processing capability of TCN and LSTM for time series data; the recognition rate of deception detection was greatly improved, with the highest accuracy and F1 score reaching 86.2% and 86.0% under the EMD‐based signal decomposition reconstruction method. Based on the research in this paper, the signal decomposition algorithms need to be further optimised for speech signals and more classification algorithms not used for this task should be tried.

EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS OF PRISONER’S DILEMMA GAMES BASED ON MIXED RANDOM-CONFORMITY SELECTING MODEL

Inspired by the conformity phenomenon in human society, we develop a mixed neighbor selecting model adopting random-conformity rule to explore the evolutionary weak prisoner’s dilemma game. The neighbor selection rule of nodes is adjusted based on their fitness and collective influence. Under the degree-normalized payoff framework, the findings derived from Monte Carlo simulations reveal that this mixed selecting model can contribute to an impressive improvement in the Barabási-Albert network’s cooperation. In addition, experimental data obtained by investigating the game-learning skeleton indicate that, in this mixed random-conformity selecting model, normalized collective influence at moderate depth length enables influential nodes to maintain a cooperative strategy for an extended period of time. This can promote the emergence of cooperative strategies at low-degree nodes by facilitating the formation of stable cooperation-clusters centered on high-degree nodes. In addition, the normalized collective influence at excessive depth length increases the likelihood that influential nodes become defectors, thereby inhibiting the growth of cooperation-clusters and limiting cooperation.

Study on the Chinese Zodiac Xiehouyu from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor

Xie houyu is a unique Chinese language form produced by the Chinese people in the practice of production and life. As a traditional Chinese culture, the Chinese zodiac is inextricably linked with the folk customs and livelihood of the Chinese people. In the long-term perception of the zodiac animals, people find that many characteristics of the zodiac animals are essentially similar to some living phenomena in human society, so they use some idioms about the zodiac animals to reflect real life and get some rational understanding. From the perspective of cognition, metaphor is not only the comparison between two things based on a similar relationship but "the tool and result of human cognitive activities". (Wang Yin, 2007) Through the cognitive classification and objective static description of this Chinese Zodiac xiehouyu. This study analyzes the metaphorical types of Chinese xiehouyu within Chinese zodiac animals, explains its metaphorical structure and semantic characteristics, and finally, elucidates the cultural connotation of Chinese Zodiac Animal Xiehouyu against the backdrop of Chinese national culture.

Social and Economic Analogues of Ecological Phenomena

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the commonality of social, economic and environmental phenomena, the presence of related features. Method: Comparative (comparative) analysis of humanitarian (social) economic and environmental phenomena and the identification of similarities and similarities in three types of phenomena. Results: Based on the specific facts observed in biology or ecology and in human society, there are many similarities in these three types of phenomena. Conclusion: The conclusion is made that taking into account the nature of environmental phenomena in human society (society) would be very useful and would lead to lower human costs.

Cross-cultural Perspective of Ethnic Cultural Changes in Panxi Region of China

China's national cultural characteristics are diverse, and each national culture has its own characteristics and its own development history, which is a highlight of our country. However, in the wave of development of the times, the cultures of many ethnic minorities have gradually merged and degraded. The interaction among heterogeneous cultures is a common phenomenon in human society, and the exchange and collision of different regional cultures is an important factor for culture to thrive. This article is based on a cross-cultural perspective, combined with the special geographical location and diverse geographical environment of Panxi, China, and in-depth discussion, which is the process of cultural change of ethnic minorities in Panxi region of China. The ethnic culture of the Panxi region and the fascinating natural ecology complement each other, creating a unique place where the Tibetan, Qiang, Yi, Naxi, Lisu, and other diverse cultures converge in the ethnic minority areas of China. After the foundation of New China, the social system in Panxi region has undergone earth-shaking changes, and its national culture has undergone drastic changes. With the development of modernization, industrialization, and urbanization, the national culture of Panxi region of China has been constantly changing in the process of cross-cultural interaction, and new characteristics have continuously formed.

