Phase Of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research Articles

Increased brain volume in the early phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to delayed cerebral ischemia.

To investigate the correlation between the swelling rate of brain volume within the first 48 h after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and the subsequent development of delayed cerebral ischemia. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with spontaneous aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted to the Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2020 and January 2023. The clinical data, treatment outcomes, and imaging data were analyzed. Brain volume was evaluated using 3D-Slicer software at two time points post-hemorrhage: within the first 24 h and between 24 and 48 h. The swelling rate of brain volume was defined as the ratio of the absolute difference between two measurements to the smaller of values. Patients were categorized into two groups based on established diagnostic criteria of delayed cerebral ischemia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors influencing delayed cerebral ischemia. A total of 140 patients were enrolled in this study. 46 patients experienced delayed cerebral ischemia after bleeding. The swelling rate of brain volume was larger in the DCI group (10.66 ± 8.45) compared to the non-DCI group (3.59 ± 2.62), which showed a statistically significant difference. Additionally, advanced age, smoking history, history of hypertension, loss of consciousness, poor Hunt-Hess grade, high mFisher score, brain volume within 24 h, and IVH were also statistically different between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the swelling rate of brain volume was an independent risk factor for DCI with adjusting the advanced age, smoking history, history of hypertension, poor Hunt-Hess grade, high mFisher score, brain volume within 24 h, and IVH. Brain volume significantly increased in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage during the early phase (within 48 h post-onset). The larger swelling rate of brain volume is an independent risk factor for the development of delayed cerebral ischemia, and it may hold significant predictive value for the incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia.

Safety of dual antiplatelet therapy in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a propensity score-matched study.

With the evolution of neuroendovascular treatments, there is a great trend to treat acutely ruptured wide-necked aneurysms with stent-assisted coiling (SAC) and flow diverters (FDs), which inevitably requires dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). This therapy can increase the rate of hemorrhagic complications following other neurosurgical maneuvers, such as external ventricular drain (EVD) placement or removal. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the safety of DAPT in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treated with SAC or FDs and the therapy's potential benefit in reducing cerebral ischemia and cerebral vasospasm. In this retrospective study, the authors reviewed the records of patients who had been admitted to their hospital with acute aneurysmal SAH and treated with SAC, FDs, and/or coiling between 2012 and 2022. Patients were classified into two groups: a DAPT group, including patients who had received DAPT for SAC or FDs, and a non-DAPT group, including patients who had not received any antiplatelet regimen and had been treated with coiling. Perioperative hemorrhagic and ischemic complications and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. From among 938 cases of acute ruptured aneurysms treated during 10 years of study, 192 patients were included in this analysis, with 96 patients in each treatment group, after propensity score matching. All basic clinical and imaging characteristics were equivalent between the two groups except for the neck size of aneurysms (p < 0.001). EVD-related hemorrhage was significantly higher in the DAPT group than in the non-DAPT group (p = 0.035). In most patients, however, the EVD-related hemorrhage was insignificant. Parent artery or stent-induced thrombosis was higher in the DAPT group than in the non-DAPT group (p = 0.003). The rate of cerebral ischemia was slightly lower in the DAPT group than in the non-DAPT group (11.5% vs 15.6%, p = 0.399). In the multivariate analysis, cerebral ischemia, rebleeding before securing the aneurysm, extracranial hemorrhage, and cerebral vasospasm were the predictive factors of a poor clinical outcome (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.038, and p = 0.038, respectively). The DAPT regimen may be safe in the setting of acute aneurysmal SAH. Although EVD-related hemorrhage is more common in the DAPT group than the non-DAPT group, it is usually insignificant without any neurological deficit.

Different Kinetics of Serum ADAMTS13, GDF-15, and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in the Early Phase of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and ADAMTS13 have previously been implicated in the pathophysiological processes of SAH. In the present study, we aim to examine their role in the early period of SAH and their relationship to primary and secondary outcomes. Serum samples were collected at five time periods after SAH (at 24 h (D1), at 72 h (D3), at 120 h (D5), at 168 h (D7) and at 216 h (D9), post-admission) and) were measured by using MILLIPLEX Map Human Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Magnetic Bead Panel 2. We included 150 patients with SAH and 30 healthy controls. GDF-15 levels at D1 to D9 were significantly associated with a 3-month unfavorable outcome. Based on the ROC analysis, in patients with a good clinical grade at admission (WFNS I-III), the GDF-15 value measured at time point D3 predicted a 3-month unfavorable outcome (cut-off value: 3.97 ng/mL, AUC:0.833, 95%CI: 0.728-0.938, sensitivity:73.7%, specificity:82.6%, p < 0.001). Univariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that serum NGAL levels at D1-D5 and ADAMTS13 levels at D7-D9 were associated with MVS following SAH. GDF-15 is an early indicator of a poor 3-month functional outcome even in patients with mild clinical conditions at admission.

