Phenolic Type Research Articles

Enzymatic-Assisted Recovery of Antioxidants from Chicory and Fennel by-Products

AbstractThe work was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant extraction efficiency of enzymatic-assisted extractions, alone or combined with sonication, applied to chicory and fennel by-products. Three enzymatic preparations were tested: enzyme mix 1, made of pectinlyase, polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and arabinase; enzyme mix 2, composed of pectinlyase, cellulase, and acid proteas; xylanase. They were applied alone or coupled with a successive sonication performed according to the following conditions: 100 g/L; 45 °C; 40 min; 72 W. The results were compared with those of a solid-liquid extraction performed with a 70% ethanolic solution whose conditions were previously optimized to maximize the extraction of antioxidants from the specific matrix (chicory: 60–180 min, antioxidant content 6.15 ± 0.20 mg/g dm; fennel: 60–90 min, antioxidant content 7.60 ± 0.70 mg/g dm). Concerning chicory by-products, the three enzymatic treatments coupled with ultrasounds allowed the obtainment of extracts having approximately the same amounts of antioxidants than the conventional extraction (6.10–6.22 mg/g dm). Regarding fennel, all the enzymatic-assisted extractions (coupled or not with ultrasounds) gave lower antioxidant concentrations than the hydroalcoholic extraction. Enzymatic extraction and sonication significantly influenced type and quantity of phenolics in the extracts, highlighted that compounds other than phenolics contributed to their antioxidant properties.

Comparison of plastic and glass cages on volatile compounds in protein extracted from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae

Edible insects, known for their high-protein production efficiency, are vital for enhancing food security. However, standardized breeding protocols are lacking, and research on the impact of cage materials on insect product composition is limited. This study investigated the volatile compounds and processing properties of protein from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae reared in plastic and glass cages. Protein extracts from larvae reared in plastic cages contained 14 types of hydrocarbons, 4 types of ketones, and 1 type of phenol. Those reared in glass cages contained two types of acids, seven types of alcohols, and five types of aldehydes. Notably, plastic-derived compounds, such as p-xylene (110.87 μg/mL) and o-xylene (37.98 μg/mL), were significantly higher in the extracts from plastic cages, indicating potential plastic exposure. Processing properties, including protein solubility, pH, color, foaming properties, and emulsion characteristics, showed no significant differences between the two rearing conditions (P > 0.05). Therefore, considering the detection and potential accumulation of plastic-derived volatile compounds, using glass cages may be more beneficial for rearing insects for protein production.

Optimized extraction methodology for phenolic compounds in soil and plant tissues: Their implications in plant growth and gall formation

Phenolic compounds, abundant secondary metabolites in plants, profoundly influence soil ecosystems, plant growth, and interactions with herbivores. Phenolic in soil microorganisms have the potential to impact a wide range of activities in plant-soil interactions. However, the existing methods for measuring microbial activity are typically time-consuming, intricate, and expensive. In this study, we propose modifications to the method used for the extraction and quantification of various types of phenolics in soil and plant tissues. There have been substantial advancements in research aimed at extracting, identifying, and quantifying phenolic compounds in the plant and soil samples. This study discusses the use of different methodologies in the analysis of phenolic compounds. In addition, we investigated the effect of phenolics on plant growth and cues in gall-forming under environmental disturbances.•This method is the optimum way to extract phenolic from soil and microbial activity in bulk and rhizosphere soil.•It can be used on any soil type and plant tissue, metabolites extracted from living organisms.

The Role of Natural Products in Diabetic Retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes mellitus and potentially leads to significant visual impairment and blindness. The complex mechanisms involved in the pathological changes in DR make it challenging to achieve satisfactory outcomes with existing treatments. Diets conducive to glycemic control have been shown to improve outcomes in diabetic patients, thus positioning dietary interventions as promising avenues for DR treatment. Investigations have demonstrated that natural products (NPs) may effectively manage DR. Many types of natural compounds, including saponins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saccharides, alkaloids, and vitamins, have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neovascular, and antiapoptotic effects in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, the clinical application of NPs still faces challenges, such as suboptimal specificity, poor bioavailability, and a risk of toxicity. Prospective clinical studies are imperative to validate the therapeutic potential of NPs in delaying or preventing DR.

Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Datura Stramonium Leaves Extract in Diabetic Swiss Albino Mice

INTRODUCTIONDiabetes mellitus is defined as the increase in blood glucose levels associated with a relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance or both. Datura stramonium is commonly known as Jimson weed or Datura belongs to family Solanaceae containing different types of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides. MATERIAL AND METHODSExtraction was done by maceration process using ethanol as solvent. Swiss albino mice of 20-35 gram were taken as study animal. Diabetes was induced by using Alloxan 20 mg/kg body weight and Glibenclamide 10 mg/kg body weight was used as standard. Ethanolic extract of low dose (50 mg/kg) and high dose (100 mg/kg) were subjected for Anti-diabetic activity. RESULTSThe extract treated 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and standard 10 mg/kg showed highly significant reduction in blood glucose level (BGL) on 21st and 28th day respectively when compared to negative control group. Extract treated 100 mg/kg showed significant improvement on high density lipoprotein when compared to negative control group. Extract treated 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and standard 10 mg/kg showed highly significant improvement in lipid profile when compared to negative control group. Extract treated 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and standard 10 mg/kg showed significant body weight gain when compared to negative control group. Extract treated 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg showed significant improvement in food intake. Extract treated 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg showed highly significant but standard treated 10 mg/kg showed significant improvement in water intake. CONCLUSIONThe present study concludes that the extract possesses potent and significant anti-diabetic activity of Datura stramonium leaves.

Towards lignin-based polyurethanes: a computational study of the influence of the reactants structure on the formation of urethanes in the presence of tin(II) dicarboxylate as a catalyst

An in-depth computational investigation of the tin-catalysed reaction of an alcohol with an isocyanate forming a urethane has been performed to elucidate the influence of the reactants, most importantly the type of alcohol or phenol, on its kinetics. The model alcohols were chosen based on those alcohol moieties present in lignin and comprised aliphatic, aromatic and benzylic alcohols, and reactions with both aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates were studied by modelling the rate-determining step of the urethane formation based on the mechanism proposed by Devendra et al. The results show that N-coordination is both kinetically and thermodynamically favoured for all reactions under consideration. Aliphatic alcohols react more readily than phenols with an aliphatic isocyanate, while benzylic alcohols react similarly to a bulky aliphatic alcohol. In the case of phenols, the kinetics are not influenced by the presence and/or number of ortho‑methoxy groups, but these will slightly alter the thermodynamics of the reaction. Aliphatic alcohols show slightly improved kinetics when reacting with an aromatic isocyanate, whereas phenols show no such preference. The reactions with the aliphatic isocyanate were also modelled in DMSO, but no significant changes in reaction kinetics were observed.

Amino Acids Biostimulants and Protein Hydrolysates in Agricultural Sciences.

The effects of different types of biostimulants on crops include improving the visual quality of the final products, stimulating the immune systems of plants, inducing the biosynthesis of plant defensive biomolecules, removing heavy metals from contaminated soil, improving crop performance, reducing leaching, improving root development and seed germination, inducing tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors, promoting crop establishment and increasing nutrient-use efficiency. Protein hydrolysates are mixtures of polypeptides and free amino acids resulting from enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis of agro-industrial protein by-products obtained from animal or plant origins, and they are able to alleviate environmental stress effects, improve growth, and promote crop productivity. Amino acids involve various advantages such as increased yield and yield components, increased nutrient assimilation and stress tolerance, and improved yield components and quality characteristics. They are generally achieved through chemical or enzymatic protein hydrolysis, with significant capabilities to influence the synthesis and activity of some enzymes, gene expression, and redox-homeostasis. Increased yield, yield components, and crop quality; improved and regulated oxidation-reduction process, photosynthesis, and physiological activities; decreased negative effects of toxic components; and improved anti-fungal activities of plants are just some of the more important benefits of the application of phenols and phenolic biostimulants. The aim of this manuscript is to survey the impacts of amino acids, different types of protein hydrolysates, phenols, and phenolic biostimulants on different plants by presenting case studies and successful paradigms in several horticultural and agricultural crops.