Online Social Network Security: A Comparative Review Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning

In the present era, Online Social Networking has become an important phenomenon in human society. However, a large section of users are not aware of the security and privacy concerns involve in it. People have a tendency to publish sensitive and private information for example date of birth, mobile numbers, places checked-in, live locations, emotions, name of their spouse and other family members, etc. that may potentially prove disastrous. By monitoring their social network updates, the cyber attackers, first, collect the user’s public information which is further used to acquire their confidential information like banking details, etc. and to launch security attacks e.g. fake identity attack. Such attacks or information leaks may gravely affect their life. In this technology-laden era, it is imperative for users must be well aware of the potential risks involved in online social networks. This paper comprehensively surveys the evolution of the online social networks, their associated risks and solutions. The various security models and the state of the art algorithms have been discussed along with a comparative meta-analysis using machine learning, deep learning, and statistical testing to recommend a better solution.

Reputation-based discount effect in imitation on the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods games

Reputation provides important information to society by recording the historical behavior of individuals. The introduction of reputation helps explain the cooperation phenomenon in human society to some extent. However, in previous explanation models, the benefits of a good reputation bring to individuals are generally described from the perspective of future payoffs they can obtain. In reality, the reputation system also affects the process of mutual imitation among individuals. For instance, the willingness of an individual with a high reputation learning from an individual with a low reputation can be greatly discounted. As such, this paper considers the reputation-based discount effect in imitation and extends the research on reputation from the perspective of imitation learning. Specifically, two situations of discount effect are considered. One is based on relative reputation difference, that is, if the reputation of an individual being imitated is too low compared to the strategy updater and the difference between which exceeds a threshold, the probability of imitation will be discounted. The other is based on absolute reputation difference, that is, if the absolute reputation of an individual being imitated falls below a threshold, the probability of imitation will be discounted. The effect of different thresholds and discount parameters on the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods games is investigated, respectively, in both situations. Simulation results show that the reputation-based discount effect in mutual imitation plays an important role in the emergence and maintenance of cooperative behavior. Especially, low threshold differences for reputation and high discounts can greatly expand the range of parameters in which cooperation emerges. Moreover, compared with the relative reputation situation, the discount effect based on the absolute reputation is more conducive to the evolution of cooperation.

Research on the Problems and Countermeasures in Cultivation of College Students' Cultural Confidence in the New Era

Culture is a unique phenomenon in human society, which reflects the wisdom of human beings. It is not only the core of a country's cohesion, but also the spiritual driving force for a country to be prosperous and developed. Cultural confidence is an important theoretical content and component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and an essential source of strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Under the influence of foreign cultures, college students in the new era have problems such as loss of value and lack of confidence in terms of cultural confidence. Therefore, in the course of expanding foreign exchanges and carrying out reform and opening up, it has become an important mission that cannot be delayed for the ideological and political theory teaching in colleges and universities to strengthen the cultural confidence of college students and reinforce their cultural confidence education.

Exploring the Concept of Social Change in the Thought of Ibn Khaldun

The concept of social change could be considered an ever-constant phenomenon in human society. This is because virtually nothing has ever remained static since the advent of man and his society. Thus, issues surrounding social change have occupied the mind of scholars for many centuries. Consequently, its applicability to social life issues has gained prominence among authors across cultures. In spite of this, however, it appears the contribution of Ibn Khaldun to social change as it relates to Christian religion has not been adequately addressed in academic and the Christian literature, mostly from tertiary institutions in Africa. This inadequacy may have prevented the enrichment of the literature on social change and the Christian religion. The present article intends to address this flaw in knowledge. It tries to compare the ideas of Western scholars on social change with that of Ibn Khaldun and highlighted similarities and differences which could be used to corroborate or negate the existing literature and further research. Data from a secondary source was used in this article while content analysis served as the methodology. Further to that, the article analyzed areas of food for thought in the change that occurred in the Christian religion, using the West and Africa as a point of reference The article in its concluding remarks argued that Africans may be in control of Christian religion currently, but the likelihood of losing it in the nearest future could be very bright, judging from the escalation of corruption in the faith which Ibn Khaldun argues is usually responsible for a decay of every civilised region. The escalation of corruption has been responsible for the underdevelopment of the continent and needs to be dealt with to advance the continent.

