Melting Temperature Of Phase Change Material Research Articles

Techno-economic optimization and feasibility of PCM-based seasonal thermal energy storage systems for district heating and cooling

Phase change materials (PCM) are an attractive seasonal thermal energy storage solution for load shifting due to relatively high energy density. Nevertheless, the choice of the right design parameters, such as storage size and phase-change temperature, is nontrivial, as these are tightly linked to the expected seasonal operation of the storage. This paper presents a combined design and operation optimization framework for sizing PCM-based seasonal thermal storage, which can capture dynamic behaviour of the storage in sensible and latent phases, and its impact on the efficiency of connected heat pumps and chillers. The proposed method, formulated as a mixed integer quadratically-constrained programming problem, was applied to a case study of heating-dominated district. It was found that the optimal PCM melting temperature equals to the heating demand supply temperature, thus removing the need of a heat pump to discharge the storage. The optimal operation of storage requires a full charging and discharging cycle of both latent and liquid phase. Higher CO2 emission price does not lead to a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, but the storage size does, leading to a higher heating coverage ratio of the storage, and consequently CO2 emissions and cost savings, which can be further enhanced with PV integration. The economic analysis indicates that, unless other benefits such as storage volume reduction are accounted for, PCM cost should drop by a factor 4 to make this solution economically viable for seasonal storage.

Passive domestic air-conditioning using PCM modules

Passive cooling systems have garnered much attention in recent years as a sustainable and cost-effective method of regulating indoor temperatures. Phase change materials (PCM) are a promising technology for such systems, as they can store and release large amounts of thermal energy during the phase transition process while maintaining the temperature in a very specific range. In this study, we investigated the performance of a passive cooling system using PCM modules and evaluated the effect of different variables on its cooling efficiency. Several tests were conducted, varying the ambient temperature, number of plates, and PCM type to determine the optimal conditions for the system. A PCM with a melting temperature of around 22 °C was used and was compared to ice. While ice showed a larger cooling effect, the advantage of the PCM emerged with elevated ambient temperatures. Compared to ice, and due to the smaller the temperature difference ΔT between the PCM melting temperature and the ambient temperature, the cooling effect of the PCM, lasted for a significantly longer time. Moreover, increasing the number of plates proved to elongate the cooling effect, due to increasing the overall thermal storage capacity of the system. Overall, our findings suggest that a passive cooling system using PCM technology can be an effective solution for regulating indoor temperatures. However, careful consideration must be given to the choice of PCM type and melting temperature, as well as the number of plates in the system, to optimize its performance.

Numerical study on heat restoration cycle performance of energy pile with backfilling PCM

The numerical analysis of energy pile backfilled with phase change material (PCM) was performed for the renewable geothermal energy utilization in building energy savings. Different operation modes and the melting temperature, latent heat, thermal conductivity of the PCMs within the energy piles were discussed to obtain the optimal parameters. Further, the restoration and heat transfer performance of energy piles were also analyzed for the prolonged operation. It was concluded that relatively higher latent heat and thermal conductivity were preferable to enhance the heat transfer rate per meter (Qm) of the PCM-backfilled energy pile. However, a relatively lower PCM latent heat may help to full utilization and restoration of PCMs during every cycle of cooling and heating when energy pile works. An ideal melting temperature of PCM is probably close to the initial soil temperature to achieve preferred restoration and heat transfer performance, rather than the inlet fluid temperature. In heating 12 h and cooling 12 h alternate mode, taking continuous operation as a reference, the Qm and the restoration rate of pile wall temperature of the PCM-backfilled energy pile were increased by 32.7 % and 52.5 % after operating 720 h.

Cycle performance analysis of hybrid battery thermal management system coupling phase change material with liquid cooling for lithium-ion battery module operated at high C-rates

High performance battery thermal management system (BTMS) is urgently needed to satisfy the severe cooling demand of battery modules operated at high C-rates during continuous charging-discharging cycles. Hybrid BTMS coupling phase change material (PCM) with liquid cooling is a promising solution which attracts great attention in recent years. Here, cycle performance of the hybrid system is analyzed in detail via comparison with the pure PCM system to examine its reliability and demonstrate its superiority during continuous 3C-charging and 4C-discharging cycles. Effects of PCM melting temperature are studied and RT44HC is found a suitable PCM choice with appropriate melting temperature. Analysis of the first three cycles is proved important and basically sufficient as system thermal behavior stabilizes afterwards. Further, interacting mechanisms of expanded graphite (EG) content and battery distance on system cooling performance are elucidated and their possible combinations satisfying temperature requirements of battery module in both temperature rise and temperature uniformity are presented. Optimal combination of EG content and battery distance is 3 % and 3 mm. Effects of coolant velocity are also investigated and suitable velocity for the optimized hybrid system is set at 0.01 ms−1 to achieve balance between cooling performance and auxiliary energy cost.