Prognostic Value of a Structural Brain MRI Score in the Acute Phase of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality despite advances in management. We evaluated the prognostic significance of a qualitative score using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features obtained early after aSAH. Patients with aSAH were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort and underwent brain MRI during their acute hospitalization. MRIs were rated using a scoring system that considers the anatomical location of signal intensity changes on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. The relationship between MRI scores and functional outcome defined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 6months was evaluated in uni- and multivariable models. The cohort included 45 aSAH patients (median World Federation of Neurologic Surgeons (IQR) 2 (1-4)) who underwent brain MRI a mean (SD) of 9.0 ± 8.0days after aSAH. At 6months after aSAH, 26 patients had achieved a favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 2) while 15 had an unfavorable outcome (mRS > 2). Deep gray nuclei (DGN) score (p = 0.016), cortex + DGN score (p = 0.015), FLAIR score (p = 0.016), DWI score (p = 0.0045), and overall score (p = 0.0081) were significantly lower in patients with favorable outcome compared to those with unfavorable outcome. However, MRI scores were not independent predictors of outcome in multivariable models adjusting for admission Hunt and Hess, Glasgow Coma Scale, or World Federation of Neurologic Surgeons scales. In this pilot study, a qualitative scoring system using anatomically defined MRI FLAIR and DWI signal abnormalities identified in the acute phase of aSAH was linked to 6-month functional outcome. However, these scores did not add prognostic value to established indices of neurological severity.

Higher Plasma Osteopontin Concentrations Associated with Subsequent Development of Chronic Shunt-Dependent Hydrocephalus After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

A matricellular protein osteopontin (OPN) is considered to exert neuroprotective and healing effects on neurovascular injuries in an acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the relationships between OPN expression and chronic shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (SDHC) have never been investigated. In 166 SAH patients (derivation and validation cohorts, 110 and 56, respectively), plasma OPN levels were serially measured at days1-3, 4-6, 7-9, and 10-12 after aneurysmal obliteration. The OPN levels and clinical factors were compared between patients with and without subsequent development of chronic SDHC. Plasma OPN levels in the SDHC patients increased from days 1-3 to days 4-6 and remained high thereafter, while those in the non-SDHC patients peaked at days 4-6 and then decreased over time. Plasma OPN levels had no correlation with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a systemic inflammatory marker. Univariate analyses showed that age, modified Fisher grade, acute hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and OPN and CRP levels at days 10-12 were significantly different between patients with and without SDHC. Multivariate analyses revealed that higher plasma OPN levels at days 10-12 were an independent factor associated with the development of SDHC, in addition to a more frequent use of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and higher modified Fisher grade at admission. Plasma OPN levels at days 10-12 maintained similar discrimination power in the validation cohort and had good calibration on the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Prolonged higher expression of OPN may contribute to the development of post-SAH SDHC, possibly by excessive repairing effects promoting fibrosis in the subarachnoid space.

Microsurgical clipping of multiple cerebral aneurysms in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage through a minipterional approach: The Chilean experience