Analysis of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemism from the Perspective of Pragmatic Principles

Euphemism is a common linguistic phenomenon in human society and plays an important role in human daily communicative activities. In the process of the development of euphemism, there are many studies on euphemism. On the one hand, it has achieved rich achievements, and on the other hand, there are also deficiencies. This article will discuss the pragmatic functions of English euphemism under the guidance of pragmatic principles. By observing and studying the applied examples of euphemism in life, at the same time to link the guidance of pragmatic principles, the paper concludes that the euphemism plays different functions in people’s lives, and enables both parties to successfully complete communication.

A new simulation framework for crowd collaborations

Purpose Collaboration is a common phenomenon in human society. The best way of collaborations can make the group achieve the best interests. Because of the low cost and high repeatability of simulation, it is a good method to explore the best way of collaborations by means of simulation. The traditional simulation is difficult to adapt to the crowd intelligence network simulation, so the crowd collaborations simulation is proposed. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the atomic swarm intelligence unit and collective swarm intelligence unit are proposed to represent the behavior of individuals and groups in physical space and the interaction between them. Findings To explore the best collaboration mode of the group, a framework of crowd collaborations simulation is proposed, which decomposes the big goal into the small goals by constructing the cooperation chain and analyzes the cooperation results and feeds them back to the next simulation. Originality/value Two kinds of swarm intelligence units are used to represent the simulated individuals in the group, and the pattern is used to represent individual behavior. It is suitable for the simulation of collaboration problems in various types and situations.

When lying is more than deceiving

Abstract Lying is a common but controversial verbal phenomenon in human society. This paper aims to uncover the motivation and mechanism of lying as regards its definition, classification and operation by analyzing both the speaker’s production and the addressee’s interpretation process. The Relevance-Adaptation Model is adopted as its theoretical framework. Lying cases, retrieved from an American TV drama Lie to Me, are analyzed from different perspectives to provide concrete evidence for the theoretical assumptions. The findings are two-fold: Theoretically, this paper formulates a working diagram of the Relevance-Adaptation Model with some modifications to the original to be better applied to the field of lying. Empirically, it supports the claim that the presumption of relevance motivates both the speaker and the addressee to lie or to process lying in the first place. Then, both communicators will enter a relevance-adaptation phase through making structural choices inter-adapt with relevant contextual correlates. An optimal lie is one which is maximally relevant and maximally adapted to the context to benefit the speaker and/or the addressee.

An expanded particle swarm optimization based on multi-exemplar and forgetting ability

There are two phenomena in human society and biological systems. One is that people prefer to extract knowledge from multiple exemplars to obtain better learning ability. The other one is the forgetting ability that helps the encoding and consolidation of new information by removing unused or unwanted memories. Inspired by these phenomena, this paper transplants the multi-exemplar and forgetting ability to particle swarm optimization (PSO), and proposes an eXpanded PSO, called XPSO. Firstly, XPSO expands the “social-learning” part of each particle from one exemplar to two exemplars, learning from both the locally and the globally best exemplars. Secondly, XPSO assigns different forgetting abilities to different particles, simulating the forgetting phenomenon in the human society. Under the multi-exemplar learning model with forgetting ability, XPSO further adopts an adaptive scheme to update the acceleration coefficients and selects a reselection mechanism to update the population topology. The effectiveness of these additional proposed strategies is verified by extensive experiments. Moreover, comparison results among XPSO and other 9 popular PSO as well as 3 non-PSO algorithms on CEC’13 test suite suggest that XPSO attains a very promising performance for solving different types of functions, contributing to both higher solution accuracy and faster convergence speed.