Construction of a colorimetric sensor array for the identification of phenolic compounds by the laccase-like activity of N-doped manganese oxide

Phenolic compounds, widely distributed in nature, encompass a diverse array of bioactive and antioxidant properties. The detection of different phenolic compound types holds paramount importance in elucidating their bioactivity and health effects, ensuring the quality and safety of food and drugs. Consequently, the development of simple, rapid, and cost-effective colorimetric sensing arrays capable of simultaneous phenolic compound detection has emerged as a prominent research pursuit. In this study, we present a one-step hydrothermal synthesis of N-doped MnO2 nanoflowers (NMF). NMF possess an extensive specific surface area and abundant oxygen vacancies, effectively mimicking the activity of natural laccase. Leveraging this laccase-like activity, NMF demonstrates the ability to catalyze various phenolic compounds, generating distinctive fingerprint signals. Notably, the developed colorimetric sensing array exhibits remarkable efficacy in effectively identifying and differentiating phenolic compounds within complex mixtures. Furthermore, the NMF colorimetric sensing array demonstrates successful identification of phenolic compounds in diverse environments, including food and urine samples. Overall, this study provides new insights into the design of transition metal materials for the simulation of laccase and colorimetric sensing arrays. It provides a promising avenue for the development of advanced detection platforms for phenolic compounds.

Fractional condensation of sawdust pyrolysis vapors: Separation of complex components, enhancement of bio-oil properties, and life cycle assessment

This study investigates the fractional condensation of multicomponent vapors obtained from the pyrolysis of sawdust in a fluidized bed reactor at 500 °C, and the resulting pyrolytic vapors which were subjected to fractional condensation using a temperature-controlled system consisting of four condensers. The objective was to assess the effectiveness of this fractional condensation system in separating complex components and enhancing bio-oil properties. The characterization of the bio-oil included evaluating pH value, total acid number (TAN), heating value, and chemical compositions. The findings revealed that the last two condensers effectively collected most of small molecular chemicals such as acetic acid, ketones, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and water. Notably, Benzenes (benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene) and certain types of phenols (creosol and Phenol, 2,3-dimethyl-) tended to condense in SBO 1, as their temperatures were higher than their dew points. SBO 1 exhibited the highest calorific value of 29.42 MJ/kg, whereas SBO 2 displayed the lowest acidity (1.19 mol/L) and a higher calorific value (11.38 MJ/kg) compared to SBO 3 and SBO 4. Additionally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) demonstrated that the fractional condensation method possesses economic and environmental advantages. This approach offers a promising technique for effectively separating complex components in bio-oil derived from sawdust pyrolysis, leading to improved product properties and reduced environmental impact. Consequently, these findings contribute to the advancement of sustainable biomass conversion processes and underscore the potential for optimizing the production of valuable bio-based products.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content, Secondary Metabolite Profile from Mangosteen Leaf Extract and Its Potential Utilization in Herbal Tea Preparations as Anticancer

Background; Mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) have secondary metabolites, namely phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. Phenolics are one of the largest groups of compounds found in mangosteen leaves which have several pharmacological and therapeutic functions, one of which is anti-cancer. Objectives; To determine the total phenol content and profile of secondary metabolites and the type of phenolic extract of mangosteen leaves. Method; Using UV-Vis spectrophotometer Folin-Ciocalteu method with the gallic acid standard. Profile of secondary metabolites and phenolic types using LCMS. Results; Based on the research that has been done, the total phenolic content is obtained where the highest concentration is in the ethanol extract 96% (290.90 mg GAE/g extract or 29.08%), then ethyl acetate extract (161.07 mg GAE/g extract or 16, 10%). Identification of LCMS, detected 15 compounds, including 6 phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds found were gallic acid, amarogentin, oleuropein glucoside, mandelic acid, vanillic acid, and gentisic acid.. Conclusion; Phenolic compounds can act as antioxidants by protecting body cells from damage caused by free radicals such as degenerative diseases, one of which is cancer due to free radical induction.