ObjectiveThe minipterional craniotomy (MPTc) has been widely accepted as a minimally invasive alternative to the pterional approach for the treatment of certain small non-ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of the MPTc in the context of a complex and potentially harmful scenario: acute onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in patients harboring multiple intracranial aneurysms (MIA). MethodsPatients harboring MIA clipped through a unilateral MPTc were selected from four retrospective databases of four high-volume neurosurgical centers. Patients with a Hunt & Hess score 4 or 5 were not considered candidates for clipping through a MPTc. Medical records and radiological images were retrospectively reviewed. Epidemiological, clinical and radiological data, as well as short-term outcome (modified Rankin scale at 6 month-follow-up) were analyzed. Results16 patients harboring 33 aneurysms (16 ruptured, 17 non ruptured) met the inclusion criteria. Each aneurysm size was 5.7 ± 2.1 mm (range 3–11). 12 out of 33 aneurysms were located in the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Anterior communicating (ACom) and MCA aneurysms were the aneurysm locations most commonly ruptured (5 each, 62 %). Complete occlusion was achieved in 32 aneurysms (97 %) and near-complete occlusion in 1 (3%). 13 patients (93 %) were independent at 6 month-follow-up. Mortality rate was 0%. Complications included 1 cerebrospinal-fluid leakage. ConclusionWhen indicated (Hunt Hess < 4), performing a MPTc is safe and effective in aSAH cases with multiple aneurysms.

Hyperoxemia during the hyperacute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome: a retrospective observational study.

The harmful effects of hyperoxemia have been reported in critically ill patients with various disorders, including those with brain injuries. However, the effect of hyperoxemia on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients is unclear. In this study the authors aimed to determine whether hyperoxemia during the hyperacute or acute phase in patients with aSAH is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and poor neurological outcome. In this single-center retrospective study, data from patients with aSAH treated between January 2011 and June 2017 were reviewed. The patients were classified into groups according to whether they experienced DCI (DCI group and non-DCI group) and whether they had a poor outcome at discharge (poor outcome group and favorable outcome group). The background characteristics and time-weighted average (TWA) PaO2 during the first 24 hours after arrival at the treatment facility (TWA24h-PaO2) and between the first 24 hours after arrival and day 6 (TWA6d-PaO2), the hyperacute and acute phases, respectively, were compared between the groups. Factors related to DCI and poor outcome were evaluated with logistic regression analyses. Of 197 patients with aSAH, 42 patients experienced DCI and 82 patients had a poor outcome at discharge. TWA24h-PaO2 was significantly higher in the DCI group than in the non-DCI group (186 [141-213] vs 161 [138-192] mm Hg, p = 0.029) and in the poor outcome group than in the favorable outcome group (176 [154-205] vs 156 [136-188] mm Hg, p = 0.004). TWA6d-PaO2 did not differ significantly between the groups. Logistic regression analyses revealed that higher TWA24h-PaO2 was an independent risk factor for DCI (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17, p = 0.037) and poor outcome (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.29, p = 0.002). Hyperoxemia during the first 24 hours was associated with DCI and a poor outcome in patients with aSAH. Excessive oxygen therapy might have an adverse effect in the hyperacute phase of aSAH.

Daily systemic energy expenditure in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background: Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage often have impaired consciousness and cannot regulate nutritional intakes themselves. Previous studies have demonstrated elevated energy expenditure in the acute phase, but it is not known whether the energy demand is constant during the first week after onset of the disease. In this study, we performed daily measurements of energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry during the first 7 days after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in mechanically ventilated patients.Methods: Metabolic measurements were performed daily with indirect calorimetry in 26 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated. The measured value was compared to the predicted values from the Harris–Benedict equation and the Penn State University 1998 equation. Urinary nitrogen excretion was measured daily.Results: There was a significant increase in energy expenditure during days 2–3 compared to days 5–6. The Harris–Benedict equation underestimated metabolic demand. The Penn State 1998 equation was closer to the measured values, but still underestimated caloric need. Urinary nitrogen excretion increased throughout the first week from initially low values.Conclusions: There is a dynamic course in energy expenditure in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, with increasing metabolic demand during the first week of the disease. Indirect calorimetry could be used more often to help provide an adequate amount of energy.

Abstract TP400: Acute Catecholamine Surge Reflects the Prognosis in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective: We investigated that the characteristics of serum catecholamine concentration at the hyper-acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its relationship between patient outcome and delayed vasospasm. Methods: Patients with aneurysmal SAH (n=170) were prospectively enrolled between 2008 and 2011. Baseline demographic data and physiological parameters, including plasma concentrations of adrenaline (AD), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DP) were evaluated. Results: On admission, plasma AD, NA and DP levels were significantly higher in patients with a poor clinical grade on admission (Hunt and Kosnik: IV-V), compared to those with a good clinical grade on admission (Hunt and Kosnik: I-III). AD showed a significantly high concentration immediately after the onset of SAH and then rapidly decreased. The levels of NA peaked within 6 hours after onset, then significantly decreased. The time course of the elevation of DP showed a similar trend to that of NA. The each catecholamine levels significantly correlated with each other. Multivariate analyses demonstrated age, poor clinical grade, plasma AD and NA levels were predictors of poor patient outcome. Poor clinical grade, Fisher scale and plasma AD level were predictors of the development of delayed vasospasm. Conclusion: The present study suggests that sympathetic activation in patients in the acute phase of SAH reflects the severity of SAH, and is closely related to the development of delayed vasospasm, leading to the subsequent immune response and inflammatory reactions. Suppressing catecholamine surge in hyper-acute phase may contribute to prevention of vasospasm and improvement of patient outcome.

