Phenol In Benzene Research Articles

Thermal expansion coefficient of ternary liquid mixture using hard sphere models and Flory’s statistical theory

The coefficients of thermal expansion (α) of ternary liquid mixtures of heterocyclic compounds viz., pyridine/quinoline with phenol in benzene have been evaluated at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K, respectively. A comparative study of thermal expansivity using different models for hard sphere equation of state and Flory’s statistical theory has been made. The computed values of thermal expansivity are compared with the experimental results. The excess values of thermal expansivity have also been computed and utilized to discuss the existence and strength of intermolecular interactions in the ternary liquid system under investigation.

Estimation of acoustic nonlinearity parameter and molecular characteristics of ternary liquid mixtures at different temperatures

The acoustic nonlinearity parameter (B/A) of ternary liquid mixtures of heterocyclic compounds viz. pyridine and quinoline with phenol in benzene has been evaluated at 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K by three different methods viz. Tong–Dong method, Beyer’s method, and Beyer’s method using Tong–Dong coefficients. The molecular interactions in the liquid mixtures are explained on the basis of excess nonlinearity parameter ((B/A)E). Sehgal’s relations for calculating the molecular properties for pure liquids are extended to the ternary liquid mixtures.

Stochastic simulation of chemical exchange in two dimensional infrared spectroscopy

The stochastic Liouville equations are employed to investigate the combined signatures of chemical exchange (two-state jump) and spectral diffusion (coupling to an overdamped Brownian oscillator) in the coherent response of an anharmonic vibration to three femtosecond infrared pulses. Simulations reproduce the main features recently observed in the OD stretch of phenol in benzene.

Ultrasonic and IR study of molecular association process through hydrogen bonding in ternary liquid mixtures

Complex formation in ternary liquid mixtures of heterocyclic compounds, viz. pyridine and quinoline with phenol in benzene has been studied through ultrasonic velocity measurements (at 2 MHz) in the concentration range of 0.010–0.090 at varying temperatures of 35, 45 and 55 °C. The ultrasonic velocity and density data are used to estimate adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, molar sound velocity, molar compressibility and specific acoustic impedance. These acoustical parameters, in turn, are used to study the solute–solute interactions in these systems. The ultrasonic velocity shows a maxima and adiabatic compressibility a corresponding minima as a function of concentration for these mixtures. The results indicate the possible occurrence of complex formation between unlike molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen atom of pyridine and quinoline molecules and the hydrogen atom of phenol molecule. Further, the excess values of adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free length have also been evaluated and discussed in relation to complex formation. The infrared spectra of both the systems, pyridine–phenol and quinoline–phenol, have been also recorded for various concentrations at room temperature (35 °C) and found to be useful for understanding the presence of N⋯HO bond complexes and the strength of molecular association at specific concentrations.

Solvent Effects on the Energetics of the Phenol O−H Bond: Differential Solvation of Phenol and Phenoxy Radical in Benzene and Acetonitrile

Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations, density-functional theory calculations, time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry, and isoperibol reaction-solution calorimetry experiments were carried out to investigate the solvation enthalpies and solvent effects on the energetics of the phenol O−H bond in benzene and acetonitrile. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is obtained for the solvation enthalpies of phenol in benzene and acetonitrile. The theoretical calculations also indicate that the differences between the solvation enthalpies of phenol (PhOH) and phenoxy radical (PhO•) in both benzene and acetonitrile are significantly smaller than previous estimations based on the ECW model. The results for the solvation enthalpies are used to obtain the O−H bond dissociation enthalpies in benzene and acetonitrile. For benzene and acetonitrile, the theoretical results of 89.4 ± 1.2 and 90.5 ± 1.7 kcal mol-1, respectively, are in good agreement with the experimental values (90.9 ± 1.3 and 92.9 ± 0.9 kcal mol-1), obtained by photoacoustic calorimetry. The solute−solvent interaction energies of phenol and phenoxy radical with both acetonitrile and benzene differ by less than 2 kcal mol-1. A detailed analysis of the solvent contributions to the differential solvation enthalpy is made in terms of the hydrogen bonds and the solute−solvent interactions. Both PhOH and PhO• induce a significant, although equivalent, solvent reorganization enthalpy. Finally, the convergence of the solute−solvent interaction is analyzed as a function of the distance to the solute and illustrates the advantages and limitations of local models such as microsolvation and hydrogen-bond-only models.