Chemical Characterization of Polysaccharide Extracts Obtained from Pomace By-Products of Different White Grape Varieties.

Grape pomace is one of the main by-products in the wine industry and contains some high-added-value compounds, such as polysaccharides. Considering the wide application possibilities of polysaccharides in wine and in the food industry, the revalorization of grape pomace to extract polysaccharides presents itself as an opportunity for by-product management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize polysaccharide extracts obtained from pomace by-products of different white grape varieties. The type and content of polysaccharides, proteins and phenols were analyzed. Statistically significant differences were found between the varietal extracts in the types and concentrations of polysaccharides. The extracts obtained from the Verdejo and Puesta en Cruz varieties showed the highest polysaccharide purity and contents, but the type of polysaccharides was different in each case. The Verdejo provided extracts richer in non-pectic polysaccharides, while the Puesta en Cruz provided extracts richer in pectic polysaccharides. The protein and polyphenol contents were low in all extracts, below 2.5% and 3.7%, respectively. These results open up a new possibility for the revalorization of grape pomace by-products to obtain polysaccharide-rich extracts, although it would be interesting to improve both the yield and the purity of the extracts obtained by studying other extraction techniques or processes.

Geigeria alata- a potential source for anti-Alzheimer’s constituents: In vitro and computational investigations

Antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors play a key role in the prevention and management of degenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease in particular. Identifying new anticholinesterases from natural sources may contribute to combating this class of diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-Alzheimer’s activity of Geigeria alata (DC), a plant used in Sudanese folkloric medicine. Accordingly, the whole DC plant extract including twenty phytoconstituents of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin types was evaluated in vitro as antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. As well, their pharmacokinetics, drug likeliness, and toxicity profiles were assessed. Additionally, the virtual binding of the plant’s phytoconstituents with the cholinesterase target was investigated by docking against two AChE X-ray crystallographic structures. The best effective DPPH radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by both ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions with percentages of inhibition of 91 ± 0.02% and 90 ± 0.02% (IC50 22 ± 0.01 and 66 ± 0.02 µg/mL), respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed statistically significant, and the highest AChE inhibitory activity (78% inhibition, IC50 0.246 ± 0.02 mg/mL). Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin values. Among identified compounds, quercetin and hispidulin showed promising in silico anti-AChE activity and hence merit further studies for the isolation and characterization of these active constituents.

P14.13.B DECODING GLIOBLASTOMA: SIM4ULATING TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT TO DETECT NOVEL BIOMARKERS USING ORGAN-ON-CHIP MODELS

Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumour in adults, with a survival rate of 14 months even after current treatment. There are two major limitations in understanding how the tumour works and what markers could facilitate its diagnosis. On the one hand, the great heterogeneity is responsible for the ineffectiveness of treatments. This underlines the importance of developing more complex models that can simulate different elements of the tumour microenvironment of GBM, including hypoxic gradients that lead to the generation of the characteristic necrotic core. On the other hand, the diagnostic techniques currently used have their inherent limitations and entail serious risks for the patients. Therefore, the development of diagnostic markers that allow real-time monitoring of tumour status without posing a very high risk, could improve diagnosis and treatment of patients with GBM. METHODS Our approach consisted on a gas impermeable and pillarless microfluidic device composed of a central chamber, where U-251 MG cells were highly dense seeded in a collagen matrix, and two side channels that provided oxygen and nutrients to the cells. The device was used to generate the necrotic region characteristic of glioblastoma, then, the medium that flowed through the lateral channels in contact with the cells was collected on different days of necrotic core formation and analysed by solid-phase microextraction system coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This technique was used to detect the presence of differential volatile organic compounds (VOCs) secreted by tumour cells in different microenvironments. RESULTS The microfluidic device enabled the generation of an in vitro glioblastoma tumour microenvironment characterised by a necrotic zone in the centre of the tumour mass after seven days of cell culture. This allowed the study of VOCs in different microenvironment conditions, and showed that devices with a necrotic core exhibited a much more complex VOC footprint. Among the compounds detected were some types of aldehydes, phenols and nitrogen compounds. Clinical validation of the GBM VOC profile is ongoing. CONCLUSION Our impermeable and pillarless device has allowed us to simulate elements of the tumour microenvironment that are difficult to reproduce with other models, such as central necrotic zones surrounded by cells with nutrient availability. In addition, it offers a promising advance in the characterisation of the metabolic fingerprint of glioblastoma that bring us closer to real-time monitoring of the disease with less invasive methods than those currently used.