Preparation and characterization of fatty acid ternary eutectic mixture/Nano-SiO2 composite phase change material for building applications

In order to prepare a composite phase change material (PCM) with suitable phase transition temperature, strong temperature control performance, good latent heat properties, and low cost for incorporation into concrete, the goal is to control temperature cracks, and endow the building structure with temperature regulation capabilities through phase change. In this study, capric acid (CA), myristic acid (MA) and stearic acid (SA) were used as PCMs. Firstly, based on theoretical calculations, a ternary eutectic mixture of CA-MA-SA with a mass ratio of 67.16:22.98:9.86 was successfully prepared. Subsequently, a new composite PCM was created using a melt blending technique, incorporating nano-SiO2 as a supporting material. The comprehensive characterization results from FT-IR, SEM, XRD, DSC and TG indicate that nano-SiO2 interacts with CA-MA-SA through its porous structure and capillary action, as well as surface tension, rather than through any chemical interaction, when 65% of CA-MA-SA is adsorbed in nano-silica, the melting temperature and latent heat of the composite PCM are 19.23 °C and 97.82 J/g, respectively. Without any leakage of molten CA-MA-SA. This material exhibits a favorable temperature for phase transition and possesses a high amount of latent heat, making it a promising candidate for use in construction projects. Additionally, the composite PCM shows remarkable thermal stability after 200 phase change cycles, which not only lowers building energy usage but also conserves energy, making it ideal for broad use in civil engineering.

Enhanced thermal management strategy for supercapacitors using phase change materials: A numerical investigation

The integration of phase change materials (PCMs) presents a promising possibility for enhancing the thermal management of supercapacitors (SCs), which are vital components in various energy storage systems. This research focuses on investigating the thermal behavior of SCs with integrated PCM, employing finite element method (FEM) simulations to solve the transient thermal problem. Through a comparative analysis at various time instants, the transient thermal response of SCs is examined, shedding light on the efficacy of PCM-based thermal management strategies. Moreover, parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influence of PCM key characteristics, like melting temperature and layer thickness on the SC thermal response. Additionally, the impact of enhanced PCM thermal conductivity is explored by integrating high-conductive short carbon fibers (CF) within the PCM matrix. This investigation encompasses various PCM melting points, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between PCM properties and SC thermal response. The results indicate that a notable decline in the highest temperatures of the SC can be achieved, leading to a reduction of about 9 °C depending on the PCM melting temperature and the improved thermal conductivity. The obtained results emphasize the effectiveness and practical feasibility of the proposed thermal management strategy. The modeling approach presented provides a robust tool with significant efficiency in reducing computational time for analyzing the thermal behavior of large models, as the utilization of the homogenization technique notably decreases the computational time. The findings of this study not only provide insights into optimizing PCM-based thermal management strategies for SCs but also contribute to advancing the design and performance of energy storage systems by addressing crucial thermal challenges.

Magnetically- regulated close contact melting for high-power-density latent heat energy storage

Rapid melting of solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) is critical to the high-power-density latent heat energy storage and efficient thermal management. The pressure-enhanced close contact melting is seen as a promising method because of the suppressed heat transfer resistance between the heating surface and the melt front during thermal charging, but it remains a key challenge how to tactfully apply external pressure for a practical device. Herein, we present a magnetically-regulated close contact melting strategy for rapid melting of PCMs from the perspective of the practical application. In this method, a PCM and a permanent magnet are contained inside a highly thermally conductive vessel, and the magnet regulated by another one can push the solid PCM toward the heating surface. Consequently, the superheated molten PCM can be instantly removed from the heating surface due to the magnetic force so as to achieve the suppressed thermal resistance. The temperature-control performance of paraffin wax is evaluated under various applied external forces and heat loads. Experimental results indicate that the heating surface temperature can be controlled near the melting temperature of PCM even under a relatively high heating flux. With applying the external pressure of 900 Pa, the average heat transfer resistance is reduced to lower than 4.5 × 10−4 K·m2·W−1. Finally, a closed thermal management device is fabricated and measured by using a graphite vessel to encapsulate the magnet and the PCMs such as paraffin and low-melting-point alloy. This device demonstrates good recyclability for repeated thermal charging/discharging. Our work provides a new method to develop the practical thermal management device based on pressure-enhanced close contact melting.