Hydrogen-bonding dynamics of free flavins in benzene and FAD in electron-transferring flavoprotein upon excitation

The dynamic natures of two hydrogen-bonding model systems, riboflavin tetrabutylate (RFTB)–trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and RFTB–phenol in benzene, and of electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) from pig kidney upon excitation of flavins was investigated by means of steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. In both model systems fluorescence intensities of RFTB decreased as TCA or phenol was added. The spectral characteristics of ETF under steady state excitation were quite similar to those of the RFTB–TCA system, but not to those of the RFTB–phenol system. The observed fluorescence decay curves of ETF fit well with the calculated decay curves with two lifetime components, as in the model systems. Averaged lifetime was 0.9 ns. The time-resolved fluorescence spectrum of ETF shifted toward longer wavelength with time after pulsed excitation, which was also observed in the RFTB–TCA system. In the RFTB–phenol system the emission spectrum did not shift at all with time. These results reveal that the dynamic nature of ETF can be ascribed to aliphatic hydrogen-bonding(s) of the isoalloxazine ring with surrounding amino acid(s). From the fluorescence characteristics of ETF in comparison with the model systems, human ETF and other flavoproteins, it was suggested that ETF from pig kidney does not contain Tyr-16 in the β subunit, unlike human ETF.

6-Methoxy-2-methylsulfonylquinoline-4-carbonyl Chloride as a Fluorescence Derivatization Reagent for Alcohols in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

6-Methoxy-2-methylsulfonylquinoline-4-carbonyl chloride was found to be a highly sensitive fluorescence derivatization reagent for both primary and secondary alcohols in high-performance liquid chromatography. Its reactivity was investigated for 1-propanol, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, and 1-hexanol. The reagent reacted with the alcohols or phenol in benzene in the presence of pyridine to produce the corresponding fluorescent esters, which could be separated on a reversed-phase column, Cosmosil 5C 18 -AR, with aqueous 70% (v/v) acetonitrile

Vibrational relaxation of phenol in benzonitrile and benzene solutions

Abstract The Raman bandwidths and the frequency shifts of the ν 12 (A 1 ) mode and the IR ν 3 (OH) stretching mode of phenol and phenol-OD have been measured as a function of concentration in benzonitrile and benzene solutions. Opposite isotope effects of deuterium substitution in the hydroxyl group of phenol on the bandwidths of the ν 12 and the ν 3 (OH) modes have been found. The experimental bandwidths are discussed in terms of available theoretical models for dephasing and other mechanisms of broadening. The isolated binary collision dephasing model of Fischer-Laubereau, the Knapp-Fischer concentration-fluctuation model and the Robertson-Yarwood model have been tested. It has been stated that the purely repulsive potential is responsible for vibrational dephasing of the ν 12 mode of phenol in benzene while the concentration-fluctuation model reproduces the experimental data for that mode in benzonitrile. The coupling between the ν 3 (OH) and ν 2 (OH…N) modes is the dominant mechanism for broadening of the ν 3 (OH) mode of phenol in benzonitrile.

Derivatives of bivalent germanium, tin, and lead. Part X. Tin(II) bis(phenoxides), bis(O-methyl dithiocarbonate), and bis(diethyidithiocarbamate)

Tin(II) bis(phenoxides), Sn(OR)2(I), have been synthesised in high yield from bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)tin and 2 mol of phenol in benzene or tetrahydrofuran (thf); o-aminophenol yields a compound of composition Sn2(OR)3 due to some Sn–N covalent bond formation. The reaction of Sn(OMe)2 with phenols does not give (I), but [(p-MeC6H4O)SnOSn(OC6H4Me-p)], (IV), has been isolated from the reaction with p-cresol. Mossbauer spectra of the compounds (I) and (IV) indicate the presence of polymeric lattices in which adjacent tin atoms are bridged by oxide and phenoxide oxygen atoms in an infinite array. Tin(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate), [Sn(S2CNEt2)2], and bis(O-methyl dithiocarbonate), [Sn(S2COMe)2], have been obtained by metathesis between tin(II) chloride and K[S2CNEt2] or K[S2COMe]. The Mossbauer parameters for the dithiocarbonate are substantially different from those for the diethyldithiocarbamate which is known to possess a structure based on a distorted trigonal bipyramid with the tin lone pair occupying a sp2 hybrid orbital, and suggests a structure in which dithiocarbonate chelates the tin atoms in such a way that the four sulphur atoms are disposed almost tetrahedrally about the metal.