Investigating the pyrolysis mechanisms of three archetypal ablative resins through pyrolysis experiments and ReaxFF MD simulations

Boron (B-PF), high carbon (HC-PF), and silicone phenolic resins (Si-PF) are typical structures of high-temperature resistant resins with exceptional ablation resistance. Nevertheless, the mechanism of their pyrolytic behavior under ultra-high temperatures remains unclear. Herein, the pyrolysis processes and mechanisms of the three resins are investigated in-depth through experiments and ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. According to the experimental results, the final residual carbon rate of the resin shows B-PF > HC-PF > Si-PF. The main products of resin pyrolysis are H2, CH4, CO, small molecular hydrocarbons, and phenolic compounds. The simulation results show that the different types of phenolic resins have consistent pyrolysis products. The main small molecule products are H2, H2O, CO and C2H2. Moreover, these reaction paths are monitored and analyzed. The hydroxyl groups on the naphthalene ring in the high-carbon phenolic make the ring more active and susceptible to decarbonization processes, releasing more carbon monoxide (CO). When silicone resins undergo pyrolysis at high temperatures, the resulting H2O reacts with fragments of silicon-containing molecules to form new silicon oxides upon cooling. The B-O bond in boron phenolic undergoes reorganization upon breakage to form a B-containing five-membered ring, a factor that affects its thermal stability. This research reveals the pyrolytic properties of various phenolic resins and provides a theoretical basis for further research into the pyrolytic behavior of different resins.

The ameliorative effect of Piper trioicum in attenuating cognitive deficit in scopolamine induced neurotoxicity in experimental rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn traditional system of medicine, Piper species, or its components are widely used to treat many diseases including memory improvement. One of the wild species Piper trioicum Roxb. (Piperaceae) is found in South Asian countries. The whole plant is used as folk medicine to improve memory.Aim of the study: To our knowledge, no previous research has investigated the neuroprotective activities of P. trioicum. So, we studied the ameliorative effect of P. trioicum in attenuating cognitive deficit in scopolamine induced neurotoxicity in experimental rats. Materials and methodsWistar rats were exposed to scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i. p.) for 14 consecutive days, and the effect of P. trioicum (HAPT; oral, 300, 400 mg/kg) on scopolamine-invoked neurotoxicity in brain were studied. During the experimental period, behaviour analyses of rats were observed 30 min post-drug administration. The role of antioxidants of HAPT in scavenging cellular oxygen/peroxyl radicals were studied. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitions, and mode of inhibition kinetics of HAPT were studied. Pathogenic cellular oxidative (MDA, GSH, SOD, and CAT), DNA damage (8-oxodG), neurochemical (acetyl- and, butyryl-cholinesterase), β-secretase (BACE-1 and 2), MAPτ, and neuroinflammation (IL-6, TNF-α) biomarkers in extension to the histopathological observation of brain cortex were studied. GC-MS/MS analysis was carried out to investigate the presence of bioactive constituents in HAPT. ResultsHAPT, a rich source of phenol and flavonoid type antioxidants were responsible in quenching oxygen/peroxyl radicals and protected the cellular membrane, and lipoproteins against ROS in DPPH, ORAC, and CAPe tests. HAPT inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, and showed competitive-inhibition (reversible) towards cholinesterase activities. HAPT-400 significantly improved the learning and memory-impairment by restoring oxidative MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, and DNA damage (8-oxodG) markers of serum, and cortex. It also improved acetyl- and, butyryl-cholinesterase, β-secretase, and MAPτ level in brain by restoring proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, and TNF-α indicators in neurotoxic rats. GC-MS/MS reported therapeutic significance active compounds were molecular-docked towards target proteins, found that proscillaridin showed the highest affinity towards AChE, BuChE, BACE1, and BACE2 with binding energy of ΔGb −9.1, ΔGb −10.2, ΔGb −11.4 and ΔGb −11.5 Kcal/mol, respectively. Cymarin and morphine-3-glucuronide showed the second highest binding affinity towards AChE (ΔGb −8.8) and BuChE (ΔGb −10.0), respectively. In BACE-1, betulin showed the second highest binding affinity ΔGb −10.7 Kcal/mol and in BACE-2, morphine-3-glucuronide showed the second highest binding affinity ΔGb −9.8 Kcal/mol. ConclusionsSynergistic impact of proscillaridin, Cymarin, morphine-3-glucuronide, betulin like compounds in HAPT improved memory impairment, healing of tissue architecture of cortex with the restoration of neurochemical, neuroinflammation, and oxidative indicators in neurotoxic rats.