Predicting the PCM-incorporated building's performance using optimized linear kernel and tree-based machine learning methods

The devising of a precise machine learning-based energy consumption prediction model holds significant importance for taking effective decisions during the early stages of phase change material (PCM) incorporated building design to reduce energy consumption. Few researchers have developed prediction models for estimating the consumption of energy in PCM incorporated buildings. However, there is a need to develop the best-performing machine learning-based prediction model, which is less complex, involve a lower number of hyperparameters, and has a greater ability to generalize hidden patterns among the dependent and independent variables. To address the above shortcomings, the linear kernel and tree model-based prediction models were formulated for PCM-incorporated buildings located in eight cities of subtropical highland climate, considering the variations in their hyperparameters. The evaluation and validation of the formulated models for prediction were performed utilizing several statistical metrics. Test results substantiated that the ensemble-boosted tree-based prediction model (EBT20) exhibited superior efficacy in estimating the energy consumption for PCM-integrated building, having an average R2 > 0.93, NMBE <4 %, and CV-RMSE <8 %. The developed model showed less complexity and better generalization ability at the optimized values of ensemble boosted tree hyperparameters, which are as follows: minimum leaf size = 32, number of learners = 99, and learning rate = 0.1. From comprehensive evaluation conducted to evaluate the interpretability of the prediction model, it was found that the building orientation and PCMs melting temperature are the most influential parameters for achieving energy savings of up to 33 % in the selected climate zone.

Preparation and Performance of Inorganic Hydrated Salt-Based Composite Materials for Temperature and Humidity Regulation

In this work, it was first proposed to combine hydrated salt phase change materials (PCMs) with humidity control materials to prepare the temperature and humidity control material. The composite PCM was prepared by absorbing Na2HPO4·12H2O with colloidal silicon dioxide, and diatomite was selected as the humidity control material. The humidity performance tests found that diatomite had good moisture absorption/desorption capacity and excellent moisture buffering capacity. The supercooling degree tests showed that Na2SiO3·9H2O as nucleating agent effectively reduced the supercooling degree, and the addition of deionized water improved the water loss problem of composite PCMs. The DSC tests showed that the enthalpy and melting temperature of composite PCMs were 153.1 J/g and 28.9°C, respectively. By placing the temperature and humidity control material in different humidity, it was found that the moisture content of diatomite affected the thermal properties of composite PCMs. Diatomite could not only transfer moisture to hydrated salts but also absorb moisture from hydrated salt. The application performance tests of the temperature and humidity control material in the room model showed that it could simultaneously regulate indoor temperature and humidity. Overall, this temperature and humidity control material was more suitable for environments with high relative humidity such as greenhouses.

Temporal numerical analysis of beeswax PCM melting in a cube geometry subjected to a constant wall temperature condition

The ability of phase change materials (PCM) to store thermal energy has gained wide application area, like battery thermal management, solar water desalination and many other. The melting process of beeswax phase change material within the cube geometry with constant wall temperature (65 °C) boundary condition has been investigated using solidification and melting model. The fluid flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using second order finite volume scheme. A PRESTO algorithm is applied for pressure-velocity coupling. The convergence criteria of 10−10 have been selected for energy equation, while 10−8 is selected for both momentum and continuity equations. The results like percentage variation along length-height and height-width plane for transient liquid fraction and temperature has been plotted, along with velocity streamlines within the cube geometry. From the obtained results it is concluded that the melting fraction and temperature of beeswax PCM is different in different planes and the major factors which affect the complete melting process is wall temperature, and the geometry. A difference of more than 0.1 °C in temperature has been recorded between mid-length-height and height-width plane while a difference of more than 2% in liquid fraction of PCM is observed. Even the uniformity of temperature and liquid fraction is notably influenced and vary along length, height, and width of cube geometry. Thus, it is concluded that melting process of PCM may affect the ability to store and release the heat energy which further affect the performance parameters of applied physical system.