Institutionalizing Nudge to Fight Corruption and Promote Economic Growth in Developing Countries. The Case of Ghana.

Corruption as one of the oldest phenomenon in human society exists in every society to an extent. Giving the extant literature on corruption and its implication on economic growth in developing countries, this paper makes a case for institutionalizing nudge approach in fighting the social canker. Corruption has been given diverse definitions by different scholars. Some say, it is the general disease of body politics, others say, it is the public exploitation and abuse of public office for private gain. Contextually, research shows that the causes of corruption in most developing countries are low wage level of public officials, ineffective law enforcement, greed and personal aggrandizement, social pressure, lack of commitment to work, cultural practice of giving gift among others. In effect, corruption may draw off funds needed for economic growth as well reduce private sector investment and participation thereby having preposterous effect on development.

Analysis on the Application of Intertextuality and Context Theory in Humorous Discourses

Intertextuality, although emerged in the field of literary criticism, attracts scholars’ much attention in discourse analysis in the field of linguistics. It has certain practical significance in analyzing law documents, advertisements, academic papers, news reports and other types of discourses. Humor, as a pervasive phenomenon in human society and an interdisciplinary research subject, has attracted scholars’ much attention from different fields. This paper aims to explore how intertextual resources are appropriately applied in humorous discourses. As intertextuality at the same time brings at least two contexts of each text, context theory will further help to analyze how intertextual relations in certain context lead to humorous effect.

Analytical Study on Social Change in Tunisia from the Pre-colonial Period to Arab Spring

There are natural forces of circumstances that control human system; inclination of change in man is very high and quick, however, occurrence of change has become constant and unchanging nature of life. In fact, that has become permanent phenomenon in human society. What are the components that changes in man’s life, behavior and characters, dogmas and beliefs, customs, norms and values, or all together? This research aims to provide an answer to the above question, through the study of radical socio-political changes in Tunisia from Precolonial Period until 2011 Revolution. Tunisia which is one of the most beautiful society, and the model of profound radical change at times, such as the revolution that sparked the Arab Spring (al-Raī’u al-‘Arabī) which is expected to change the Arabs world in twenty years or more, and in another time, an example of gradual change that takes a long time, as it happened during the time of independence and Bourguiba’s negotiation with the French colonists. In fact, Tunisia is claimed to be considered as the citadel of the West and the model that all the countries of the South must adopt and follow. This research has revealed that the phenomenon of radical change has occurred twice in Tunisia after its independence in 1956: first: when Habib Bourguiba issued the family code after four months from the independence, in which he abolished the legitimate provisions that related to religion and faith of the citizens by the force of law, and consequently followed by the series of decisions until the end of Bin Ali's reign, secondly: when Bu’azīzī set fire on himself, in fact as if he set the whole Arabs world ablaze. The research has figured out that Tunisia has been a pioneer in many fields, including its leadership in the establishment of the first educational institution in the sense of the university - Zaytuna University, it also pioneered the application of a new concept in the ideological war waged against the Islamists; policy of the sources drains which has become an exemplary strategy in the global war on the terrorism, as well as its application to finance, liquidation and others. The research confirmed that there are some symbolic community titles and ranks such as mysticism leaders, chief Shūrā of al-Mālikiyyah Council, first Imam of al-Zaytūnah Mosque, representing the moral weight in Tunisian society and playing vital roles in the community as well, especially in reconciling and bringing people of different segments in the society together on the public interests. In addition, the public Awqāfroles were also very essential, where its activities did not only limit to the Tunisian citizens but there were also allotted amount to the two Holy Mosques (Makkah and Madinah Mosques). The research concluded that the change occurs in any given society through one of these ways: law, principle of education and force, and for different purposes, including: Human need for dignity and personal respect, social need for justice and political need for freedom. What usually changes in man is conduct, by changing the values governing behaviors, through the interference in people’s identity, language and religion. In a nutshell, there is a definite effect between the system adopted by the authority and the impact of this system on the societal, economical and moral structures.