Vitis vinifera L. Bioactive Components Modulate Adipose Tissue Metabolic Markers of Healthy Rats in a Photoperiod-Dependent Manner.

The beneficial health effects of (poly)phenol-rich foods such as red grapes mainly depend on both the type and concentration of (poly)phenols. Since fruit (poly)phenol content is influenced by growing conditions, the study examines the seasonal effects of red grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), grown under various cultivation conditions, on metabolic markers of adipose tissue in healthy rats. For this purpose, Fischer 344 rats are exposed into three different light-dark cycles and daily supplemented with 100mgkg-1 of either conventionally or organically grown red grapes for 10 weeks (n=6). Seasonal consumption of organic grapes (OGs), which are richer in anthocyanins, increases energy expenditure (EE) of animals exposed to long photoperiod and enhances uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein expression in brown adipose tissue of animals under standard photoperiod. Additionally, red grape consumption affects the gene expression profile of white adipose tissue (WAT), upregulating browning markers of subcutaneous WAT in 12h light (L12) and 18h light (L18) photoperiods, and downregulating adipogenic and lipolytic markers of visceral WAT in 6h light (L6) and L12 photoperiods. These results clearly show that bioactive compounds of grapes can modulate the metabolic markers of white and brown adipose tissues in a photoperiod and depot-dependent manner, partly affecting EE when consumed out of season.

Colorimetric Detection of Multiple Phenols Based on Multifunctional Fe3O4/SnS2 Composites.

Phenols pose a great threat to human and environment due to their high toxicity and low bio-degradability. Therefore, the development of a rapid and sensitive detection method for multiple phenols is of great importance. Here, a colorimetric detection method based on Fe3O4/SnS2 composites was established for the detection and discrimination of ten phenols for the first time. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of the photo catalyst SnS2 significantly improved the peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4, leading to an enhancing efficiency of the colorimetric detection method. The developed method was capable of detecting phenol within a concentration range of 0.5-2000 μM, with detection limit as low as 0.06 μM. This method was successfully applied to detect total phenols in samples obtained from two sewage treatment plants and seawater. Furthermore, by employing principal component analysis, the established colorimetric method enabled the simultaneous discrimination of all ten phenols. The performance was further evaluated by accurately identifying binary or ternary mixtures of phenols, and even identifying the type of phenol in 10 unknown samples containing one of the ten phenols. These findings highlight the potential of the Fe3O4/SnS2 composite as a promising candidate for the simultaneous detection of multiple phenols in liquid samples.

Evaluation of biochemical, physiological traits and percentage of essential oil of sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris) population in different geographical and climatic regions.

Sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris) is the name of a species of annual, and perennial herbaceous plants of the genus Falcaria. Climate change could negatively influnces the performance of various plant species in plant kingdom. In this study, 15 different sickleweed populations from seven provinces of the country were collected based on an unbalanced nest design with 10 replications and the percentage of essential oil, types of chlorophyll, phenol, proline, protein, and carotenoids were measured on them. The results showed that there was a significant difference between populations at the level of one percent for the studied traits. The results of the mean comparison showed that populations Ard-Shaban and Qaz-Ilan in terms of the evaluated traits and especially the percentage of essential oil were at the upper of the studied samples and selected as suitable populations. In addition, populations Gilan-Deylaman and Kur-Gerger-e Sofla were also identified as superior populations in terms of studied traits by cluster analysis and principle component analysis (PCA). Since the high level of proline and biochemical and physiological traits in plants can play a role in plants' tolerance to stresses, therefore, populations with high values of these traits can be used in stress tolerance breeding programs. Therefore, in this study, populations Gilan-Deylaman and Kur-Gerger-e Sofla can be suitable populations for this purpose. In addition, the essential oil of this plant is used in the treatment of diseases, and therefore populations Ard-Shaban and Qaz-Ilan, which showed a high percentage of essential oil, can be used in breeding programs to increase the performance of this trait.

Investigation of tobacco straw pyrolysis: Three-parallel Gaussian reaction modeling, products analysis and ANN application

The pyrolysis behaviors, reaction kinetics, thermodynamic parameters, and reaction mechanism models of tobacco straw (TOS) were determined using a three-parallel Gaussian reaction model. The apparent activation energies for the pyrolysis of pseudo cellulose (P1-HE), hemicellulose (P2-CE) and lignin (P3-LI) pyrolysis were determined using the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Starink, Tang, and Distributed Activation Energy Model model-free methods. The average apparent activation energies for P1-HE, P2-CE, and P3-LI were 153.67, 178.53, and 190.45 kJ/mol, respectively. The pyrolysis process was well described by the dimensional, order, diffusional, and power law reaction mechanism models. Twelve types of pyrolysis products, including benzenes, acids, phenols, furans, indoles, pyridines, hydrocarbons, pyrroles, ketones, alcohols, quinolines, and aldehydes, were identified as the main pyrolysis products. Combining Raman and SEM analyses, pyrolyzed biochar at 800 °C was suitable as a catalyst or catalyst carrier. An artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized to predict the thermal degradation behaviors of TOS pyrolysis, and the hyperparameters of the activation function were optimized. The best ANN model structure was ANN (5 *11 *1). This study provided theoretical and practical guidance for further rational utilization of TOS waste.

Effects of fermentation on flavor and antioxidant activity in ginkgo rice wine

Ginkgo seed is a kind of food and medicine homologous goods. It is a feasible method to use Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Non-Saccharomyces yeast to ferment ginkgo rice wine (GRW) to remove the bitter taste and retain the biological activity. In order to better explore the formation of the unique flavor and taste of GRW, the volatile flavor compounds and sensory properties of GRWs fermented at different time were analyzed by GC-MS, GC-IMS and electronic sensory evaluation techniques. In addition, the changes of phenols in GRW were determined by LC-MS, and the antioxidant activity was dynamically monitored. GC-MS analysis showed the content of ethyl laurate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, 1-pentanol, ethanol and 1-propanol increased significantly with the progress of fermentation, among which ethyl acetate (OAV = 23.0), ethyl heptanoate (OAV = 44.4) and isoamyl acetate (OAV = 34.7) were the key flavor compounds of GRW at 60 h. GC-IMS analysis suggested some alcohols and ketones were significantly enriched at 60 h, including 2-pentanone, acetone, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol. Electronic sensory technology showed GRW at 60 h had strong mellow and fruity aroma due to benzoic acid, butyric acid and 2-methylbutyric acid. The bitterness and umami intensity in GRW gradually decreased, while the astringency and aftertaste increased. Furthermore, LC-MS results indicated the types of phenols increased, including quinic acid, shikimic acid, sorbic acid, etc., which significantly improved the antioxidant activity of GRW. Together, the flavor quality and biological activity of GRW had been effectively improved through microbial fermentation, which indicated that GRW had potential market prospects.