Investigation of numerical phase transition of nano-enhanced SiC/paraffin wax PCM in solar-assisted water desalination system

Adding nanoparticles in phase change material (PCM) is a new trend for enhancing their thermal energy-storing ability as well as thermal conductivity. From this point of view, a numerical study is carried out to examine the addition of silicon carbide nanoparticles in paraffin wax PCM, used as heat energy storing material in a semi-cylindrical solar water desalination system. The PCM temperature is maintained at 52 °C and the semi-cylindrical tubular section has a wall temperature of 85 °C. The top plane section of the tubular solar collector is made up of graphite material. A semi-circular cross-section is selected for numerical analysis. A finite volume solver is used for solving thermal and fluid flow governing equations. A pressure staggering option algorithm is applied for pressure–velocity coupling. The temporal parameters like temperature, velocity contours, melting fraction, enthalpy, and entropy of nano silicon embedded paraffin wax PCM are widely discussed. The results clearly show that the phase transition of solid PCM to fluid PCM is greatly influenced by nanoparticle addition and enhances the rate of heat transfer. Initially for the first 60 min the melting fraction and temperature of PCM remain uniform as the time step increases above 60 min the behavior of PCM changes abruptly which clearly indicates the random distribution of nanoparticles within the PCM. A critical time and temperature limit exists for nanoparticles-based PCM beyond which, the thermal efficiency of the solar water desalination system gets influenced.

The Modification of Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change Material Using Nano Metal-Oxide Particles

The phase change materials (PCM) based cooling system have gained recent popularity with PV module temperature (TPV) reduction. PCM is an effective thermal energy storage material with the activation of latent heat capacity. Its low heat conductivity has been discovered in several studies. In this study, PCM is chosen to mix with nanoparticles to enhance its thermal conductivity and performance. For an ambient temperature of 38, it is suggested that the melting temperature (Tmelt) of PCM should be between 41 and 44 °C. Nanoparticle composited PCM (nc-PCM) are generated by mixing lauric acid (LA) with three different types of nanoparticles, including aluminum oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) in the following proportions: 100:0, 99:1, 98:2, 94:6, 92:8 and 90:10. It has been shown that the melting points (Tmelt) of the studied nc-PCMs are between 41.18 and 42.47 °C and thermal conductivity increases. According to the findings, the best balance between latent heat of fusion and thermal conductivity should be at 6% nanoparticle. Finally, it is expected that employing these three nc-PCM to reduce the PV module's temperature will enhance PV efficiency.

Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer Addition on the Thermal Properties of Eutectic Phase Change Material

In this study, the influence of a super absorbent polymer (SAP) addition on the thermal properties of phase change material (PCM) was investigated. It was found that adding SAP reduced the melting temperature of PCM and improved phase separation properties. While the addition of 1.0 wt% of SAP to PCMs decreased latent heat by 3 J/g to 24.4 J/g, the addition was determined to be necessary to prevent leaks from a functional duct unit (FDU) and assure product stability. The results obtained from a series of brine refrigeration tests indicate that the supercooling temperature decreased by 0.3 °C to 1.7 °C when 1.0 wt% of SAP was added to PCM. The addition of SAP to PCM appears to promote supercooling by encouraging condensation during phase change. As a result of applying SAP-added PCM to the FDU, the isothermal operation performance was improved compared to existing refrigerators.

Enhanced performance of photovoltaic thermal module and solar thermal flat plate collector connected in series through integration with phase change materials: A comparative study