Abstract WP386: Acute Catecholamine Surge in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Characteristics and Prognostic Value

Objectives: The characteristics of serum catecholamine concentration at the hyper-acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its relationship between patient outcome and delayed vasospasm were investigated. Methods: Patients with aneurysmal SAH (170) were prospectively studied between August 2008 and June 2011. Baseline demographic data and physiological parameters, including plasma concentrations of adrenaline (AD), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DP) were evaluated for all patients. Results: On admission, plasma AD, NA and DP levels were significantly higher in patients with a poor clinical grade on admission (Hunt &amp; Kosnik: IV-V), compared to those with a good clinical grade on admission (Hunt &amp; Kosnik: I-III). AD showed a markedly high concentration immediately after the onset of SAH and then rapidly decreased. NA levels peaked within 6 hours after onset, then significantly decreased. The increase of DP with time was not significant, but showed a similar trend to that of NA. The level of each catecholamine showed significant mutual correlation. Multivariate analyses demonstrated age, poor clinical grade, plasma AD and NA levels were predictors of poor patient outcome, and.poor clinical grade, Fisher scale and plasma AD level were predictors of the development of delayed vasospasm. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that sympathetic activation in patients in the acute phase of SAH reflects the severity of SAH, and is closely related to the development of delayed vasospasm, leading to the subsequent immune response and inflammatory reactions. Strategies for suppressing catecholamine at the hyperacute phase may contribute to vasospasm prevention and improve patient outcome.

Acute hormonal findings after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage – report from a single center

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim was to assess anterior pituitary hormone levels during the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and analyze the possible association with the clinical condition and outcome. Material and methods: Forty patients with aSAH whose aneurysm was secured by endovascular coiling were enrolled. Basal secretions of cortisol, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured up to 14 days after the incident. Results: The main finding was that hypocortisolism was rare whereas testosterone deficiency was common in male patients. Furthermore, various other hormone deviations were frequent and there was wide interindividual variability. We found no association between delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), outcome of the patients or aneurysm location, and hormone abnormalities, while both Hunt & Hess and Fisher grade were associated with low PRL levels. Hunt & Hess 5 was associated with low PRL concentration when compared to grades 1 (OR = 4.81, 95% CI 1.15–20.14, p = 0.03), 3 (OR 7.73, 95% CI 1.33–45.01, p = 0.02), and 4 (OR = 6.86 95% CI 1.28–26.83, p = 0.02). Fisher grade 4 was associated with low PRL concentration when compared to grades 3 (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.06–10.73, p = 0.03) and 2 (OR 9.71, 95% CI 1.22–77.10, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Deviations from normal and huge interindividual differences are common in hormone levels during the acute phase of aSAH. Routine assessment of anterior pituitary function in the acute phase of aSAH is not warranted. During the follow-up in the outpatient clinic, hormone concentrations were not measured, which would have brought a more long-term perspective into our findings.