Isomerization of Gomberg’s Trityl by Protonic Acids in Benzene

Abstract Gomberg’s trityl (1-diphenylmethylene-4-trityl-2,5-cyclohexadiene) (I) was isomerized by protonic acids such as HCl and phenol in benzene to form p-benzhydryltetraphenylmethane(II). p-(Benzhydryl-α-d)-tetraphenylmethane (III) was formed by the treatment of I with phenol-d. Ph3CH and Ph3CCl were treated under the same conditions, but II was not obtained. It was not formed either by the reaction of phenylazotriphenylmethane with phenol. This observation indicates that H+ adds to the terminal methylene of I to form the cyclohexadienyl cation followed by deprotonation to give II. Similarly, treatment of 1-(phenyl-p-tolymethylene)-4-(diphenyl-p-tolylmethyl)-2,5-cyclohexadiene (IV) with HCl in benzene afforded α,α,α′-triphenyl-α,α′-(di-p-tolyl)-p-xylene (V). The results support the view that Gomberg’s trityl is not hexaphenylethane but 1-diphenylmethylene-4-trityl-2,5-cyclohexadiene as suggested by Lankamp et al. (Tetrahedron Lett., 1968, 249). 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane and 1,1,2,2-tetra-o-tolylethane not having the cyclohexadiene structure could not be isomerized by protonic acids (HCl and PhOH) in benzene. Thus, isomerization of this type is characteristic of the cyclohexadiene structure such as that of Gomberg’s trityl.

Self-association and hydration of phenol in organic solvents. Part II

Partition, water-solubility, and near-infrared spectral data are reported for solutions of phenol in benzene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane at 25°. Results are consistent with the assumption that the predominant associated solute species present in the three solvents are the cyclic aggregates P3, P2W, PW2, and W3, where P and W represent monomeric units of phenol and water, respectively.Equilibrium constants have been calculated for the formation of the associated and hydrated complexes. Stability factors relating to the formation of the four distinct types of hydrogen bonds present in the cyclic species have been inferred from values of the association constants.

Conductivity through Hydrogen Bonded Organic Compounds and Their Homogeneous Solutions: II . Conductivity of Phenol, o‐ and p‐nitrophenol in Benzene and Ether

The conductivity of p‐nitrophenol is more than that of o‐nitrophenol in ether at 21°C. The solvent effect on conductivity is shown by measuring the conductivity of phenol in benzene and in ether at 21°C. The participation of the hydrogen‐bonded complex in the conductivity of the system is postulated. Such complexing lowers the rate of increase in conductivity with concentration of phenol in ether compared to that in benzene.

A Comparative Method of Measuring Vapor Pressure Lowering with Application to Solutions of Phenol in Benzene

A Comparative Method of Measuring Vapor Pressure Lowering with Application to Solutions of Phenol in Benzene

The Infrared Absorption of the OH Group of Phenol

The fundamental vibrational band of the OH group of phenol appearing in the region of 3μ has been studied for solutions of different concentrations of phenol in benzene, bromobenzene, nitrobenzene, dioxane, and ethyl acetate. The band appears at the same position, 2.96μ, for the concentrated solutions in all the solvents. In dilute solution in benzene and bromobenzene it appears at 2.79μ. The band at 2.79μ is attributed to the OH of single molecules, while that appearing at 2.96μ in the more concentrated solutions is thought to be due to associated OH. In dilute solutions in the oxygenated solvents the band appears at wavelengths longer than 2.79μ and is more intense than for the corresponding solution in benzene or bromobenzene. These results are regarded as evidence that the oxygenated solvents form weak additive compounds with the phenol by sharing the proton of the OH group.

Dielectric Polarisation of Phenol

IT is well known that the molecular polarisation of alcohols in a non-polar medium is exceptional in that it at first increases with concentration and then falls finally to a lower value than that at which it started. The data of Williams and Allgeier1 show that at 25° up to a molar fraction of 0.345 the polarisation of phenol in benzene is constant, whilst those of Donle and Gehrckens2 show a decrease in polarisation at 22° up to a concentration of 0.05 molar fraction phenol and those of Philip and Haynes3 an increase at 20° in dilute solutions. I have measured the polarisation of phenol in benzene at 70° with the following results: c2 is the molar fraction of phenol, e is the dielectric constant, d is the density, and P2 is molecular polarisation of phenol. The molecular polarisation of benzene at this temperature is 26-928.

Some Physical Properties of Phenol in Benzene

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Physical Properties of Phenol in BenzeneL. E. SwearingenL. E. SwearingenMore by L. E. SwearingenCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1928, 32, 9, 1346–1353Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1928Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1928https://doi.org/10.1021/j150291a006RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views105Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (384 KB) Get e-Alerts