The decline in photovoltaic cell efficiency due to temperature elevation, coupled with solar energy's inherent intermittency, presents challenges for solar systems, including photovoltaic panels and solar thermal (ST) collectors. The integration of phase change materials (PCMs) emerges as a promising solution to enhance thermal energy storage and regulation, thereby improving system performance and sustainability. This study investigates the performance of series-connected photovoltaic thermal (PVT) and ST systems with integrated PCMs from energy and exergy viewpoints, utilizing a 3D transient numerical simulation. The proposed system's performance is compared with that lacking a PCM across various heat transfer fluid mass flow rates. Suitable PCM selection based on melting temperature is explored, along with PCM layer thickness and nanoparticle augmentation. The research highlights that PCM integration effectively regulates PV cell temperature, enhancing electrical power and exergy rate. While increasing the mass flow rate improves thermal and electrical power, it reduces the thermal exergy rate. Comparing different PCMs (RT28 HC, RT35 HC, and RT44 HC), the RT28 HC PCM provides the lowest temperature of PV cells and the best electrical performance during the day. Moreover, increasing PCM layer thickness results in lowering PV cell and outlet temperatures and storing more heat. Nanoparticles added to PCMs lead to a marginal improvement in energy and exergy, especially for the system with RT28 HC. This analysis emphasizes PCM integration's role in enhancing solar thermal system performance, highlighting the importance of considering the PCM's melting temperature for effective thermal energy management.

Optimization of Building integrated photovoltaic and thermoelectric hybrid energy harvesting system for different climatic regions

As energy saving emerges as a critical factor for the sustainable development of humankind, the importance of Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEB) is gradually increasing. Therefore, much research is being conducted on high-efficiency renewable energy technologies that can be applied in urban areas. However, increasing the efficiency of BIPV were proposed and studied because of the need for the renewable energy source. Such as using phase change material (PCM), heat fin, wavelength selection, PV surface temperature decreasing or using a thermoelectric generator (TEG), and convection cooling utilizing the waste heat from the PV. In most previous studies, the performance when each method was analyzed through experiments or simulations. However, the design analysis for maximum performance still needs to be conducted. Therefore, a BIPV combined with a PCM and TEG (BIPV-TEG-PCM) design is analyzed in this study. Herein, the three variables (phase change temperature of the PCM, heat fin spacing in the PCM container, and TEG arrangement) were analyzed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based simulations. Moreover, through multi-objective optimization, the BIPV-TEG-PCM system of the optimal design was derived. Analysis results of the appropriate melting temperature of PCM, heat fin interval, and arrangement of TEG for the proposed system are 40 °C, 12.4 mm, and 187 mm, respectively.

Energy storage potential analysis of phase change material (PCM) energy storage units based on tunnel lining ground heat exchangers

Low geo-temperature geothermal energy in the surrounding rock can be extracted by tunnel lining ground heat exchangers (GHEs) and stored in phase change material (PCM) plates to realize the cold energy utilization. However, the research of the coupling heat transfer of tunnel lining GHEs and PCM plates has been rarely reported. In this study, a 3D coupling heat transfer model of tunnel lining GHEs and PCM plates was developed to investigate the cold energy storage performances of PCM plates under different PCM and tunnel parameters. The circulative iteration calculation is used to solve the coupling model. The results show that the cold energy storage of PCM plates utilizing tunnel lining GHEs for energy storage is feasible. The PCM melt fraction and solid phase PCM proportion within the PCM plates decrease and increase respectively with an increase in the PCM thermal conductivity and melting temperature and a reduction in the surrounding rock temperature. The cold energy storage efficiencies of PCM plates improve by 77.8% and 34.1% as the PCM thermal conductivity and melting temperature increase by 1 W/(m K) and 4 ℃. Moreover, the cold energy storage efficiency of PCM plate enhances by 68.5% as the surrounding rock temperature reduces from 10 to 1 ℃. A larger difference between the surrounding rock temperature and PCM melting temperature is efficient for the cold energy storage of PCM plates, and the cold energy storage time and temperature difference show a power function relationship. Finally, increasing the tunnel lining GHEs length is conducive to enhancing the cold energy storage efficiency of PCM plates, whereas this enhancement is limited. In actual applications, selecting a reasonable tunnel lining GHEs length is necessary.

Energy performance based optimization of building envelope containing PCM combined with insulation considering various configurations

Phase change material (PCM) is considered as a promising solution for reducing heating and cooling energy consumption by integrating them into the building envelope, which in turn reduces CO2 emissions. In this paper numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the energy performance based optimization of envelope building integrated PCM. The effect of several parameters (PCM melting temperature, PCM layer combined with insulation, PCM layer and insulation layer thickness, double PCM layer system in the double external wall, and air layer interaction with PCM in roof) on energy savings in two typical models of residential buildings in Tunisia are investigated. Results show that energy demand reduction of 73.81% and 76.46% can be achieved under the optimal conditions of application of the PCM integrated in simple wall and double wall buildings respectively. This is associated with significant reduction of CO2 emission. Moreover, PCM layer performance is improved by increasing its thickness with an optimal value of 6 cm. Two PCM layers located in the middle of the double wall involve higher energy saving than a simple PCM layer.