Characteristics and prognostic value of acute catecholamine surge in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objectives: The characteristics of serum catecholamine concentration at the hyper-acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its relationship between patient outcome and delayed vasospasm were investigated.Methods: Patients with aneurysmal SAH (170) were prospectively studied between August 2008 and June 2011. Baseline demographic data and physiological parameters, including plasma concentrations of adrenaline (AD), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DP) were evaluated for all patients.Results: On admission, plasma AD, NA, and DP levels were significantly higher in patients with a poor clinical grade on admission (Hunt and Kosnik grade: IV–V), compared to those with a good clinical grade on admission (Hunt and Kosnik grade: I–III). AD showed a markedly high concentration immediately after the onset of SAH and then rapidly decreased. NA levels peaked within 6 hours after onset, then significantly decreased. The increase of DP with time was not significant, but showed a similar trend to that of NA. The level of each catecholamine showed significant mutual correlation.Our multivariate model demonstrated that age, poor clinical grade at admission, plasma AD and NA levels were good predictors of poor patient outcome [receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area: 0·83]. And that poor clinical grade at admission, Fisher scale, blood sugar level and plasma AD level were good predictors of the development of delayed vasospasm (ROC area: 0·81) (1·3).Conclusions: The present findings suggest that sympathetic activation in patients in the acute phase of SAH reflects the severity of SAH, and is closely related to the development of delayed vasospasm, leading to the subsequent immune response and inflammatory reactions. Strategies for suppressing catecholamine at the hyper-acute phase may contribute to vasospasm prevention and improve patient outcome.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration in the cerebral extracellular fluid of patients during the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objectives: The pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is multi-factorial and not completely elucidated. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) might participate in wall remodeling leading to luminal narrowing. The authors investigated MMP-9 concentration in brain extracellular fluid of aSAH patients and assessed whether this enzyme could have a predictive value for the risk of DCI.Methods: Patients were classified according to the grading of the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) in low- and high-grade patients (WFNS = 1–3, n = 9 and WFNS = 4–5, n = 12, respectively). Cerebral microdialysis probes were placed in brain parenchyma of the respective vascular territory of the aneurysm in 21 consecutive aSAH patients, enrolled in a prospective study on inflammation. Microdialysis samples, collected daily from day 0 until day 8 after aSAH, were retrospectively analyzed for MMP-9 by zymography.Results: Initial concentration of the MMP-9 proform (pro-MMP-9) was significantly higher in high-grade patients as compared to low-grade patients. Furthermore, initial pro-MMP-9 concentration in patients with DCI was seven-fold higher than in asymptomatic patients. Pro-MMP-9 values greater than or equal to 0·27 pg/μl showed 83% sensitivity and 63% specificity in predicting vasospasm. The mature form of the MMP-9 could be preferentially detected in patients with DCI but was usually low.Discussion: The pro and mature forms of MMP-9 were released locally in the brain after aSAH. Pro-MMP-9 release was related to WFNS grade severity. This protease, considered as playing a critical role in endothelial basal membrane damage, may contribute to the inflammatory processes leading to arterial narrowing.

Cardiac and central vascular functional alterations in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage*

To investigate aortic functional alterations in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and to evaluate the relationship between potential cardiovascular alterations and delayed cerebral infarctions or poor Glasgow Outcome Scale score at discharge from critical care unit. Prospective observational study. Critical Care Departments of two tertiary centers. Thirty-seven patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients were evaluated at two time points: on admission (acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage phase) and at least 21 days later (stable aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage state). At baseline, the severity of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was assessed clinically (Hunt and Hess scale) and radiologically (brain computed tomography Fisher grading). Aortic elasticity was evaluated by Doppler-derived pulse-wave velocity and left ventricular function by echocardiography. Serum B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin I were also assessed at the same time points. At the acute phase, 23 patients (62%) were found to present supranormal pulse-wave velocity and 14 patients (38%) presented left ventricular systolic dysfunction; there were significant associations between pulse-wave velocity values and left ventricular ejection fraction (p < .001). Left ventricular ejection fraction and pulse-wave velocity were both associated with Hunt and Hess (p ≤ .004) and Fisher grading (p ≤ .03). Left ventricular ejection fraction and pulse-wave velocity were improved between acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and stable state (p ≤ .005); changes (Δ%) were greater in patients who initially had regional wall motion abnormalities compared to patients who had not (28.7% ± 10.2% vs. 2.4% ± 1.8% [p = .002] and -17.9% ± 3.7% vs. -3.5% ± 4.7% [p = .045], respectively). Pulse-wave velocity/left ventricular ejection fraction ratio was the only independent predictor for delayed cerebral infarctions. Left ventricular ejection fraction, B-type natriuretic peptide, pulse-wave velocity, and pulse-wave velocity/left ventricular ejection fraction showed significant diagnostic performance for predicting delayed cerebral infarctions or poor Glasgow Outcome Scale score (1-3). Our findings suggest that significant cardiovascular alterations in left ventricular function and in aortic stiffness occur during the early phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. These phenomena were associated with adverse outcomes in this study and their role in the pathogenesis of delayed neurologic complications warrants further investigation.