Experimental and numerical investigation of PCMS on ceilings for thermal management

In this study, experimental investigation of phase change materials (PCM) integrated into building on ceilings was assessed for thermal management capabilities by comparing two building test models with and without PCM based on fluctuation in PCM temperatures owing to ambient temperature variations. Commercial organic PCM (OM-30) with a peak melting point of 31.10 C was used as PCM with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as the encapsulation. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to examine the thermophysical characteristics of PCM such as phase transition temperature, latent heat, and specific heat capacity. The various PCM temperature ranges included for the study are (i) Above phase change melting temperature range ii) within Phase Change melting temperature range iii) Proximity to PCM onset melting temperature range iv) proximity to PCM end melting temperature range. Under free-floating ambient Condition, the indoor air temperature was dropped in PCM installed room up to 1.69 °C, 5.79 °C, 2.26 °C, & − 2.87 °C compared to without PCM room for a PCM Melting temperature difference of 8.77 °C,1.55 °C, 1 °C & 0.44 °C respectively. Also, it was divulged that the PCM utilized 3.2%, 31.4%, 6.9%, & 12.27% of the total latent heat energy deployed in order to produce a temperature difference of 1.69 °C, 5.79 °C, 2.26 °C, & − 2.87 °C compared to without PCM room.

Thermal performance enhancement methods of phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems – A review

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have emerged as a promising solution for efficient thermal energy storage and utilization in various applications. This research paper presents a comprehensive overview of PCM technology, including its fundamental working principles, classification and different shapes of container used for PCM storage. The study investigates the optimal melting temperature of PCMs and explores various Thermal Energy Storage (TES) methods and their types. This paper discusses novel approaches to enhance the thermal performance of PCMs, such as incorporating high-conductivity materials, Nano-encapsulation, Composite formation, and Shape stabilization. These innovative techniques have shown great potential in enhancing efficiency of PCM-based TES systems. The information presented in this paper is an in-depth analysis of research papers published over the last five years (2019 to 2023). It is a valuable source for researchers seeking to stay current with the modern advancements in PCM technology and its applications. This research contributes to advancing sustainable and efficient thermal energy utilization by promoting a deeper understanding of PCM's capabilities and challenges.

Introduction of sustainable food waste-derived biochar for phase change material assembly to enhance energy storage capacity and enable circular economy

Production and utilization of renewable materials receive considerable attention to achieve the goals of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking and create a sustainable society. Phase-change materials (PCMs) have emerged as a novel energy storage technology but usually suffer inherent insufficient thermal stability and liquid leakage, thereby requiring solid supporting materials. However, there are complications in the synthesis of PCM-supporting materials, including environmental issues. In this regard, upcycling biowaste into higher value carbon materials, inspired by the low cost and availability of feedstocks, is a promising strategy for dealing with challenges caused by waste and global climate change. Thus, we designed food waste-derived biochar-supported PCMs using a facile vacuum impregnation method to overcome these limitations. Porous biochar materials with a certain degree of graphitization, high specific surface area (SSA), (up to 1195 m2 g−1), and micro-/mesopore distribution were prepared from sustainable and commercially available food waste through carbonization and activation. They displayed greater carbon lattice expansion after undergoing KOH activation and being washed than that shown by carbon materials synthesized without activation. Thereby, the graphitic carbon materials presented high loading ratios and corresponding enthalpy values that were 243.9, 302, 346.9, and 251.4 % higher than those of the composites prepared without activation, encapsulated only 15 wt% of octadecane. Additionally, the composite PCMs exhibited high thermal stability without leakage above the melting temperature of pristine PCM. Textural properties, including the SSA, interconnected pores, activation, graphite-like characteristics, and intermolecular interactions between the composite constituents, were integral to the enhanced thermal performance of the as-synthesized composite PCMs. Furthermore, the composite demonstrated high durability, showing potential for thermal management, sustainable management of food waste, and mitigation of climate change.