Cardiac and central vascular functional alterations in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Cardiac and central vascular functional alterations in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Cortisol Dynamics in the Acute Phase of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Associations with Disease Severity and Outcome

The purpose of this study was to assess cortisol dynamics in the acute phase after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and to set the parameters of cortisol release in relation to the severity of illness and outcome. In 22 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH, cortisol, corticosteroid binding globulin, interleukin-6, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone were measured immediately after hospital admission (t(0)), 7 days (t(1)) later, and at least 14 days later (t(2)). Additionally, diurnal profiles of cortisol secretion were assessed at t(1) and t(2), and area under the curve (AUC) was computed for calculated free serum cortisol (CFSC). In this study, normal diurnal CFSC profiles were associated with a significantly shorter ICU-stay, less complications, and a more favorable outcome than abnormal diurnal profiles. AUC and 8 a.m. cortisol were not related to clinical course or outcome. It is concluded that cortisol secretion patterns are associated with the severity and outcome of SAH. For an appraisal of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in SAH patients, single cortisol measurements are insufficient.

Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Acute Phase of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background: Angiographic studies suggest that acute vasospasm within 48 h of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) predicts symptomatic vasospasm. However, the value of transcranial Doppler within 48 h of SAH is unknown. Methods: We analyzed 199 patients who had at least 1 middle cerebral artery (MCA) transcranial Doppler examination within 48 h of SAH onset. Abnormal MCA mean blood flow velocity (mBFV) was defined as >90 cm/s. Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) was defined as clinical deterioration or radiological evidence of infarction due to vasospasm. Results: Seventy-six patients (38%) had an elevation of MCA mBFV >90 cm/s within 48 h of SAH onset. The predictors of elevated mBFV included younger age (OR = 0.97 per year of age, p = 0.002), admission angiographic vasospasm (OR = 5.4, p = 0.009) and elevated white blood cell count (OR = 1.1 per 1,000 white blood cells, p = 0.003). Patients with elevated mBFV were more likely to experience a 10 cm/s fall in velocity at the first follow-up than those with normal baseline velocities (24 vs. 10%, p < 0.01), suggestive of resolving spasm. DCI developed in 19% of the patients. An elevated admission mBFV >90 cm/s during the first 48 h (adjusted OR = 2.7, p = 0.007) and a poor clinical grade (Hunt-Hess score 4 or 5, OR = 3.2, p = 0.002) were associated with a significant increase in the risk of DCI. Conclusion: Early elevations of mBFV correlate with acute angiographic vasospasm and are associated with a significantly increased risk of DCI. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound may be an early useful tool to identify patients at higher risk to develop DCI after SAH.

Microcirculatory changes during acute phase of aneurysmal sub-arachnoid hemorrhage evaluated by clinical and experimental studies

Cerebral microcirculatory changes during cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are still controversial and uncertain. Experimental and clinical investigations of cerebral microcirculation after SAH were performed.Experimental SAH was produced by a canine two-hemorrhage method, and the dogs were perfusion-fixed at 3, 7 and 14 days after SAH. Specimens of the anterior sylvian gyri and pons were produced by three methods. Microvascular corrosion casts produced by arterial injection of polyester resin were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sectioned slices parallel to the brain surface were examined by SEM and by light microscopy with morphometric analysis of the luminal diameter and wall thickness of the small arteries. Corrosion casts showed tapered narrowing in the arterioles and irregular width with folds in the perforating arteries 3 to 7 days after SAH. Sectioned slices showed increased wall thickness and decreased internal diameter of the arterioles and the perforating arteries 3 to 7 days after SAH.In cases with aneurysmal SAH, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were performed. Also, cerebral circulation time (CCT) obtained by analyzing the time–density curve of the contrast media on DSA images was evaluated in association with rCBF and angiographic vasospasm. In addition to correlation between the degree of angiographic vasospasm and rCBF, CCT showed strong inverse correlation with rCBF, and even in mild angiographic vasospasm, prolonged peripheral CCT was clearly associated with decreased rCBF.These results suggest that intraparenchymal small arteries decrease their caliber, which results in increased small-vessel resistance and affects cerebral ischemia during cerebral vasospasm.